Income effects of poverty alleviation relocation program on rural farmers in China

This paper analyses the impact of the poverty alleviation relocation(PAR)program on rural household income and evaluates the heterogeneous income effects of various relocation modes,based on a panel dataset of relocated households from 16 counties in eight Chinese provinces.The results show that participation in the PAR increases the income of both rural and urban resettlers.More specifically,it has a significant positive effect on agricultural and wage income for rural and urban resettlers,respectively.Further analyses show that the income increase for rural resettlers was mainly due to agricultural technology training and that the income increase for town resettlers was attributed to medical security.For the village resettlers,policies should focus on strengthening the development of local industries and training of agricultural technologies.For the urban resettlers,non-agricultural employment and public services in the urban resettlement areas should be promoted.

Influence Factors of Farmers' Willingness to Poverty Alleviation Relocation in South Shaanxi Province

In southern Shaanxi,far from the core areas of politics and economy,the conditions are inconvenient and farmers have been threatened by geology,floods for many years,resulting in a large population of poor people.The relocation of poverty alleviation project in southern Shaanxi is helpful for improving living standards of people in disaster-stricken areas.Based on the field survey,this paper analyzed 274 valid questionnaires and established a Logistic Regression Analysis Model.The result shows that the health status of head of household,road type before relocation,annual loss of disasters,and changes in the family income after relocation have a greater influence on the relocation willingness of farmers,while the educational level of householder,the distance from the original place of residence to the town and market,the condition of household electricity before relocation and other factors have a little influence on the relocation willingness of farmers.

Poverty Alleviation in the Poor Mountainous Areas of Western China by Supporting Industry: A Case Study of Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County in Yunnan Province

Poverty alleviation by supporting industry is a key measure to promote the poverty alleviation of relocated households. Taking Xundian County, the first county in Yunnan Province that has been lifted out of poverty, as an research case, this article analyzes and summarizes the industry-supporting poverty alleviation achievements and successful experience of two typical relocation areas (Shanhou Village and Eyang Village) in Xundian County. Practice has shown that the key to industry-supporting poverty alleviation lies in targetedness to strengthen the participation of poor farmers in industrial development. The interests of poverty alleviation entities should be linked by market mechanism to establish a benign interaction between all parties for win-win situation, thereby effectively guaranteeing the long-term and healthy development of poverty alleviation by supporting industry.

Promoting Poverty Alleviation through the Project of Linkage of Urban Construction Land Increase with Rural Construction Land Decrease——A Case Study of Binchuan County in Yunnan Province

The policy of linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease is an important task for poverty alleviation. It not only promotes the intensive use of land and the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,but also plays an essential role in poverty alleviation development and the relocation of poverty alleviation. It provides a strong guarantee for winning the project of poverty alleviation. Taking the project of linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease in Binchuan County in Yunnan Province,combined with the current situation of poverty alleviation and relocation in Binchuan County,the implementation of related policies of linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease,and path of relocation poverty alleviation,this paper introduced problems in the implementation of policies of linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease in Binchuan County,and came up with recommendations for the project of poverty alleviation through linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease.

Follow-up Support Work for Poverty Alleviation Relocation in Ankang City

Poverty alleviation relocation is an important measure to realize the complete victory in the fight against poverty.This paper summarizes the achievements and experience of poverty alleviation relocation in Ankang City,Shaanxi Province.They mainly include three aspects:party building,employment,and people's livelihood.Then,it analyzes the problems faced in the follow-up support of poverty alleviation relocation in Ankang City.From three aspects:focusing on the construction of grassroots organizations,promoting the employment of the relocated households,and improving the management and services of the resettlement community,it comes up with measures and recommendations for follow-up support work of Ankang City's poverty alleviation relocation,to ensure that the relocated households live and work in peace and contentment,and provide reference for Shaanxi Province and the western region to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation and promote the rural revitalization strategy.

Ecological Compensation-assisted Relocation in Extreme Poverty-stricken Counties in China’s Ecologically Vulnerable Areas: Taking Dongchuan District of Yunnan Province as an Example

Ecology-oriented poverty alleviation is not only a livelihood project that affects the vast majority of rural people but also a major project to win the fight against poverty. It is also an indispensable income component for the relocation of poor farmers. Dongchuan District,located at the intersection of Jinsha River and Xiaojiang River,is one of the key counties for poverty alleviation and development in China with a wide range of poverty and extreme poverty. The incidence of poverty reached 24. 36%. The ecology is fragile,and earthquake outbreaks frequently. Dongchuan District is a national key monitoring and defense area for earthquakes. A large number of goafs,subsidence areas and geological hazard areas have been formed in the mining area. The number of dangerous houses is large,and ' it has no way of supporting its own inhabitants' is the key point,difficulty and focus of the county’s poverty alleviation. Relocation is a must-have measure to move away from poverty. It is also complex system engineering,which is policy-oriented and difficult. Since 2017,Dongchuan District has regarded relocation has the top priority for poverty alleviation. It has strictly implemented national,provincial and municipal policies,focused on the overall goal of ' moving,securing and getting rich',and strongly promoted the relocation work for poverty alleviation. Obvious social,economic and ecological benefits have been achieved. Successful relocation,combined with ecology-oriented poverty alleviation and other targeted poverty alleviation measures,Dongchuan District’s fight against poverty has achieved a decisive victory. At the end of December 2018,the incidence of poverty in the region fell to 1. 09%,and 129 poor villages( including 86 extremely poor villages) had been successfully lifted out of poverty. This paper analyzes and condenses the specific practices,main achievements,benefits,successful experiences and implications of the region’s relocation combined with ecology-oriented poverty alleviation model,so as to provide necessary reference for the innovation of relocation in poverty-stricken counties of Yunnan Province and similar provinces( cities,districts).

Structural constraints and its countermeasures to contiguous poor areas with particular difficulties: An case study on southern Shaanxi immigration project

Immigration relocation of the poor in rural areas is an effective targeted measure to help people out of poverty in the new normal. The structural constraints lie in the heavy pressure of land resources and environmental carrying capacity, high cost of immigration settlement and delayed counterpart funds, insufficient industrial support and difficulty in living-making. To realize the goal of targeted poverty alleviation, it demands determination and capability from the policy designer, as well the social basis. The effect imposed by the structural constraints to implementation of such policy should be paid adequate attention by public sectors. It is supposed to change the guiding direction of the policy timely and to relieve financial burden of immigration settlement and resource environmental bearing capacity through mechanism of joint efforts from internal and more external support.

后续扶持政策赋能易地搬迁户脱贫质量:多维评估与提升策略

提升脱贫质量是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的关键。易地扶贫搬迁是精准扶贫的代表性政策,后续扶持政策是防止搬迁户返贫的重要政策工具。因此,评估后续扶持政策的执行效果并探索其优化策略,有助于易地扶贫搬迁后续扶持阶段“精准施策”。基于陕西省易地扶贫搬迁户的1 253份调研数据,该研究首先从收入、生活、健康、教育和心理5个维度对搬迁户的脱贫质量进行了测度,随后评估了后续扶持政策对脱贫质量的提升效果,最后采用决策树算法探讨了后续扶持政策的优化策略。研究结果表明:(1)易地扶贫搬迁户之间的脱贫质量有差异,劳动力数量多和健康成员比例高的搬迁户脱贫质量较高。(2)不同后续扶持政策对脱贫质量的提升效果存在异质性。公益岗位和社区治理政策可以提升搬迁户的整体脱贫质量,产业帮扶政策可以提升搬迁户的收入质量,公益岗位、教育资助和社区治理政策可以提升搬迁户的心理质量。(3)部分后续扶持政策的执行中存在瞄准偏误现象,可基于搬迁户劳动力禀赋精准施策进而提升脱贫质量。因此,易地扶贫搬迁后续扶持期应当加强脱贫质量监测,着力提升后续扶持政策执行的精准性,防范化解返贫风险,促进搬迁群众在迁入地实现可持续发展。该研究构建了易地扶贫搬迁户脱贫质量的多维评估框架,也为易地扶贫搬迁后续扶持政策的持续优化提供了政策启示。

公共服务的空间叙事:西藏易地扶贫搬迁社区的秩序重构

易地扶贫搬迁作为空间重构下的扶贫实践,是一种以空间换发展的可行性举措。易地扶贫搬迁群体由原来分散居住在农牧区村落到聚集生活在易地扶贫搬迁现代化社区,其生活方式、生产方式和社会关系都发生了巨大转变,且移民搬迁社区的公共服务呈现出一定的“空间阻隔”。对西藏易地扶贫搬迁S社区进行实地调查,运用社会空间理论从“空间的表征—空间的实践—表征性空间”三元辩证法出发,对易地扶贫搬迁群体生产空间、生活空间和心理空间进行分析,发现易地扶贫搬迁S社区处于过渡期的“阈限”阶段,且存在生活空间压缩分化、生产空间生计转型和关系空间更新重组的特点。要把政府对空间规划与移民对空间的使用通过制度化的方式进行重新架构和诠释,如通过加大政府与社区的互动力度、探索政府与市场的互补方式、实施社区与市场互助合作等举措,以期重构易地扶贫搬迁S社区秩序,为S社区易地扶贫搬迁群体提供可及的公共服务。

空间视域下的易地扶贫搬迁社区共同体重塑--基于贵州省民族团结进步示范单位BYL街道的个案调查

随着大规模易地扶贫搬迁工程的完成,我国已进入“后移民搬迁时代”。如何让移民全方位融入易地扶贫搬迁社区,打造从物质到精神的共有家园,构筑坚实的社区共同体,是移民社区建设的重中之重。基于对贵州省民族团结进步示范单位BYL街道的个案调查,分析了大规模易地扶贫搬迁社区的建设特点,发掘移民社区建设的多种张力因素,包括:交往上的结构性制约、生计上的被动式转型、关系上的团结性弱化和意识上的公共性流失。针对易地扶贫搬迁社区的结构性特征,可以以空间为切入点重塑社区共同体:通过公共场域强化物理空间共同体;通过生计保障强化生产空间共同体;通过公共性重塑强化制度空间共同体;通过集体记忆强化文化空间共同体;通过互惠机制强化心灵空间共同体。

易地安置社区困境儿童抗逆力研究——基于凉山D社区的实证分析

2020年底,我国全面消除了绝对贫困问题。其中,960多万贫困人口通过易地扶贫搬迁实现了脱贫摘帽。在相对贫困视角下,随迁儿童在易地安置社区面临一系列社会适应问题,部分困境儿童的问题更为严重。文章通过实地调研和问卷调查,研究凉山彝族易地扶贫安置社区困境儿童抗逆力的现状及影响因素,发现不同年龄、不同性别、不同类型困境儿童的抗逆力存在显著差异;家庭危机发生时,个体年龄、自我概念和内在抗逆力对困境儿童的抗逆力形成产生重要影响;社会支持、个体与环境互动对困境儿童抗逆力具有积极作用。文章建议采用整合式的社会工作方法,积极培育个体内在抗逆力特质,强化社会环境的支持功能,正向引导个体和环境的互动,促进困境儿童社会适应。

“社区送工”:易地搬迁弱劳动力就业扶持的实践创新 ——以广西A县Z城镇化安置社区为例

就业是巩固拓展易地搬迁脱贫攻坚成果的关键。易地搬迁弱劳动力长期从事农业,年龄偏大、文化水平低、缺少务工技能,无法适应城镇非农就业。为此,把农业就业作为化解城镇化安置的易地搬迁弱劳动力就业困境的突破口,论述易地搬迁弱劳动力农业就业的现实基础。基于广西A县Z城镇化安置社区案例,提出并阐述“社区送工”易地搬迁弱劳动力农业就业的运行逻辑和实践成效。具体而言,地方政府引领农业园区化发展,安置社区向农业园区组织化输送易地搬迁弱劳动力,易地搬迁弱劳动力在农业就业中建立稳固的利益联结。“社区送工”基于市场供求关系把易地搬迁弱劳动力与乡村产业振兴的劳动力需求有效衔接,既能持续巩固易地搬迁脱贫攻坚成果,也创新出“劳动力下乡”的城乡融合发展方式。

共同富裕背景下易地脱贫人口市民化:价值蕴涵、现实困境与发展进路

易地脱贫人口市民化是该群体在非农就业、生活方式、思想观念、权利参与、身份认同等方面向城镇居民全面转变的过程。易地脱贫人口市民化的价值意涵体现为:推动易地脱贫人口全面发展的有效路径,防止规模性返贫的根本方向,维持城市社会稳定的重要支撑,推进新型城镇化的基本保障和实现共同富裕目标的关键前提。易地脱贫人口市民化仍面临结构约束和主体限制的双重困境,其中,结构约束体现为制度抑制、权利缺失、关系阻滞、身份错位,主体限制则主要包括可行能力受限、发展意识滞后和心理认同模糊。欲破解易地脱贫人口市民化困境,应完善制度供给,迭代产业结构,优化空间营造,加强社区教育培训和营造包容性社会氛围。

怒江易地扶贫搬迁安置社区的空间整合和关系再造

怒江傈僳族自治州通过易地扶贫搬迁,实现了居民从闭塞山村到城市楼房的空间置换,但搬迁后居民面临生活空间压缩、社区适应困难、意义空间碎片化等问题,社区融合与治理成为新挑战。基于列斐伏尔的社会空间理论,在空间社会学的视域下从物质、精神和社会三元空间的结构性出发,结合怒江易地扶贫搬迁安置社区的具体情况,提炼出拓展创新生计空间、合理规划运营公共空间、引导构建意义空间等策略,以实现怒江安置社区的空间整合与居民关系再造。

青海易地扶贫搬迁:成效、挑战及其后续帮扶措施——基于市(州)级数据的实证分析

易地扶贫搬迁后续帮扶工作的有效推进对于巩固青海省脱贫攻坚成果、推动三江源地区生态保护和建设工作具有重要的意义。利用青海省8个市(州)的易地扶贫搬迁数据,采用统计描述法,针对易地扶贫搬迁的成效、挑战以及帮扶措施展开研究。通过严密分析,得到如下结论:青海省通过易地扶贫搬迁,改善了人民生活水平,促进了农业生产、就业和收入实现多元化,生活就业更加便利,社会保障更加坚实,生态环境显著改善。然而,还存在如下风险和挑战:财政兜底责任大、可持续性生计难以保障、社会治理困难重重、后续难度管理大等。基于此,提出后续帮扶措施:完善生态保护补偿机制、转化低保人口、做好后续帮扶与乡村振兴有效衔接工作、提升城镇化与就业能力、建设大数据平台及强化党建引领。

易迁移民就业机会、人力资本变动及其影响因素——基于对少数民族地区的考察

基于怒江傈僳族自治州易地扶贫搬迁移民家庭的三个阶段动态调查数据,建立多元线性回归模型和Logistic回归模型,分析易地扶贫搬迁移民人力资本改善和就业机会转化的影响因素。研究发现:第一,易地扶贫搬迁使少数民族移民人力资本显著增加;第二,易地扶贫搬迁明显提升了少数民族移民的就业机会;第三,家庭人口、社会资本、政策感知、社会适应、公共设施、民族文化等因素对易地搬迁移民的人力资本有显著影响;第四,家庭人口、社会资本、政策感知、民族文化对易地扶贫搬迁移民的就业机会有显著影响;第五,易地扶贫搬迁对少数民族移民的人力资本与就业机会有持续性正向影响。基于此,少数民族脱贫移民后期扶持需从发展县域产业、搭建就业平台、强化就业能力、扩宽就业渠道、促进多元化就业和多业态就业、建设民族多维互嵌型社区共同体等入手。

多重脆弱地区农户宅基地退出行为及影响因素研究--基于易地扶贫搬迁的实证

基于农户行为理论构建农户心理认知、农户城市融入、农户乡土依恋等6个特征元素的11个变量,探讨多重脆弱易地扶贫搬迁地区农户宅基地退出行为及影响因素。以贵州省威宁县323份未搬迁和409份已搬迁农户样本的问卷调查数据,利用Logistic模型对农户宅基地退出行为的影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明:农户家庭成员务工年数、文化程度、农地坡度、退出宅基地有利于自身和家庭的发展的心理认知、城市融入对宅基地退出具有显著的正向影响;乡土依恋对宅基地退出具有显著的负向影响;户籍人口数、年龄、退出宅基地会提高家庭收入水平的心理认知影响不显著。针对研究结果,在宅基地退出过程以及搬迁农户后续的防止返贫致贫工作中,政府应进行政策引导和解读,注重发展产业、提高农户的可持续生计水平,因地制宜制定政策、加强政策宣传引导,让“农户”变“市民”、实现城乡融合发展;从而降低农户对于搬迁的心理认知风险、乡土依恋程度以及提高农户城市融入契合度。

易地扶贫搬迁户返贫风险因素识别及防范策略--基于武陵山区典型项目区的调查研究

巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,提升脱贫地区整体发展水平是“十四五”时期的重要任务。作为中国脱贫攻坚的“头号工程”和“标志性工程”,易地扶贫搬迁地区正处于巩固脱贫成果的脆弱性治理阶段。为剖析贫困户在易地搬迁后因各类因素诱发的返贫风险问题,本文以武陵山区四省市典型易地扶贫搬迁乡镇为研究区域,基于可持续发展理论和生计恢复力理论,构建涵盖“自然-社会-经济”三个层面的可衡量易地扶贫搬迁群众返贫风险因素的测评指标体系,运用Critic权重法、综合指数测算法和因子贡献度分析法,客观测算各级指标的权重及返贫风险得分,定量分析安置地区搬迁群众返贫风险程度及致贫因素。结果发现:第一,基于综合指数测算法,调研区域返贫风险程度分布呈现“中间大两头小”的橄榄型态势,表明重构发展环境后,仍存在不稳定因素导致返贫风险的客观存在。第二,基于因子贡献度分析法的计算结果,调研区域易地搬迁群众返贫风险因素的次序依次为:自然因素>经济因素>人力因素>保障因素>产业因素>家庭因素。基于此,提出加强教育培训、提高发展意识、完善社会保障、建立产业防线、强化金融支持和建立预警系统六点政策建议,以巩固脱贫攻坚成果,防范易地扶贫搬迁脱贫农户陷入返贫困境,解决搬迁后“稳得住”的问题,有效衔接乡村振兴。

女性贫困化:维度、成因及其帮扶——基于易地扶贫搬迁政策的研究与展望

贫困是一个世界性的难题,贫困女性化是女性贫困的过程和社会后果。随着我国扶贫工作的不断推进,对女性贫困问题的研究逐渐从单一的物质贫困转向非物质贫困,非物质贫困大体包括文化贫困、选择与机会贫困和健康贫困等维度。女性贫困的成因既有个人和家庭层面,更有深层次的社会制度和文化建构层面。易地扶贫搬迁是我国反贫困的重要政策,虽然其扶贫效果较为明显,但从可持续发展的维度分析,仍面临资金支持和移民生计等诸多困境。易地扶贫搬迁的社会适应性是移民帮扶工程中的重大问题。目前相关学术研究中对易地扶贫搬迁中女性的社会适应与发展问题关涉极少,有鉴于此,与此相关的研究会成为今后学术探究的重点领域和课题。

易地搬迁安置点人居环境建设适配性评价及优化策略——以临沧市临翔区为例

【目的】易地扶贫搬迁从根本上治愈了临翔区乡村在“高山纵谷,山地聚居,垂直耕作”的艰难生存环境与劳作方式下的贫困顽疾,但环境以及人与环境关系的巨变也在客观上导致了部分“人”与“环境”、“需求”与“供给”多重关系的不适应、不匹配。科学审视易地扶贫搬迁安置点人居环境的宜居性问题以及主客体要素的适配情况,可为易地扶贫搬迁的后续发展及政策优化提供技术指导。【方法】基于对临翔区35个集中搬迁安置点的实地调研、抽样调查及入户访谈数据,从主客观对比视角出发,探讨易地扶贫搬迁安置点人居环境适配性的内在逻辑,构建“搬迁村民满意度”和“人居环境建设水平”的主客观评价模型,对比分析安置点人居环境建设的适配性状况。【结果】研究表明临翔区易地搬迁安置点人居环境建设在不同维度存在适配差异,即物质设施环境与社会人文环境层级处于“合理”适配状态,自然生态环境层级处于“超供给错配”失配状态,经济发展环境层级处于“欠供给错配”失配状态。为使人居环境达到理想适配状态,各安置点须对适配状态采取“维护平衡,全面提升”,对失配状态采取“关键突破,合理调配”的优化策略。【结论】基于“适配”的有限性和失配状态隐含的局部资源浪费或发展支撑不足,针对性地剖析人居环境建设成效与适配状况并探讨优化策略,有助于彻底消除易地搬迁安置点在乡村振兴发展中的隐性环境羁绊,尽快稳定并全面优化易地搬迁安置点的社会、经济、文化与生态整体发展格局。