Poverty alleviation through e-commerce:Village involvement and demonstration policies in rural China

The diffusion of e-commerce has played a significant role in recent rural economic development in China.E-commerce is also considered as an efficient channel to alleviate poverty in rural China.Voluminous studies have investigated the contribution of e-commerce to agricultural development,yet it is lacking empirical evidence as to the effects of e-commerce on rural poverty alleviation.Since the year of 2014,in order to develop rural e-commerce,Chinese government launched the National Rural E-commerce Comprehensive Demonstration Project.This gradual involvement policy offered a natural experiment for evaluation of e-commerce.Based on village-level survey data from rural China and Heckit method,our study finds that rural e-commerce has a significantly positive effect on rural income.Moreover,the effect is inverted U-shaped for the relative-poverty villages.The estimation of the propensity scores matching model confirms that the results are robust.The following policy recommendations are proposed:(1)policy support to rural e-commerce should prioritize the povertystricken villages.By doing so,the marginal income effects of e-commerce will be maximized.(2)Investment in internet infrastructure and establishment of human resources for e-commerce in rural areas will have spillover effects,increasing rural income through the"digital dividend".

Industrial Poverty Alleviation Model in Deep Poverty-stricken Villages in the Dry-hot Valley of Jinsha River: A Case Study of Poverty Alleviation in the Green Prickleyash Planting Industry in Laopingzi Village,Luquan County

Industrial poverty alleviation is the core of poverty alleviation in rural areas of China,and it is the fundamental way for the rural poor to achieve stable income and poverty alleviation. Laopingzi Village,Jiaopingdu Town,Luquan County,Kunming County,Yunnan Province,located in the dry-hot valley area of Jinsha River,has become a typical deep poverty-stricken village due to its special natural conditions.In recent years,in the battle to win the fight against poverty,the people of Laopingzi Village have achieved a virtuous cycle of the ecological environment and an access to get rid of poverty and get rich through vigorously developing green prickleyash planting industry. By the end of 2018,the incidence of poverty in Laopingzi Village Committee dropped from 45. 62% in 2014 to 1. 11%,and the green prickleyash planting industry had achieved remarkable results in poverty alleviation. This article summarizes the specific practices of developing the green prickleyash planting industry in the village,analyzes the main results and successful experiences of the mode and discusses the inspiration of the implementation of green prickleyash cultivation on industrial poverty alleviation,so as to provide an effective practical example for the development and poverty alleviation of poverty-stricken areas.

Evaluation of E-commerce Poverty Alleviation Effect in the Context of Rural Revitalization Strategy

The industrial prosperity proposed in the overall requirement of rural revitalization strategy in the Report of the 19th National Congress is the cornerstone of rural development. E-commerce poverty alleviation is an effective way of poverty alleviation in recent years. This paper mainly explored the factors influencing the rural e-commerce poverty alleviation and the evaluation of poverty alleviation effects,in order to come up with countermeasures and recommendations to provide assistance and guidance for the use of e-commerce to achieve poverty alleviation and accordingly to revitalize the rural industry. Firstly,using the literature research method,it proposed four level Ⅰ indicators influencing the e-commerce poverty alleviation,and designed a detailed level Ⅱ indicator system under each dimension. Then,the questionnaire survey method was employed to collect data for SPSS analysis to verify whether the designed indicator system is correct. Finally,it analyzed the problem of the current stage of e-commerce poverty alleviation by means of the quadrifid graph,and came up with corresponding countermeasures on the basis of the four key levek I factors.

Does poverty-alleviation-based industry development improve farmers'livelihood capital?

Targeted poverty alleviation is a unique approach adopted in China to help achieve the vision of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects and the"Chinese Dream".Industrial development as a means of poverty alleviation is an integral part of the"Five-pronged Poverty Alleviation Measures"Project of targeted poverty alleviation,and a critical foundation for other poverty alleviation measures.In this study,a comprehensive evaluation method was used to measure farmers'livelihood based on the framework of sustainable livelihood.Specifically,the effects of industrial development on farmers'livelihood capital were estimated by employing the propensity score matching combined with the difference-in-differences(PSM-DID)approach.Findings suggest that industrial development had a significantly positive effect on the livelihood capital of farmers.Industrial development can significantly enhance farmers'human,social and financial capital,while it cannot significantly affect the natural and physical capital.Industrial development had heterogeneous effects on farmers'livelihood capital,more efficiently impacting on the non-poor than the poor.The effects on farmers'livelihood capital varied across regions,with Guizhou experiencing a larger effect than Sichuan.However,the effect was insignificant for farmers in Gansu.To improve farmers'livelihood capital,it is necessary to take measures to strengthen their human capital,promote the innovation of financial products,and make good use of their social capital;it is also essential to strengthen the support of industrial development to the poor.

Industrial Poverty Alleviation Model in Southwestern High-altitude Mountainous Areas of China——A Case Study of Industrial Poverty Alleviation of Xueshan Township in Luquan County of Yunnan Province through Planting Codonopsis pilosula

Due to the severe restrictions of natural conditions and ecological environment,high-altitude mountainous areas usually become the " hard bones" in the battle against poverty. Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County of Yunnan Province,located in the alpine valley of Jinsha River,is a major township with wide and deep poverty,and the incidence of poverty is up to 45. 00%. In recent years,Xueshan Township has insisted on the battle against poverty,made effort to develop the Codonopsis pilosula industry,and successfully developed a road to poverty alleviation through C. pilosula industry,and formed a unique industrial poverty alleviation model by the end of 2018,the incidence of poverty dropped to 0. 74%. Based on field survey and interview,this paper analyzes and summarizes the specific practices,main results,practical experience and promotion and application measures of the poverty alleviation model of C. pilosula planting industry in Xueshan Township,in the hope of providing certain reference for the targeted poverty alleviation in similar areas in Yunnan Province and other provinces of China.

The Mode of Promoting Industrial Targeted Poverty Alleviation through Land Circulation in Western Mountainous Region of China——A Case Study of Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County in Yunnan Province

In the industrial targeted poverty alleviation,land circulation is a key process. Based on the national strategy of targeted poverty alleviation,this paper combined the industrial development of targeted poverty alleviation with land circulation. According to the field survey on the current situation of land circulation and promotion of the industrial poverty alleviation in the typical project area of Zhongping Village in Zhongping Town and Jiaowuying Village in Jiulong Town in Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County in Yunnan Province,located in the high mountain canyon area of Jinsha River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the west of China. This paper summarized and analyzed the organization and operation mechanism,basic practices and main results of the land circulation and promotion of industrial poverty alleviation model in the typical project area of the county. It also summarized the innovation and successful experience of the model,and then came up with measures to further promote the implementation of the model,so as to provide necessary reference for the implementation of land circulation and industrial targeted poverty alleviation for the poverty-stricken counties in Yunnan Province and similar provinces( cities,regions).

The Model of "Party Branch +" in Promoting Industrial Poverty Alleviation in Poverty-stricken Mountainous Areas of China: A Case Study of Xundian in Yunnan Province

The integration and development of grass-roots Party organizations and accurate poverty alleviation is the focus in social development in the new period. This is also a new measure explored by the CPC Central Committee in the new historical period to solve rural reform and extricate the poor from poverty,and can effectively enhance the enthusiasm of the masses in poverty alleviation and development work. Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County is located in the mountainous area of northeast Yunnan Province. It is one of the 592 national key counties for poverty alleviation and development and one of the 38 continuous development counties in Wumeng Mountain area. Since the implementation of the accurate poverty alleviation strategy,Xundian County insists on getting rid of poverty to grasp the overall situation of county economic and social development,focus on the actual situation of the county people,and conscientiously grasp the key of industrial poverty alleviation. It regards industry as the fundamental driving force to realize poverty alleviation from " blood transfusion" to " blood creation",and innovates the model of " Party branch +" to help the poor out of poverty by industry. It has selected 187 agricultural enterprises( cooperatives,large households) to achieve full coverage of all registered poor households,and achieved remarkable results. It has realized that each poor village has one to two leading industries,and each poor household has one to two industrial income projects,having led 30 500 poor households to increase their average income by more than 1 850 yuan. The final incidence of poverty decreased from 26. 93% in 2014 to 0. 35% at the end of 2017,becoming one of the first counties in Yunnan Province to get rid of poverty. It is also the only county in Yunnan Province that has won the Antipoverty Organization Innovation Award of the State Council. Based on field research and interviews,this paper analyzes and summarizes the specific methods,main achievements,practical experience and popularization and application measures of Xundian County " Party Branch +" to promote industrial poverty alleviation,so as to provide necessary reference for accurate poverty reduction and poverty alleviation in similar mountainous areas of Yunnan Province and other provinces.

Study on the Poverty Alleviation Model of Internet + Agricultural Industry: Taking Anhua Dark Tea Industry as an Example

Through field investigation and relevant information collection,the actual cases of poverty alleviation in the development of dark tea industry in Anhua County are analyzed,and the poverty alleviation models and poverty alleviation paths of the dark tea industry are studied.The enterprise + base + farmer and cooperative + base + farmer are the specific forms in the Internet + agricultural industry poverty alleviation model in Anhua County. The help effect of the path and mechanism of poverty alleviation on poor households is analyzed,and the poverty alleviation model of supporting the dark tea industry in Anhua County is summarized. Based on the experience of Anhua City’s successful use of the Internet + dark tea industry to alleviate poverty,this article proposes four policy recommendations for the use of the Internet + agricultural industry model to alleviate poverty: strengthening the software and hardware infrastructure construction for the poverty alleviation model of Internet+ agricultural industry and fostering leading agricultural enterprises and cooperatives with strong ability to drive,giving play to the advantages of Internet + agricultural industry to alleviate poverty and seizing opportunities,improving the government’s capacity to use the Internet + agricultural industry poverty alleviation model and establishing targeted industry-supporting poverty alleviation system arrangements and organizational structure,and establishing a good poverty alleviation path and a close poverty alleviation benefit linkage mechanism to ensure the maximum benefits of poor households.

Poverty Alleviation in the Poor Mountainous Areas of Western China by Supporting Industry: A Case Study of Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County in Yunnan Province

Poverty alleviation by supporting industry is a key measure to promote the poverty alleviation of relocated households. Taking Xundian County, the first county in Yunnan Province that has been lifted out of poverty, as an research case, this article analyzes and summarizes the industry-supporting poverty alleviation achievements and successful experience of two typical relocation areas (Shanhou Village and Eyang Village) in Xundian County. Practice has shown that the key to industry-supporting poverty alleviation lies in targetedness to strengthen the participation of poor farmers in industrial development. The interests of poverty alleviation entities should be linked by market mechanism to establish a benign interaction between all parties for win-win situation, thereby effectively guaranteeing the long-term and healthy development of poverty alleviation by supporting industry.

Factor Capitalization,Industry Development and Targeted Poverty Alleviation——Based on the Investigation of Danzhai County,Guizhou Province

At present,targeted poverty alleviation is a major development strategy in China.Based on the investigation of Danzhai County in Guizhou Province,this paper argues that industry development is the fundamental measure through which to implement the poverty alleviation program.Industry development includes both the development of local industries in povertystricken areas and the development of industries in other regions of China.Local development is mainly achieved when the invisible superior resources become visible and the notable superior resources are capitalized in povertystricken areas,in which,the capitalization of factors and resources relies on fundamental governmental investments which will create a profit space for the poverty-stricken areas through the down-to-countryside cadres' precise guidance for the use of poverty alleviation funds to help identify a breakthrough for industry development,and particularly the attempts to focus on the development of high-end industries under the lower-end production mode to form a community with common interests aiding poverty alleviation.Development in other regions can be mainly achieved through various modes such as "tax-finance-poverty alleviation," "industry-employment-poverty alleviation" and "industry-enterprise direct investment-poverty alleviation" to offer indirect or direct support for poverty alleviation in poverty-stricken areas.An appropriate handling is required to deal with many problems related to the local industry development in targeted poverty alleviation and the targeted poverty alleviation in industry development.

On the Concept Education of Poverty Alleviation of Cultural Industry in Yulong County

At present,the cultural industry also plays an important role in the Rural Revitalization of Yulong County in the new era,which is a more rapid and active cultural creation.However,there are many conceptual problems in promoting the development and education of cultural industry,and some cognition of villagers has seriously affected the development of poverty alleviation.Therefore,this paper discusses the conceptual issues of poverty alleviation education,and tries to provide suggestions for the education construction of beautiful villages in the new era.

Poverty Alleviation Mode by Developing Sorghum Planting Industry in Dry-hot Valley Areas of Jinsha River in China:Taking Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County of Yunnan Province as an Example

There are many state-level poverty-stricken counties in the dry-hot valley areas of Jinsha River in China,with a wide range of poverty and extreme degree of poverty.The industry-supporting poverty alleviation ranks first in the"five batches"of China's targeted poverty alleviation strategy.The practice of planting in Luquan County since 2017 shows that the valleys and slopes on the dry-hot valley areas of Jinsha River with an altitude above 1800 m have wide land suitable for sorghum planting,and suitable for introduction and planting.In recent years,the county has adopted the mode of enterprise+government+cooperative+poor household,introduced the Langzhitang wine factory,developed sorghum planting with large-scale,industrialized and specialized features to achieve stable income growth for the poor,and significant results have been achieved.Based on many field surveys,household surveys,and interviews with county and village leaders,this paper analyzes the specific practices and main effects of the county's poverty alleviation model by developing sorghum planting industry,aiming to provide necessary reference for the targeted poverty alleviation and poverty alleviation in similar areas of Yunnan Province and other provinces.

Research on Strategies for the Development of Selenium-enriched Tea in Ankang City of Shaanxi Province in the Context of Targeted Poverty Alleviation

As an important symbol of agricultural and sideline products in Ankang City,selenium-enriched tea affects the development of regional agricultural and sideline industries.In this paper,the development status and problems of the selenium-enriched tea products of Ankang were analyzed in terms of capital,technology,management and sales mode.This research is of positive significance to the development of selenium-enriched products and other agricultural and sideline products of health value,and plays a very important role in promoting the cultivation of village-level characteristic industries and the effective realization of targeted poverty alleviation.

Discussions on the Path of Precise Poverty Alleviation in Dongxiang County

By means of questionnaire survey,household interview,conference exchange and field investigation,this paper makes a detailed investigation on the development status and existing problems of industry poverty alleviation and science and technology poverty alleviation in Dongxiang County. This paper puts forward the precise poverty alleviation path of Dongxiang County from the aspects of industry poverty alleviation,science and technology poverty alleviation,education poverty alleviation,poverty alleviation through ecology,relocation poverty alleviation and so on.

E-commerce development in rural and remote areas of BRICS countries

E-commerce plays an essential role in modern trade today.It is expected that e-commerce volume amounted to 29 trillion USD in the world in 2017,and would grow with the spread of the Internet and information and communication technologies(ICTs).Brazil,Russia,India,China and South Africa(BRICS),together with many others,consider e-commerce a means to facilitate rapid,inclusive and sustainable economic growth,improving the living standards and alleviating poverty.This article examines areas for potential cooperation by BRICS countries in e-commerce development across rural and remote areas to fight poverty.It analyses the current state of e-commerce development in rural and remote areas in each of the BRICS countries,including cases of public and private initiatives to support it.The article also defines the opportunities which e-commerce brings to people living in rural and remote areas.Moreover,it evaluates the existing challenges and risks.The article concludes that despite the rapid e-commerce development in BRICS countries,and significant opportunities created,there are still issues of disproportionate e-commerce in varied regions and the lack of BRICS cooperation in this sphere.Based on a comparative and normative in-depth,systematic analysis,the article develops a set of recommendations for deepening BRICS countries'cooperation in the following areas:infrastructure in rural and remote regions;education;consumer protection;online dispute resolution;coordinated policy in the international scene,including representation of BRICS countries in international indexes,such as the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index(STRI).

Study on the Role of Land Circulation in Promoting Poverty Reduction through Industrial Development——A Case Study of Mopi Village,Xinping County,Yunnan Province

In recent years,under the stimulation of the national policy and the land circulation policy,the villages and towns have begun to guide the farmers to carry on the land circulation in an orderly way,combine the targeted poverty alleviation with the development of modern agriculture,and drive the registered households to participate in the modern agricultural industry and achieve the goal of getting rid of poverty and getting rich while realizing the transformation and upgrading of agriculture. The transfer of land management right can drive the local employment and the poverty reduction through industrial development is implemented. Taking Mopi Village in Xinping County as an example,this paper analyzes the main methods and effects of the transfer of land management right in this village in promoting poverty reduction through industrial development,and puts forward the existing problems and suggestions.

Advantages of Animal Husbandry Industry in China's Fight against Poverty

Poverty alleviation needs developing the industries related to the economic income.Only when the industry develops,can the income of the poverty-stricken people be increased fundamentally,accordingly help eradicate the poverty from the root cause.Compared with other industries,the animal husbandry industry has unique advantages for poverty alleviation and assistance in poverty alleviation.The animal husbandry breeding industry is characterized by short breeding time,relatively high economic income,and farmers do not need a high educational level,so the breeding threshold is low.For poverty-stricken farmers,this is a feasible way to help them get rid of poverty.Combined with the experience of poverty alleviation through developing the animal husbandry industry,this paper discussed the development advantages of the animal husbandry industry in poverty alleviation,analyzed the main ways of exerting and applying the advantages.It is intended to provide a certain reference for the targeted poverty alleviation through developing the animal husbandry industry.

赋能型增长与嵌入式发展:脱贫地区特色小镇何以从帮“扶贫”转向助“振兴”——基于陕西省石泉县“金蚕小镇”的实地调查

精准扶贫时期,在产业扶贫政策推动下,中西部地区兴起特色小镇建设热潮。随着脱贫攻坚任务胜利完成,这些特色小镇的角色能否从帮“扶贫”转向助“振兴”,关系着巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接。从调研来看,大多数特色小镇在脱贫攻坚结束后并未实现可持续发展。一方面,是因为其长期依赖外部扶持,自身发展能力严重不足;另一方面,是由于其未能真正融入乡土社会,难以适应乡村振兴的要求。陕西省石泉县“金蚕小镇”的实践经验表明,赋能型增长与嵌入式发展能够有效应对当前脱贫地区特色小镇面临的“只能帮扶贫,难以助振兴”的发展困境。其中,赋能型增长主要通过对特色小镇的制度、经济、服务、人才方面进行赋能,为其从帮“扶贫”转向助“振兴”奠定基础;嵌入式发展则为特色小镇参与主体、产业协同、文化创新、数字技术等融入乡村社会建立起沟通桥梁,为其从帮“扶贫”转向助“振兴”提供了实现路径。

高质量发展目标下脱贫县农业产业化与农地利用生态效率耦合协调分析:以江西省为例

探究脱贫县农业产业化与农地利用生态效率耦合协调关系,对促进农业高质量发展具有重要意义。基于新发展理念,以江西省25个脱贫县为研究对象,构建农业产业化与农地利用生态效率耦合评价体系,借助耦合协调模型和泰尔指数模型测度两者的耦合协调水平及其区域差异。结果表明:(1)2011—2020年,江西省脱贫县农地利用生态效率总体水平较高,年均值为0.738,赣南地区高于赣中和赣北地区;(2)2011—2020年,江西省脱贫县农业产业化发展指数总体水平较低,年均值为0.414,赣北地区最高,其次为赣中,赣南最低;(3)2011—2020年,脱贫县农业产业化与农地利用生态效率耦合协调指数由期初的0.321升至期末的0.342,总体处于中度失调和轻度失调阶段;(4)脱贫县地区内差异对泰尔指数总体贡献最大,县域农业发展协调性较弱。进一步分析可以发现,市场与政府的作用差异是导致农业产业化水平与农地利用生态效率存在差异的主要原因,综合运用行政和市场手段推动农业产业化发展是提高两者耦合协调水平的关键。

新质生产力对缓解农村相对贫困的影响——基于产业结构高级化视角

我国在2020年消除绝对贫困之后,贫困治理工作由消除绝对贫困向缓解相对贫困转变。以人工智能、新技术等为代表的新兴产业推动新质生产力升级,为有效解决农村相对贫困提供了全新机遇和有利条件。基于2012—2022年我国省级面板数据,构建固定效应模型和中介效应模型,分析新质生产力、产业结构高级化与农村相对贫困之间的内在关系。研究发现:新质生产力水平的提升对于缓解农村相对贫困有直接明确的促进作用;中部和西部地区的新质生产力缓解农村相对贫困作用比较显著,且西部地区新质生产力水平缓解农村相对贫困作用大于中部地区,但在东部地区新质生产力水平缓解农村相对贫困效果不明显;产业结构高级化存在21.26%的中介效应,能有效缓解农村相对贫困。