Cooling γ′ precipitation behavior and strengthening in powder metallurgy su-peralloy FGH4096

Two cooling schemes （continuous cooling and interrupted cooling tests） were applied to investigate the cooling γ precipitation behavior in powder metallurgy superalloy FGH4096. The effect of cooling rate on cooling γ precipitation and the development of γ precipitates during cooling process were involved in this study. The ultimate tensile strength （ErrS） of the specimens in various cooling circumstances was tested. The experiential equations were obtained between the average sizes of secondary and tertiary γ precipitates, the strength, and cooling rate. The results show that they are inversely correlated with the cooling rate as well as the grain boundary changes from serrated to straight, the shape of secondary γ precipitates changes from irregular cuboidal to spherical, while the formed tertiary γ precipitates are always spherical. The interrupted cooling tests show that the average size of secondary γ precipitates increases as a linear function of interrupt temperature for a fixed cooling rate of 24℃/min. The strength first decreases and then increases against interrupt temperature, which is fundamentally caused by the multistage nucleation of γ precipitates during cooling process.

Oxidation during the production of FGH4095 superalloy powders by electrode induction-melt inert gas atomization

Super-clean and super-spherical FGH4095 superalloy powder is produced by the ceramic-free electrode inductionmelt inert gas atomization（EIGA） technique.A continuous and steady-state liquid metal flow is achieved at high-frequency（350 k Hz） alternating current and high electric power（100 k W）.The superalloy is immersed in a high-frequency induction coil,and the liquid metal falling into a supersonic nozzle is atomized by an Ar gas of high kinetic gas energy.Numerical calculations are performed to optimize the structure parameters for the nozzle tip.The undesired oxidation reaction of alloying elements starts at 1000℃ with the reaction originating from the active sites on the powder surfaces,leading to the formation of oxides,MexOy.The role of active sites and kinetic factors associated with the diffusion of oxygen present in the atomization gas streams are also examined.The observed results reveal that the oxidation process occurring at the surface of the produced powders gradually moves toward the core,and that there exists a clear interface between the product layer and the reactant.The present study lays a theoretical foundation for controlling the oxidation of nickel-based superalloy powders from the powder process step.

Microstructural evolution in a powder metallurgical Ti-7Mo alloy with continuous oxygen gradient

A titanium alloy containing continuous oxygen gradient was prepared by powder metallurgy(P/M) and the composition–property relationship was studied on a single sample. The alloy was sintered with layered powder of different oxygen contents via vacuum sintering and spark plasma sintering(SPS), respectively. After subsequent heat treatments, high-throughput characterizations of the microstructures and mechanical properties by localized measurements were conducted. The Ti-7% Mo(molar fraction) alloy with an oxygen content ranging from 1.3×10^(-3) to 6.2×10^(-5)(mass fraction) was obtained, and the effects of oxygen on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties were studied. The results show that SPS is an effective way for fabricating fully dense Ti alloy with a compositional gradient. The average width of α′ phase coarsens with the increase of the content of oxygen. The content of α″ martensitic phase also increases with the content of oxygen. At oxygen contents of 3×10^(-3) and 4×10^(-3)(mass fraction), the Ti alloys present the lowest microhardness and the lowest elastic modulus, respectively. The results also indicate that the martensitic phases actually decrease the hardness of Ti-7Mo alloy, and oxygen effectively hardens the alloy by solid solution strengthening. Therefore, the high-throughput characterization on a microstructure with a gradient content of oxygen is an effective method for rapidly evaluating the composition–property relationship of titanium alloys.

CRITICAL ISSUES OF POWDER METALLURGY TURBINE DISKS

P/M superalloy disks obtain their final strength by appropriate heat treatments; the maximum attainable strength depends on the rapid cooling rate from the solution annealing. A rapid quench of a large disk forging can cause two problems, surface cracking and shape distortion.In the past,many attempts employ the finite element code to model and to predict temperature evolution and induced stress distribution in a large turbine disk. The major difficulty was the correct description of alloy behavior; particularly the thermomechanical properties and the failure criteria of material during the cooling. High temperature fatigue resistance is always the key requirement for disk materials. New methodology of residual life management emphasizes the initiation as well as the propagation of the cracks developed under the service conditions. One of major challenges to P/M superalloys is the time-dependent behavior of fatigue cracking, which relates to the well-known SAGBO (stress-assisted grain boundary oxidation) phenomenon.A great effort has been done to understand the micro-mechanism of time-dependent fatigue crack propagation resulted in the second generation of P/M superalloys. Further improvement on temperature capability of disk alloys at rim area may lead to the idea of dual-property disks.Different grain structures at different portions of a large disk are possible,as the property requirements for different locations are different. This goal is achievable if the thermal history at specific disk locations can be controlled to develop desirable microstructures and properties.Some suggestions on the future direction of research efforts will be discused.

不同粒度的镍基高温合金粉末及其对P/M成形件组织性能影响的研究

研究了用PREP法制造的不同粒度范围的FGH95合金粉末的物理特征及其HIP成形件的组织性能。结果表明 ,使用 5 0～ 10 0 μm和 5 0～ 15 0 μm粒度范围的粉末是降低成本、简化工序、保证产品质量的最佳选择。

Effect of Processing and Composition on the Structure and Properties of P/M EP741NP Type Alloys

A study was carried out on the effects of processing and composition on the structure and properties of P/M EP741NP type alloys. The objectives of this study were to understand the role of Hf in a P/M superalloy containing high niobium used in aircraft engines and to determine the effects of extrusion and forging the powders as contrasted to HIPing （hot isostatic pressing） only. Two alloys of the P/M EP741NP composition were atomized： one alloy contained 0.26%Hfand the other was Hf free. After the as-atomized powders from both alloys were characterized, the powders were extruded into billets, forged and heat treated. After each process, the microstructures were characterized by SEM and the phases were extracted and identified by X-ray diffraction. The presence of Hf in the residues was probed by EDS （energy dispersive spectroscopy）. The alloys were given the published Russian heat treatment as well as a more conventional heat treatment more typical of western powder alloys. Tensile, creep and stress rupture mechanical property tests were run. Results of the structural behavior of the alloys after each processing step will be presented and discussed. The role of the Hfon the mechanical properties will be discussed.

Effect of Counterface Material on Friction and Wear Behavior of Ni-Cr-W-Al-Ti-MoS_2 Composites

Ni-Cr-W-Al-Ti-MoS2 self-lubricating composites were prepared through the powder metallurgy （P/M） method. Their friction properties were investigated by a pin-on-disk tribometer in the range from the room temperature to 600 ℃. Alumina, silicon nitride and nickel-iron-sulfide alloys were selected as the counterface materials. Results indicate that the lowest friction coefficients under 0.22 can be obtained at 600℃ when rubbed against alumina. When rubbed against nickel-iron-sulfide alloys, are presented the lowest wear rates in the magnitude of 10^-6 mm^3/N-m, one order of magnitude lower than those when rubbed against ceramics. In the case of three rubbing pairs, the wear rates of the composite containing MoS2 present themselves inversely proportional to friction coefficients. With alumina ceramics used as a counterface, transfer films and glaze layers will form on the contact surface playing a main role in lubrication at high temperatures. However, when silicon nitride and nickel-iron-sulfide alloy are used, the lubricating transfer films appear not to be prominent.

SEM in-situ investigation on fatigue cracking behavior of P/M Rene95 alloy with surface inclusions

The low-cycle fatigue behavior of powder metallurgy Rene95 alloy containing surface inclusions was investigated by in-situ observation with scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The process of fatigue crack initiation and early stage of propagation behavior indicates that fatigue crack mainly occurs at the interface between the inclusion and the matrix. The effect of inclusion on the fatigue crack initiation and the early stage of crack growth was very obvious. The fatigue crack growth path in the matrix is similar to the shape of inclusion made on the basis of fatigue fracture image analysis. The empiric relation between the surface and inside crack growth length, near a surface inclusion, can be expressed. Therefore, the fatigue crack growth rate or life of P/M Rene95 alloy including the inclusions can be evaluated on the basis of the measurable surface crack length parameter. In addition, the effect of two inclusions on the fatigue crack initiation behavior was investigated by the in-situ observation with SEM.

采用氢化-脱氢(HDH)钛粉和氢化钛粉制备MIMTi-6Al-4V合金

以HDH钛粉制备MIMTi-6Al-4V合金的过程为参照,对使用氢化钛粉为原料制备P/M模压钛合金以及MIM钛合金的工艺过程进行了探索。使用HDH钛粉制备的MIMTi-6Al-4V合金抗拉强度为819MPa,拉伸样延伸率为7%;使用氢化钛粉制备的P/M模压Ti-6Al-4V合金拉伸样抗拉性能高于850MPa;使用氢化钛粉为原料制备MIMTi-6Al-4V合金,顺利实现了脱氢-脱脂过程。

粉末冶金法制备SiC_p/6061 Al复合材料的热释放现象

利用机械合金化 粉末冶金制备了SiCp 6 0 6 1Al复合材料。对实验中发现的一种热释放现象进行了计算机在线测量和初步分析。实验表明 ,经机械合金化后制备的SiCp 6 0 6 1Al复合材料中增强体分布均匀 ,在固溶水淬后有明显的热释放现象 ,而且热释放的程度与粉末的尺寸、试样的状态有关。试样在室温自然状态下 ,温度可升高至 80℃左右。

Influence of Rare Earth on Carbide in Weld Metal

The physical characteristics of Ni based superalloy powder with different particle sizes produced by plasma rotation electrode process (PREP) and the microstructure and mechanical properties of P/M superalloy products were investigated. The experimental results show that the optimum powder particle sizes should be in the range of 50-100 μm or 50-150 μm, which can reduce production cost, simplify process and guarantee P/M product quality.

FGH96合金锻造盘坯热处理过程中的晶粒长大行为

研究了等温锻造后的FGH96合金盘坯件在热处理过程中的晶粒长大规律。结果表明,当热处理温度低于1050℃时,盘坯轮心部位的晶粒几乎不长大;当热处理温度高于1120℃时,轮缘部位晶粒长大迅速;在单相奥氏体区,晶粒的长大规律满足Beck方程,其生长指数随温度升高而增加。当温度一定,初始晶粒越细,其长大速率越快并且生长指数值越高。建立了轮缘部位的晶粒长大动力学方程。

粉末高温合金涡轮盘不同部位冷却γ′相的析出和强化

通过模拟热处理实验研究了新型镍基粉末高温合金涡轮盘在过固溶线温度热处理过程中盘件不同部位冷却γ′相的析出特征,并采用中断冷却方式考察了γ′相在冷却过程中的发展以及合金强度的变化。结果表明:与盘缘部位析出的γ′相比较,盘心部位的平均尺寸和尺寸分布范围更大,形态更为复杂,晶界宽化更明显,而强度较低。在冷却过程中,盘心和盘缘部位的二次γ′相平均尺寸随中断温度的降低均线性增加,但盘心部位的长大速度更大。其中合金强度随冷却温度的减低呈非单调性变化(先降低后升高),这与γ′相在冷却过程的多阶段形核有关。

Rene′88DT粉末高温合金组织及γ′相析出动力学研究

对 75 0℃盘件用粉末高温合金Ren啨88DT热处理后的组织及不同冷却方式下合金中γ′析出的动力学规律进行了试验研究。合金组织的微观分析采用了定量金相、SEM等方法。研究指出 :固溶处理后的冷速越快 ,γ′析出越细小 ;固溶处理后的等温温度越高 ,等温时间越长 ,析出的γ′长大越显著。要想控制冷却γ′的尺度 ,必须控制固溶后的冷速和等温温度。

烧结材料中孔隙度对摩擦学特性的影响

本文研究了孔隙度对粉末冶金金属基材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,研究结果表明:孔隙度的影响主要是通过对材料宏观机械性能的作用,以及孔隙本身周边的破碎和撕裂等形成磨屑,并直接系与作相对运动的摩擦过程,导致材料摩擦系数和磨损率随着孔隙度的提高而相应的增大。

纳米铜对粉末冶金渗碳齿轮件组织与性能影响

将质量分数为为3%的纳米Cu与一定比例的Cr、Mn、Ti粉末与Fe基体粉末通过高能球磨机均匀混合,经过压制成形、烧结和渗碳处理过程,制成粉末冶金块体材料.用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜进行组织结构分析,并与传统20CrMnTi汽车齿轮制品进行性能的对比分析.结果表明:少量的纳米Cu在Fe基颗粒界面上通过扩散、熔解,促进了Fe基颗粒的有效连接和传质扩散,在Fe基颗粒界面形成Cu相;添加少量纳米Cu可以显著降低粉末冶金加工时的烧结温度,同时制成的20CrMnTi粉末冶金制品在性能上也更具有优势.

粉末冶金TiAl金属间化合物的研究进展

从粉末制备、成形、烧结、热处理等方面综述了粉末冶金方法制备TiAl金属间化合物的最新进展。着重评述了粉末冶金TiAl基合金的几种烧结工艺,其中包括热等静压、自蔓延高温合成、粉末注射成形、放电等离子烧结等,同时论述了上述各方法的优势以及局限性,并指出了今后的研究方向。

烧结气氛对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料性能的影响

本文分别在N2、H2和N2+H2混合气三种气氛下,采用热压烧结法制备了合金强化铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料,并观察了微观形貌,测试了物理力学性能和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:不同烧结气氛下制备的材料的显微组织相似,但抗压强度和摩擦磨损性能有显著区别:H2气氛烧结的材料挤压强度最低,摩擦系数随转速和制动压力的增加波动较大,且磨损严重;N2+H2混合气体烧结制备的材料摩擦系数稳定,磨损量小,表现出良好的摩擦磨损性能。

粉末冶金方法制备TiAl合金的进展

介绍了粉冶方法制备TiAl合金的最新进展,着重评述了机械合金化、反应烧结、雾化快冷制粉和热等静压烧结这些方法在研究TiAl合金中的作用、效果和存在的问题,并指出了今后研究的方向。

大功率发动机高性能粉末冶金油泵齿轮研究

通过对大功率发动机油泵齿轮使用状况的分析,进行了油泵齿轮的弯曲强度、接触疲劳强度和有限元分析计算;研制了高性能粉末冶金温压齿轮材料,与原采用的合金钢材料进行了摩擦磨损对比研究;采用粉末冶金温压旋转模模壁润滑方式压制了机油泵斜齿轮,与合金钢齿轮加工工艺、材料利用率和制造成本加以比较。进行了齿轮的轮齿折断试验、部件可靠性试验、整机耐久性试验,结果表明,在发动机全寿命周期内,所研制的粉末冶金温压斜齿轮耐磨性好、强度高,油泵供油量下降少,满足发动机各种工况的使用要求。