Effect of glass fibre(GF) addition on microstructure and tensile property of GF/Pb composites fabricated by powder metallurgy

GF/Pb compositeswerefabricated by the method of powder metallurgy, and the density, microstructure and tensile propertywerecharacterized considering the size and content ofglass fibre （GF）. The results show that relative densities decrease with increasing GF fraction, and the 50μm-GF reinforced specimens exhibit a better densification than the 300μm-GF reinforced ones. The GF particles distribute quite uniformly inPb matrix, and the composites fabricated at low sintering temperature （〈200℃） possess fine-grain microstructure. The addition of GF significantly improves the strength of the Pb composites, and the ultimate tensile strength of the Pb composite reinforcedwith the addition of 50μm-0.5% GF（mass fraction）is about 30MPa higher than that of GF-free sample. For all composites groups, increasing the reinforcement content from 0.5%to 2%（mass fraction）results in a decrease in both tensile strength and ductility.

Bi-modal microstructure in a powder metallurgical ferritic steel

Ferritic steel with a nominal composition of Fe-14Cr-3W-0.42Ti-0.32Y was prepared by mixing gas-atomized prealloyed powder and mechanically alloyed powder. The microstructure is much different fxom other ferritic steels with the same composition and prepared via only mechanically alloyed powder. A bi-modal structure, which consists of pure ferritic grains and martensitic grains, was obtained after hot forging and air cooling. A phase transformation of αbcc→γfcc→α＇bcc was also discovered in microstructural observation. The bi-modal microstructure shows a good combination of high strength and high ductility.

Effect of ball milling time on the microstructure and compressive properties of the Fe–Mn–Al porous steel

In the present work,Fe–Mn–Al–C powder mixtures were manufactured by elemental powders with different ball milling time,and the porous high-Mn and high-Al steel was fabricated by powder sintering.The results indicated that the powder size significantly decreased,and the morphology of the Fe powder tended to be increasingly flat as the milling time increased.However,the prolonged milling duration had limited impact on the phase transition of the powder mixture.The main phases of all the samples sintered at 640℃ were α-Fe,α-Mn and Al,and a small amount of Fe2Al5 and Al8Mn5.When the sintering temperature increased to 1200℃,the phase composition was mainly comprised of γ-Fe and α-Fe.The weight loss fraction of the sintered sample decreased with milling time,i.e.,8.3wt% after 20 h milling compared to15.3wt% for 10 h.The Mn depletion region(MDR) for the 10,15,and 20 h milled samples was about 780,600,and 370 μm,respectively.The total porosity of samples sintered at 640℃ decreased from ~46.6vol% for the 10 h milled powder to ~44.2vol% for 20 h milled powder.After sintering at 1200℃,the total porosity of sintered samples prepared by 10 and 20 h milled powder was ~58.3vol% and ~51.3vol%,respectively.The compressive strength and ductility of the 1200℃ sintered porous steel increased as the milling time increased.

Process−microstructure−properties relationship in Al−CNTs−Al2O3 nanocomposites manufactured by hybrid powder metallurgy and microwave sintering process

Al−2CNTs−xAl2O3 nanocomposites were manufactured by a hybrid powder metallurgy and microwave sintering process.The correlation between process-induced microstructural features and the material properties including physical and mechanical properties as well as ultrasonic parameters was measured.It was found that physical properties including densification and physical dimensional changes were closely associated with the morphology and particle size of nanocomposite powders.The maximum density was obtained by extensive particle refinement at milling time longer than 8 h and Al2O3 content of 10 wt.%.Mechanical properties were controlled by Al2O3 content,dispersion of nano reinforcements and grain size.The optimum hardness and strength properties were achieved through incorporation of 10 wt.%Al2O3 and homogenous dispersion of CNTs and Al2O3 nanoparticles(NPs)at 12 h of milling which resulted in the formation of high density of dislocations and extensive grain size refinement.Also both longitudinal and shear velocities and attenuation increase linearly by increasing Al2O3 content and milling time.The variation of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation was attributed to the degree of dispersion of CNTs and Al2O3 and also less inter-particle spacing in the matrix.The larger Al2O3 content and more homogenous dispersion of CNTs and Al2O3 NPs at longer milling time exerted higher velocity and attenuation of ultrasonic wave.

GROWTH OF MnS IN Fe-CU-C-MnS SINTERED STEELS WITH ADMIXED MnS

MnS growth in sintered steels with admixed Fe, Cu, C and MnS has been investigated by SEM and X-ray diffraction, MnS in Fe-Cu-C-MnS sintered steels in which MnS has been admixed is not stable and MnS growth may be ascribed to sintering between MnS particles or reaction between MnS and Fe, Cu, C elements.

Wear and mechanical properties of carburized AISI 8620 steel produced by powder metallurgy

The effect of carburization on the tensile strength and wear resistance of AISI 8620 steel produced via powder metallurgy was investigated.Alloys 1 and 2(with 0.2wt%C and 0.25wt%C,respectively)were first pressed at 700 MPa and then sintered at 1300,1400,or 1500℃for 1 h.The ideal sintering temperature of 1400℃was determined.Afterward,Alloys 1 and 2 sintered at 1400℃were carburized at 925℃for 4 h.The microstructure characterization of alloys was performed via optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.The mechanical and wear behavior of carburized and noncarburized alloys were investigated via hardness,tensile,and wear tests.After carburization,the ultimate tensile strength of Alloys 1 and 2 increased to 134.4%and 138.1%,respectively.However,the elongation rate of Alloys 1 and 2 decreased to 62.6%and 64.7%,respectively.The wear depth values of Alloy 2 under noncarburized and carburized conditions and a load of 30 N were 231.2 and 100.1μm,respectively.Oxidative wear changed to abrasive wear when the load transitioned from 15 to 30 N.

Effects of sintering atmosphere on the microstructure and mechanical property of sintered 316L stainless steel

In the present work, N 2, N 2+H 2, Ar and Ar+H 2, were used as the sintering atmosphere of Metal Injection Molded 316L stainless steel respectively. The influences of the sintering atmospheres on C, O, N contents of the sintered specimens, sintered density, grain morphology and mechanical properties were investigated. The results show that C, O, N contents of the sintered specimens can be controlled in permitted low values. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the specimen sintered in N 2+H 2 atmosphere are 765 MPa and 32% respectively. Using Ar and Ar+H 2 as the sintering atmosphere, the density of the sintered specimens is 98% of the theoretical density; the pores are uniformly distributed as small spherical shape and the grain size is about 50 μm. The mechanical properties of the specimen, i.e. ultimate tensile strength 630 MPa, yield strength 280 MPa, elongation 52%, HRB 71, are much better than those of the American Metal Powder Industries Federation(MPIF) 35 Standard after being sintered in Ar+H 2.

Microwave sintering effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–51at%Ni shape memory alloys

Ti–51at%Ni shape memory alloys(SMAs) were successfully produced via a powder metallurgy and microwave sintering technique.The influence of sintering parameters on porosity reduction,microstructure,phase transformation temperatures,and mechanical properties were investigated by optical microscopy,field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),compression tests,and microhardness tests.Varying the microwave temperature and holding time was found to strongly affect the density of porosity,presence of precipitates,transformation temperatures,and mechanical properties.The lowest density and smallest pore size were observed in the Ti–51at%Ni samples sintered at 900°C for 5 min or at 900°C for 30 min.The predominant martensite phases of β2 and β19′ were observed in the microstructure of Ti–51at%Ni,and their existence varied in accordance with the sintering temperature and the holding time.In the DSC thermograms,multi-transformation peaks were observed during heating,whereas a single peak was observed during cooling;these peaks correspond to the presence of the β2,R,and β19′ phases.The maximum strength and strain among the Ti–51at%Ni SMAs were 1376 MPa and 29%,respectively,for the sample sintered at 900°C for 30 min because of this sample's minimal porosity.

Healing Behavior of Micropores in Powder Metallurgy 316L Stainless Steel during Hot Forging and Heat Treatment

The healing behavior of micropores in powder metallurgy （P/M） 316L stainless steel during hot forging and subsequent heat treatment was studied. The results showed that hot forging can improve the homogeneity of the pore size and enhance the relative density of material in varying degree due to different forging temperatures. As a re- sult of deformation and diffusion bonding at high temperature, the irregular pores were spheroidized and finally turned into stable inner grain pores. The comparison of compression behavior between P/M and wrought dense mate rials has shown that the pores can either be the obstacles of dislocation movement or be the nucleation sites accelera- ting the reerystallization according to the difference of deformation temperatures.

Effect of furnace atmosphere on sintering process of chromium-containing steel via powder metallurgy

During a powder metallurgy process such as sintering,the primary role played by the atmosphere in furnace is to prevent an excessive oxidation of powder compacts in case of the formation of oxides as residuals on powder surfaces.In particular,the adjustment of furnace atmosphere is the key to eliminate the phenomenon"decarburization"likely to occur in carbon-containing compacts.A continuous belt furnace was used to stabilize the potentials of carbon and oxygen in zones divided by sintering,delubrication,and cooling.Chromium and manganese,which are sensitive to oxygen,were added to improve mechanical properties in a cost-effective way.Powders of steel containing chromium were sintered in an atmosphere composed of CO,O_(2),and H_(2).The effects of atmosphere,lubricant,and graphite on oxidation(or reduction)and decarburization(or carburization)were investigated.Superior quality was achieved under the control of delubrication atmosphere.It is indicated that in a protective atmosphere,the chemical reactions occurring at various stages took remarkable effect on the quality of sintered compact.The potentials of oxygen and carbon in a continuous belt furnace were monitored and analyzed using an on-line thermal measuring unit consisting of thermocouple,oxygen probe,and carbon monoxide sensor.The avoidance of oxidation and decarburization promises desired micro structure and carbon content and satisfactory properties through the adjustment of technical parameters,e.g.,the composition of gases in delubrication and various sintering zones,the rate of gas inlet,and cooling rate.

Powder Metallurgical Fabrication and Microstructural Investigations of Aluminum/Steel Functionally Graded Material

Aluminum/steel electric transition joints (ETJs) are used in aluminum reduction cell for the purpose of welding aluminum rod and steel bracket components. Solid state welding process used for joining aluminum and steel at the electric transition joints have the drawbacks of cracking and separation at the interface surfaces. Cracking and separation at the electric transition joints are caused by the stress singularities that developed due to the mismatch in thermal and mechanical properties of each material. To overcome the drawback of electric transition joints, aluminum/steel functionally graded may be used as electric transition joints or proposed. Therefore manufacturing and investigation of aluminum/steel functionally graded materials fabricated by powder metallurgy process were carried out through the current work. Different samples with different layers of aluminum/steel functionally graded materials were compacted using steel die and punch at the same compacted pressure and sintered temperature. After investigating the different samples of aluminum/steel functionally graded materials under different fabrication conditions, the suitable fabrication regime was determined with the aid of microscopic observations.

Microstructure and compressive deformation of hypereutectic Al-Si-Fe based P/M alloys fabricated by spark plasma sintering

Al-Si-Fe based alloys are attractive light-weight structural materials for automotive engine components because of their high wear resistance, low density and low thermal expansion. Al-17Si 5Fe-2Cu-lMg-lNi-lZr alloys were produced in compact form by a spark plasma sintering （SPS） technique using gas atomized powders. The mean grain size of the compact was 530 nm, and fine equiaxed grains and uniformly distributed precipitates were observed in the compact. The compressive deformation behavior of the SPSed materials was examined at various temperatures and strain rates. All the true stress-true strain curves showed steady state flow after reaching peak stress. The peak stress decreased with increasing test temperature and decreasing strain rate. In the deformed specimens, the equiaxed grain morphology and the dislocation microstructure within the equiaxed grains were observed. These facts strongly indicated the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization during high temperature deformation of the present alloy.

N/H气氛下烧结温度对430L不锈钢块体的性能影响

为系统研究N/H气氛下不同烧结温度对430不锈钢粉末冶金件微观结构、密度、力学性能的影响规律和作用机理,用模压成型-脱脂-气氛烧结工艺,在1100~1330℃烧结不锈钢粉末。结果表明:随温度升高,块体致密度显著提升,但晶粒粗化严重,导致性能衰减。1290℃时制备的不锈钢块的综合性能优异,抗拉强度为454 MPa,伸长率为7%,冲击功为58 J/cm^(2)。在N_(2)-H_(2)气氛下高温烧结块体表层生成了梯度分布的Cr_(2)N相,不锈钢硬度高达100.5HRB。这是因为基体组织均匀、具有梯度结构的Cr_(2)N富集层及弥散分布的平均粒径为2.27μm的Si颗粒钉扎效应协同作用的结果。该工艺流程短、能耗低,无需后续处理即可制备出满足要求的粉末冶金件。

粉末冶金Fe-6.5wt.%Si高硅钢的热变形行为及组织演化

采用物理模拟手段研究了不同变形条件下粉末冶金Fe-6.5wt.%Si高硅钢的热变形行为,并利用金相显微镜(OM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术分析了合金热变形过程中的组织演化。结果表明:基于Zener-Holloman参数和线性拟合方法建立的本构方程能够很好地预测合金的高温变形行为;基于动态材料模型构建的热加工图能够为合金的热变形提供适宜的工艺窗口;粉末冶金Fe-6.5wt.%Si高硅钢在高温变形时的主要软化机制为动态再结晶和动态回复。变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低有利于合金的再结晶形核和长大。变形后铁素体相形成<100>//ND和<111>//ND丝织构,且随着变形温度升高,<111>//ND织构增强。

铸造/烧结钴铬镍合金组织演变规律的对比研究

采用亚快速凝固和真空烧结两种工艺方法制备了钴铬镍合金,详细研究了工艺方法及Cr,Ni含量对合金组织演变规律的影响。结果表明,亚快速凝固工艺所获得的钴铬镍合金组织组成不受成分变化的影响,凝固组织为γ-fcc+ε-hcp两相组织的胞状枝晶,枝晶干为γ-fcc相,枝晶间为ε-hcp相,二次枝晶间距随结晶速率增大而减小,主要溶质元素Cr,Ni在两相间产生偏析,Cr元素富集在枝晶间,Ni元素在枝晶干富集。真空烧结工艺所制备钴铬镍合金组织构成由成分组成决定,低镍含量合金烧结体为单相ε-hcp组织,晶粒随烧结温度的升高呈现急剧粗化特征;高镍含量合金烧结体为γ-fcc+ε-hcp双相组织,晶粒细小且γ-fcc相呈现明显的孪晶和层错结构。烧结合金较铸造合金呈现明显的塑性增长,位错是烧结低镍ε-hcp单相合金性能提升的主要因素,孪晶和层错则是高镍γ-fcc+ε-hcp两相合金组织性能提升的主要因素。

Effects of size reduction on deformation,microstructure,and surface roughness of micro components for micro metal injection molding

The fabrication of 17-4PH micro spool mandrils by micro metal injection molding was described here. The effects of size reduction on deformation, microstructure and surface roughness were studied by comparing a I center dot 500 mu m micro post and a I center dot 1.7 mm cylinder after debinding and sintering. Experimental results show that slumping of the micro posts occurred due to a dramatic increase in outlet vapor pressure initiated at the thermal degradation onset temperature and the moment of gravity. Asymmetrical stress distribution within the micro component formed during the cooling stage may cause warping. Prior solvent debinding and adjustment in a thermal debinding scheme were useful for preventing the deformation of the micro components. Smaller grain size and higher micro hardness due to impeded grain growth were observed for the micro posts compared with the I center dot 1.7 mm cylinder. Surface roughness increased with distance from the gate of the micro spool mandril due to melt front advancement during mold filling and the ensuing pressure distribution. At each position, surface roughness was dictated by injection molding and increased slightly after sintering.

透气钢制备工艺进展及展望

透气钢作为一种多孔金属材料,被广泛应用于冶金、化工、生物、环保和能源领域,主要用来控制金属材料内部气流的分布,同时兼具散热作用,在模具制造成型过程中使用透气钢可以大幅提高冷却成型速率。透气钢因其优异的性能引起国内外的广泛关注,已成为当今新型功能材料领域研究的热点。采用不同的制备工艺对透气钢组织和综合性能有着显著影响,如何有效提高透气钢综合性能已成为亟待研究的课题。本文系统介绍了国内外制备透气钢的工艺方法,包括粉末冶金法、增材制造法以及凝胶注模+微波烧结法等主要工艺技术,简要分析了原料粉末粒径、烧结温度等对透气钢制备过程及透气性能的影响,对透气钢综合性能的稳定控制进行了分析,同时展望了透气钢制备的未来发展前景。

Influence of Nanocrystalline ZrO₂Additives on the Fracture Toughness and Hardness of Spark Plasma Activated Sintered WC/ZrO₂Nanocomposites Obtained by Mechanical Mixing Method

The present study reports the formation of ultrafine hard particles of nanocomposite WC with different additions of ZrO2 powders (0.5 - 20 vol.%). The initial mixed powders of WC with the desired ZrO2 concentrations were mechanically mixed for 360 ks (end-product) under argon gas atmosphere at room temperature, using high energy ball mill. The end-product consists of average grain size of about 17 nm in diameter. The obtained nanocomposite powders were consolidated into fully dense compact, using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique in vacuum. The experimental results revealed that the consolidation step, which was conducted at 1673 K with uniaxial pressure ranging from 19.6 to 38.2 MPa for short time (0.18 ks), does not lead to dramatic grain growth in the powders so that the consolidated nanocomposite bulk objects maintain their nanocrystalline behavior, being fine grains with an average size of 63 nm in diameter. The relative densities of consolidated nanocomposite WC/ZrO2 materials increase from 99.1% for WC-0.5% ZrO2 to 99.93% for WC-20% ZrO2. The indentation fracture toughness of the composites can be tailored between 7.31 and 19.46 MPa/m1/2 by controlling the volume fraction of ZrO2 matrix from 0.5% to 20%. The results show that the Poisson’s ratio increased monotonically with increasing the ZrO2 concentrations to get a maximum value of 0.268 for WC-20% ZrO2. In the whole range of ZrO2 concentrations (0.5 - 20 vol.%), high hardness values (20.73 to 22.83 GPa) were achieved. The Young’s modulus tends to decrease with increasing the volume fraction of the ZrO2 matrix to reach a minimum value of 583.2 GPa for WC-20% ZrO2. These hard and tough WC/ZrO2 nanocomposites are proposed to be employed as higher abrasive-wear resistant materials.

碳化物对粉末冶金刀具钢断裂机理的影响

通过对M390粉末冶金刀具钢材料进行扫描电子显微组织观察、X射线衍射分析以及原位拉伸试验,研究了M390粉末冶金刀具钢微观组织结构和拉伸断裂行为,并分析了碳化物在粉末冶金刀具钢断裂过程中的作用。研究发现:M390粉末冶金刀具钢的显微组织是由基体和分布在基体上的碳化物两部分组成,其中基体组织为铁素体,碳化物则包括富铬等合金元素的M_(7)C_(3)和M_(23)C_(6)型碳化物,这些碳化物相严重影响M390粉末冶金刀具钢的断裂。随着外加载荷增加,分布在基体上的碳化物相提前开裂,形成裂纹源,裂纹呈现穿过或绕过碳化物的形式扩展,在进一步加载的情况下,裂纹处形成应力集中,导致基体发生脆性断裂。碳化物相成为M390粉末冶金刀具钢断裂过程的薄弱环节。试样断口呈现脆性断裂特征,并包含少量韧窝,且韧窝中存在第二相质点,即碳化物。

Y对粉末冶金无压烧结Ti-22Al-25Nb合金组织与力学性能的影响

采用“冷等静压+无压烧结”工艺制备了不同Y含量的Ti-22Al-(25-x)Nb-xY(x=0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 at%)合金,研究了Y元素含量对合金微观组织、压缩力学性能和烧结过程的影响。结果表明:未添加Y的合金的组织为等轴α_(2)相和B2+O的魏氏组织;Y元素会抑制Ti与Al之间的反应,并生成Y_(2)O_(3)相;Y元素的加入会抑制晶界α_(2)相的形成,并使等轴α_(2)相的尺寸细化,且数量也减少;随着Y元素含量的增加,合金的强度先降低后升高,塑性先升高后降低。Y添加量为1.5 at%时合金的塑性最佳,α_(2)相的含量和形貌是影响合金性能的主要因素。未添加Y的合金烧结过程中经历的相变为Ti+Al→TiAl_(3)→TiAl→Ti3Al,而添加Y的合金烧结过程还存在Ti+YAl_(3)→TiAl_(3)+Y和4Y+3O2→2Y_(2)O_(3)的反应。