Improvement of Ductility of Powder Metallurgy Titanium Alloys by Addition of Rare Earth Element

Ti-4.5Al-6.0Mo-1.5Fe, Ti-6Al-1Mo-1Fe and Ti-6Al-4V alloys were prepared by blended elemental powder metallurgy （PM） process, and the effects of Nd on the microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. It was found out that the addition of Nd increased the density of sintered titanium alloys slightly by a maximum increment of 1% because small amount of liquid phase occurred during sintering. The addition of Nd shows little effect on the improvement of tensile strength, while the elongation is significantly improved. For example, the elongation of Ti-4.SAl-6.0Mo-1.5Fe can be increased from 1% without addition of Nd to 13% at a Nd content of 1.2 wt pct.

Ballistic performance of titanium-based layered composites made using blended elemental powder metallurgy and hot isostatic pressing

Metal matrix composites tiles based on Ti-6Al-4V(Ti64)alloy,reinforced with 10,20,and 40(vol%)of either TiC or TiB particles were made using press-and-sinter blended elemental powder metallurgy(BEPM)and then bonded together into 3-layer laminated plates using hot isostatic pressing(HIP).The laminates were ballistically tested and demonstrated superior performance.The microstructure and properties of the laminates were analyzed to determine the effect of the BEPM and HIP processing on the ballistic properties of the layered plates.The effect of porosity in sintered composites on further diffusion bonding of the plates during HIP is analyzed to understand the bonding features at the interfaces between different adjacent layers in the laminate.Exceptional ballistic performance of fabricated structures was explained by a significant reduction in the residual porosity of the BEPM products by their additional processing using HIP,which provides an unprecedented increase in the hardness of the layered composites.It is argued that the combination of the used two technologies,BEPM and HIP is principally complimentary for the materials in question with the abilities to solve the essential problems of each used individually.

Microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanism of high -performance powder metallurgy TA15 titanium alloy by hot rolling

Hot deformation of sintered billets by powder metallurgy(PM)is an effective preparation technique for titanium alloys,which is more significant for high-alloying alloys.In this study,Ti–6.5Al–2Zr–Mo–V(TA15)titanium alloy plates were prepared by cold press-ing sintering combined with high-temperature hot rolling.The microstructure and mechanical properties under different process paramet-ers were investigated.Optical microscope,electron backscatter diffraction,and others were applied to characterize the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties strengthening mechanism.The results showed that the chemical compositions were uniformly dif-fused without segregation during sintering,and the closing of the matrix craters was accelerated by increasing the sintering temperature.The block was hot rolled at 1200℃ with an 80%reduction under only two passes without annealing.The strength and elongation of the plate at 20–25℃ after solution and aging were 1247 MPa and 14.0%,respectively,which were increased by 24.5%and 40.0%,respect-ively,compared with the as-sintered alloy at 1300℃.The microstructure was significantly refined by continuous dynamic recrystalliza-tion,which was completed by the rotation and dislocation absorption of the substructure surrounded by low-angle grain boundaries.After hot rolling combined with heat treatment,the strength and plasticity of PM-TA15 were significantly improved,which resulted from the dense,uniform,and fine recrystallization structure and the synergistic effect of multiple slip systems.

Combined powder metallurgy routes to improve thermal and mechanical response of Al−Sn composite phase change materials

Powder metallurgy processes are suitable to produce form-stable solid−liquid phase change materials from miscibility gap alloys.They allow to obtain a composite metallic material with good dispersion of low-melting active phase particles in a high-melting passive matrix,preventing leakage of the particles during phase transition and,therefore,increasing the stability of thermal response.Also,the matrix provides structural properties.The aim of this work is to combine conventional powder mixing techniques(simple mixing and ball milling)to improve active phase isolation and mechanical properties of an Al−Sn alloy.As matter of fact,ball milling of Sn powder allows to reduce hardness difference with Al powder;moreover,ball milling of the two powders together results in fine microstructure with improved mechanical properties.In addition,different routes applied showed that thermal response depends on the microstructure and,in particular,on the particle size of the active phase.In more detail,coarse active phase particles provide a fast heat release with small undercooling,while small particles solidify more slowly in a wide range of temperature.On the other hand,melting and,consequently,heat storage are independent of the particle size of the active phase.This potentially allows to“tailor”the thermal response by producing alloys with suitable microstructure.

Low cycle fatigue improvement of powder metallurgy titanium alloy through thermomechanical treatment

A low-cost β type Ti-1.5Fe-6.8Mo-4.8Al-1.2Nd (mass fraction, %)(T12LCC) alloy was produced by blended elemental powder metallurgy(P/M) method and subsequent thermomechanical treatment. Low cycle fatigue(LCF) behavior of P/M T12LCC alloy before and after thermomechanical treatment was studied. The results show that the LCF resistance of P/M titanium alloy is significantly enhanced through the thermomechanical treatment. The mechanisms for the improvement of LCF behavior are attributed to the elimination of residual pores, the microstructure refining and homogenization.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of powder metallurgy Ti-Al-Mo-V-Ag alloy

The Ti-Al-Mo-V-Ag α＋β alloys were processed by powder metallurgy（PM） using the blended elemental（BE） technique.The effects of Ag addition and sintering temperature on microstructure and properties of the Ti-5Al-4Mo-4V alloys were investigated using X-ray diffraction,optical microscope,scanning electron microscope and mechanical properties tests.The results show that adding Ag element increases the relative density and improves the mechanical properties of PM Ti-5Al-4Mo-4V alloy.After sintering at 1 250 ℃ for 4 h,the relative density and compression strength of Ti-5Al-4Mo-4V-5Ag alloy are 96.3% and 1 656 MPa,respectively.

The rapid densification behavior of powder metallurgy Ti alloys by induction heating sintering

Micropores are decisive to mechanical properties and thermal deformation capabilities of powder met-allurgy(P/M)Ti alloys sintered compacts.As a result,achieving express densification is of prime im-portance and has attracted increasing attention recently.Induction heating owns the merits of high effi-ciency,short process,and low cost,and thus has huge potential to be used as a sintering approach for the fabrication of P/M Ti alloys.Nevertheless,the facilitated densification behavior associated with induction heating sintering remains unclear so far.To address it,powder metallurgy Ti6Al4V is manufactured via induction heating sintering with which the underlying sintering mechanism is investigated in-depth.It is found that induction heating could generate a fully densified compact in a remarkably shortened time,demonstrating its superior sintering efficiency as compared with conventional resistance furnace heat-ing.COMSOL finite element analysis reveals that the maximum current density during induction heating can reach 10^(6)A m^(–2)though the magnetic field strength is solely 0.02 T,leading to a slight tempera-ture difference of approximately 30℃between the interior and exterior of the billet.Furthermore,the rapid heating essentially starts at sharp corners of particles due to the potent current concentration ef-fect,which facilitates the cracking of the particle surface oxide film and thus enhances the direct contact between them.Moreover,the electromigration effect caused by induction current promotes the diffusion capability of elements,giving rise to expedited densification,alloying,and chemical homogenization.This work provides not only critical insight into the sintering mechanism of induction heating sintering but also significant guidance for low-cost powder metallurgy materials preparation.

Properties and forming process of prealloyed powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The properties and forming process of prealloyed powder metallurgy(PM) Ti-6Al-4V alloy were researched for application of high performance of titanium parts. Hot isostatic press(HIP) technology and two kinds of powders were used in the prealloyed processing to get full density material. Tensile properties,impact toughness and fracture toughness of PM Ti-6Al-4V alloy were studied and discussed. The microstructures were examined with optical microscope and the morphologies of powders were observed by SEM. Forming processes were performed to fabricate PM titanium parts. The experiment results show that the prealloyed PM Ti-6Al-4V alloy has same good properties as wrought material and the complex shape PM parts can be near-net-shaped. Some of the parts have been commercially used. This indicates that the prealloyed process should have bright prospects in making high-performance,complex shape and low-cost titanium alloy parts.

Oxygen variation in titanium powder and metal injection molding

The control of oxygen is paramount in achieving high-performance titanium(Ti)parts by powder metallurgy such as metal in-jection molding(MIM).In this study,we purposely selected the Ti and Ti-6Al-4V powders as the reference materials since these two are the most representative Ti materials in the industry.Herein,hydride-dehydride(HDH)Ti powders were pre-oxidized to examine the ef-fect of oxygen variation on the characteristics of oxide layer on the particle surface and its resultant color feature.The results indicate that the thickness and Ti oxide level(Ti^(0)→Ti^(4+))of the oxide layer on the HDH Ti powders increased as the oxygen content increased,lead-ing to the transition of color appearance from grey,brown to blue.This work aids in the powder feedstock selection at the initial stage in powder metallurgy.In addition,the development of oxygen content was comprehensively studied during the MIM process using the gas-atomized(GA)Ti-6Al-4V powders.Particularly,the oxygen variation in the form of oxide layer,the change of oxygen content in the powders,and the relevant parts were investigated during the processes of kneading,injection,debinding,and sintering.The oxygen vari-ation was mainly concentrated in the sintering stage,and the content increased with the increase of sintering temperature.The variation of oxygen content during the MIM process demonstrates the crucial role of powder feedstock and sintering stage in controlling oxygen con-tent.This work provides a piece of valuable information on oxygen detecting,control,and manipulation for the powder and processing in the industry of Ti and its alloys by powder metallurgy.

Powder metallurgy with space holder for porous titanium implants:A review

One of the biggest challenges in the biocompatibility of implantable metals is the prevention of the stress shielding effect,which is related to the coupling of the bone-metal mechanical properties.This stress shielding phenomenon provokes bone resorption and the consequent adverse effects on prosthesis fixation.However,it can be inhibited by adapting the stiffness of the implant material.Since the use of titanium(Ti)porous structures is a great alternative not only to inhibit this effect but also to improve the osteointegration of orthopedic and dental implants,a brief description of the techniques used for their manufacturing and a review of the current commercialized implants produced from porous Ti assemblies are compiled in this work.As powder metallurgy(PM)with space holder(SH)is a powerful technology used to produce porous Ti structures,it is here discussed its potential for the fabrication of medical devices from the perspectives of both design and manufacture.The most important parameters of the technique such as the size and shape of the initial metallic particles,the SH and binder type of materials,the compaction pressure of the green form,and in the sintering stage,the temperature,atmosphere,and time are reviewed according to the bibliography reported.Furthermore,the importance of the porosity and its types together with the influence of the mentioned parameters in the final porosity and,consequently,in the ultimate mechanical properties of the structure are discussed.Finally,a few examples of the PM-SH application for the manufacturing of orthopedic implants are presented.

Chemical composition analysis for laser solid forming of titanium alloys from blended elemental powders

Laser solid forming （LSF） from blended elemental powders is an advanced technique to investigate new alloy systems and to create innovative materials. Accurate composition control is critical for the applications of this technique. In this letter, the composition analysis is performed on LSF titanium alloys from blended Ti, Al, and V powders. It is found that the composition of as-deposited sample can be controlled by keeping the identity of the divergence angle of each elemental powder stream. Based on the consistency condition for divergence angles of different elemental powder streams, the matching relation among the Ti, Al, and V powder characteristics （particle size and density） can be obtained, which ensures the consistency in composition between the laser deposits and the blended elemental powders under different laser processing parameters.

Characterization of Cu–Ti powder metallurgical materials

Powder metallurgical Cu-Ti alloys with different titanium additions produced by hot pressing were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and hardness, wear and bending tests. The addition of titanium to copper caused the formation of different intermetallic layers around titanium particles. The titanium content of the intermetallics decreased from the center of the particle to the copper matrix. The hardness, wear resistance, and bending strength of the materials increased with increasing Ti content, whereas strain in the bending test decreased. Worn surface analyses showed that different wear mechanisms were active during the wear test of specimens with different chemical compositions. Changes in the properties of the materials with titanium addition were explained by the high hardness of different Cu-Ti intermetallic phases.

Effect of graphene nanoplatelets(GNPs)addition on strength and ductility of magnesium-titanium alloys

Effect of graphene nanoplatelets(GNPs)addition on mechanical properties of magnesium–10wt%Titanium(Mg–10Ti)alloy is investigated in current work.The Mg-(10Ti+0.18GNPs)composite was synthesized using the semi powder metallurgy method followed by hot extrusion.Microstructural characterization results revealed the uniform distribution of reinforcement(Ti+GNPs)particles in the matrix,therefore(Ti+GNPs)particles act as an effective reinforcing filler to prevent the deformation.Room temperature tensile results showed that the addition of Ti+GNPs to monolithic Mg lead to increase in 0.2%yield strength(0.2%YS),ultimate tensile strength(UTS),and failure strain.Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy(EDS)and X-Ray Diffraction(XRD)were used to investigate the surface morphology,elemental dispersion and phase analysis,respectively.

Characterization of the prior particle boundaries in a powder metallurgy Ti2AlNb alloy

Ti2 AlNb-based alloy powder metallurgy(PM)compacts were prepared via hot isostatic pressing(HIP)under relatively low temperature(920 and 980℃)and at certain pressure(130 MPa).The microstructure,composition and orientation of B2,α2 and O phases in the compacts were characterized and analyzed with an aim to investigate the effect of unsuitable HIPping parameters on the appearance of prior particle boundary(PPB),which seriously affects the mechanical properties of the alloy.The results show that moreα2 phase is the characteristics of the PPB in Ti2AlNb-based alloy when HIPped at relatively low temperature.Increasing HIPping temperature to the upper part of the two-phase region can effectively inhibit the formation of PPB.Electron backscatter diffraction measurements show the specific orientation relationship between phases,which helps us understand the origin of a2 and O phase and the corresponding transformation path.The HIPping at a higher temperature can weaken the micro-texture intensity of theα2 and O phase due to the increase of misorientation in B2 phase.Theα2 phase at cell wall keeps the Burgers orientation relationship(BOR)with the grain on one side,and does not satisfy the BOR with the other.It is found that some O phase variants inside the cell HIPped at 980℃can only maintainα2-O OR withα2 owing to theα2→O phase transformation forming the O phase,while these O variants deviate from B2-O OR with B2 phase.

粉末冶金Ti-6Al-3Mo-1Zr钛合金的微观组织和力学性能

采用粉末冶金工艺制备出一种具有细小组织的Ti-6Al-3Mo-1Zr合金,通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜及拉伸试验等研究了热压烧结温度对该合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:在烧结温度1000℃下制备的Ti-6Al-3Mo-1Zr合金具有细小组织和较优的力学性能,其原始β晶粒尺寸、α集束尺寸和α片层厚度分别为176μm、49μm和1.49μm,室温抗拉强度、屈服强度和断后伸长率分别为895 MPa、823 MPa和12.7%,强化机制主要为固溶强化、Hall-Petch效应和α/β界面强化。由于Mo元素可降低钛合金的高温扩散系数,因此,Ti-6Al-3Mo-1Zr合金的原始β晶粒尺寸、α集束尺寸和α片层厚度均小于相同工艺条件下制备的Ti-6Al-4V合金,其室温及高温强度、加工硬化率和塑性均优于Ti-6Al-4V合金。

粉末冶金Ti-Al-Mo-Cr-Fe-B体系的组织与力学性能

采用粉末冶金技术制备Ti-Al-Mo-Cr-Fe-B合金,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、准静态拉伸测试和显微硬度测试等方法研究Mo、Cr、Fe含量对钛合金显微组织、烧结致密化和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,所有合金均由α相、β相和金属间化合物组成,Mo、Cr、Fe的添加降低了钛合金体系在缓慢冷却过程中形成α相的倾向,增加了β相和金属间化合物的比例。其中,Ti-3A1-1.5Mo-4Cr-1Fe-0.1B的性能最优,其致密度、显微硬度、极限抗拉强度和伸长率分别为(99.29±0.06)%、438.40±13.69(HV)、(1124±119)MPa和(1.93±0.04)%。所有合金均以脆性断裂为主,其力学性能与残余孔隙率密切相关,孔隙率越高,合金强度和塑性越低。合金的致密化主要受到Cr、Fe原子快速扩散带来的综合影响,即快速扩散促进烧结致密化的积极效果与快速扩散导致孔隙形成的消极效果之间的交互作用。

粉末冶金TC11钛合金的热等静压制备与高周疲劳性能研究

粉末热等静压(HIP)技术可以近净成形高性能钛合金复杂构件,在航空航天领域具有广阔的应用前景。采用无坩埚感应熔炼超声气体雾化法制备了TC11预合金粉末,并对预合金粉末进行表征;在940℃/140 MPa/3 h条件下HIP成形了TC11坯体。采用OM、SEM、拉伸、冲击和旋转弯曲疲劳等手段对HIP坯体的显微组织和力学性能进行表征,研究了微气孔对HIP坯体疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,HIP坯体接近理论全致密,组织细小均匀,静力学性能接近甚至部分指标超越锻造合金,旋转弯曲高周疲劳强度(107周次)为590 MPa;空心粉形成的微气孔导致高周疲劳寿命呈现二重性,疲劳加载条件下,表面微气孔会优先成为裂纹萌生的位置,显著降低HIP坯体的高周疲劳寿命。

粉末冶金法制备高熵合金黏结相硬质材料研究进展

传统硬质材料黏结相Co在高温下易软化是限制其应用的重要因素,高熵合金的开发弥补了这一缺陷。高熵合金是由多种金属元素形成的固溶体,与Co相比进一步改善了硬质材料的耐磨性、耐腐蚀性和抗氧化性能,在切削加工领域具有广阔的应用前景,逐渐成为金属材料的研究热点。本文对近年来粉末冶金法制备高熵合金黏结相硬质材料的研究进行综述,具体包括硬质材料基体、高熵合金粉末制备方法、高熵合金硬质材料的烧结方法和高熵合金对硬质材料的影响机制,并对存在的不足进行总结与展望。

预合金化粉末制备钛基复合材料研究进展

钛基复合材料(TMCs)以其高强度、高比模量、优良的耐磨性和耐热性,成为航空航天等领域广泛使用的先进结构材料。粉末冶金(PM)和增材制造(AM)作为TMCs的常见先进制备工艺,因其具有高材料设计自由度和材料利用率而备受青睐。然而,这些工艺在增强相分布、尺寸及结构方面的局限性,使得TMCs的力学性能提升面临挑战。预合金化粉末为TMCs提供了新颖的增强相结构,可以将TiC、TiB等陶瓷颗粒细化至纳米级并均匀分布,显著细化材料,同时,还可以与一次粉末边界(PPB)网络结构结合,实现增强相的多级分布,为PM和AM工艺在优化TMCs的强塑性方面开辟新的途径。基于此背景,本文综述了利用预合金化粉末制备PM TMCs和AM TMCs的研究进展,介绍了预合金化粉末的制备工艺,并探讨了其带来的新型结构与性能优化效果。最后,总结了该工艺在当前阶段面临的突出问题,并展望了未来的研究方向和发展趋势。

Mn含量对多孔Ti-Mo-Mn合金微观结构及力学性能的影响

以钛粉、钼粉和锰粉为原料,碳酸氢铵颗粒为造孔剂,采用粉末冶金工艺制备出医用多孔Ti-Mo-Mn合金,并研究了锰含量对多孔Ti-Mo-Mn合金微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着锰含量从0wt%增加到10wt%,多孔Ti-Mo-Mn合金的孔隙率降低,大孔孔径少量减小,β-Ti相的比例相对增多,弹性模量和抗压强度相应增加。含7.5wt%Mo和5wt%~10wt%Mn的多孔Ti-Mo-Mn合金具有三维连通的多孔结构和良好的力学性能,有潜力用作皮质骨缺损修复材料。