Research on power electronic transformer applied in AC/DC hybrid distribution networks

The AC/DC hybrid distribution network is one of the trends in distribution network development, which poses great challenges to the traditional distribution transformer. In this paper, a new topology suitable for AC/DC hybrid distribution network is put forward according to the demands of power grid, with advantages of accepting DG and DC loads, while clearing DC fault by blocking the clamping double sub-module(CDSM) of input stage. Then, this paper shows the typical structure of AC/DC distribution network that is hand in hand. Based on the new topology, this paper designs the control and modulation strategies of each stage, where the outer loop controller of input stage is emphasized for its twocontrol mode. At last, the rationality of new topology and the validity of control strategies are verified by the steady and dynamic state simulation. At the same time, the simulation results highlight the role of PET in energy regulation.

A Discrete State Event Driven Simulation based Losses Analysis for Multi-terminal Megawatt Power Electronic Transformer

At present,power electronic transformers(PETs)have been widely used in power systems.With the increase of PET capacity to the megawatt level.the problem of increased losses need to be taken seriously.As an important indicator of power electronic device designing,losses have always been the focus of attention.At present,the losses are generally measured through experiments,but it takes a lot of time and is difficult to quantitatively analyze the internal distribution of PET losses.To solve the above problems,this article first qualitatively analyzes the losses of power electronic devices and proposes a loss calculation method based on pure simulation.This method uses the Discrete State Event Driven(DSED)modeling method to solve the problem of slow simulation speed of large-capacity power electronic devices and uses a loss calculation method that considers the operating conditions of the device to improve the calculation accuracy.For the PET prototype in this article,a losses model of the PET is established.The comparison of experimental and simulation results verifies the feasibility of the losses model.Then the losses composition of PET was analyzed to provide reference opinions for actual operation.It can help pre-analyze the losses distribution of PET,thereby providing a potential method for improving system efficiency.

Structured Microgrids (SμGs) and Flexible Electronic Large Power Transformers (FeLPTs)

Structured microgrids(SμGs)and Flexible electronic large power transformers(FeLPTs)are emerging as two essential technologies for renewable energy integration,flexible power transmission,and active control.SμGs provide the integration of renewable energy and storage to balance the energy demand and supply as needed for a given system design.FeLPT’s flexibility for processing,control,and re-configurability offers the capability for flexible transmission for effective flow control and enable SμGs connectivity while still keeping multiscale system level control.Early adaptors for combined heat and power have demonstrated significant economic benefits while reducing environmental foot prints.They bring tremendous benefits to utility companies also.With storage and active control capabilities,a 300-percent increase in bulk transmission and distribution lines are possible without having to increase capacity.SμGs and FeLPTs will also enable the utility industry to be better prepared for the emerging large increase in base load demand from electric transportation and data centers.This is a win-win-win situation for the consumer,the utilities(grid operators),and the environment.SμGs and FeLPTs provide value in power substation,energy surety,reliability,resiliency,and security.It is also shown that the initial cost associated with SμG and FeLPTs deployment can be easily offset with reduced operating cost,which in turn reduces the total life-cycle cost by 33%to 67%.

New Progress of Power Electronic On-Load Tap Changing Distributing Transformer

At present, the widely applied mechanical on-load tap-changer is not suitable for the 10 kV power distribution network. Along with the development of power electronic technology, there has the report on on-load tap changing （OLTC） distributing transformer based on the power electronic technology. In this paper, the analysis on the characteristic of several kinds of non-contacts OLTC distributing transformer was carried on. The result indicates that OLTC distributing transformer based on the solid state relay has the broad applied prospect in the 10 kV medium distribution network.

Optical fiber-based power and data delivery system for high voltage electronic current transformer

This paper describes a prototype power delivery system developed for high voltage electronic current transformer （ECT） that uses laser light to transfer power to and communicates with the primary converter. The design is based on optical-to-electrical power converters, solid-state diode lasers and optical fibers. Command signals are transmitted via the same up-fiber used to send power from secondary power supply to primary converter. The upward data transmission is completed during the brief interruption of power delivery without affecting steady power-supply. A simple comparator added to the primary converter can take the command data. Experimental results show that the fibers can provide reliable up-link for data transmission at 200 kb/s from the secondary to the primary converter. Based on the delivery system, the secondary converter can control three auxiliary channels to provide additional information. These monitoring channels are used in a time-multiplexing mode to provide information about the operation temperature, voltage and current at the remote unit for monitoring the ECT. This preventive maintenance or built-in test can increase reliability by giving early warning for necessary maintenance request.

Dual-Timescale Control for Power Electronic Zigzag Transformer

Power electronic zigzag transformer is an attractive solution for the flexible interconnection of smart distribution networks.It is constituted by slow-response and low-precision thyristor converters and fast-response and high-accuracy voltage source converters.This paper models its primary circuit and addresses its basic operation mechanism.Then a dual-timescale control scheme is investigated to realize the coordinated regulation of both types of converter.A simulation case is established in PSCAD containing interconnected mid-voltage distribution networks.Simulations with poor-and well-matched control timescales are both carried out.And accordingly,the power flow controllability under these conditions is compared.When the shorter control timescale is no more than tenth of the longer one,the power electronic zigzag transformer will operate with satisfying performances.

Design of Transformer Magnetic Bias Protection Device in High Power Electronic Equipments

As the power electronics technology is widely used in the power system, it may also bring the DC component to the transformer operation, resulting in DC bias and may cause great harm to the transformer. In this article, the device to protect transformer from DC magnetic bias is designed. On the basis of load DC current, a magnetic bias protection device is developed by combination of current sensor, electric information collection circuit, signal filtering circuit, signal modulating circuits, fault feature judging circuit, automatic range tracking circuit, intelligent logic synthesis unit and implementation output circuit. By operating in temperature-rise test equipment in the high power electronic lab, the device is proved with reliability, high sensitivity and worthy of promotion and application.

Unbalanced Load Simulation of Electronic Power Transformer in Distribution System

A control scheme of electronic power transformer (EPT) in a three-phase four-wire distribution system, which included an input section, an isolating section and an output section, was researched under unbalanced loads. The simple and appropriate control scheme was developed through analyzing the system requirements of the primary side and the load requirements of the secondary side. In the input section, a dual-loop control in synchronous rotating d-q coordinates was introduced, and in the output section, a dual-loop control based on instantaneous output voltage was used. Load characteristics of EPT were investigated by using Matlab/Simulink software. Simulation results showed that, with the proposed control scheme, the EPT has good performances and the sinusoidal input current and constant output voltage can be realized under both balanced and unbalanced loads.

Low-Frequency Stability Analysis of Power Electronic Traction Transformer Based Train-Network System

Power electronic traction transformers(PETTs)will be increasingly applied to locomotives in the future for their small volume and light weight.However,similar to conventional trains,PETTs behave as constant power loads and may cause low-frequency oscillation(LFO)to the train-network system.To solve this issue,a mathematical model of the PETT is firstly proposed and verified based on the extended describing function(EDF)method in this paper.In the proposed model,the LLC converter is simplified to an equivalent circuit consisting of a capacitor and a resistor in parallel.It is further demonstrated that the model can apply to various LLC converters with different topologies and controls.Particularly,when the parameter differences between cells are not obvious,the PETT can be simplified to a single-phase rectifier(i.e.,conventional train)by equivalent transformation.Based on the model of PETT,the system low-frequency stability and influential factors are analyzed by using the generalized Nyquist criterion.Lastly,the correctness and accuracy of theoretical analyses are validated by off-line and hardware-in-the-loop simulation results.

单相PET级联整流SVPWM均压边界及拓展方法

电力电子变压器(power electronic transformer,PET)是交直流配电系统互联的重要接口设备,然而后级等效负载不平衡将造成前级整流器各模块的电压偏移。针对单相级联H桥整流器空间矢量调制均压失效问题,推导出基于最优矢量选择均压策略的边界计算方法。根据计算所得的负载不平衡度限制边界与级联模块数、调制度以及功率因数的关系,提出了变调制度和功率因数的控制策略以增加均压能力。该策略通过改变直流电压或降低功率因数来重建更宽的均压工作范围,确保原不平衡度均压极限的系统稳定运行。最后,通过三模块级联整流器的仿真与实验验证了该均压边界的正确性,以及所提均压拓展方法保障极端不平衡负载条件下均压的有效性。

High Voltage High Frequency Power Transformer for Pulsed Power Applications

This paper presents a new topology for a High Voltage （HV） 50 kV, High Frequency （HF） 20 kHz, multi-cored transformer suitable for use in pulsed power application systems. The main requirements are： high voltage capability, small size and weight. The HV, HF transformer is the main critical block of a high frequency power converter system. The transformer must have high electrical efficiency and in the proposed approach has to be optimized by the number of the cores. The transformer concept has been investigated analytically and through software simulations and experiments. This paper introduces the transformer topology and discusses the design procedure. Experimental measurements to predict core losses are also presented. The losses of epoxy coated nanocrystalline are compared to the losses in a new uncoated core.

改进移相控制下PMSG-PET系统回流功率的优化

针对电力电子变压器作为风电系统并网接口系统存在回流功率的问题,通过优化电力电子变压器的控制方法,改进传统的双重移相控制方法,在传统双重移相控制的基础上,改变移相比D1、D2,使二者的组合达到最优,能够降低系统中的回流功率,提高系统效率,在Matlab中对改进控制方法后的系统进行建模与仿真。结果表明,改进前输出功率最小值大约为-5 kW,将改进后的移相控制方法应用到PMSG-PET系统中,改进后输出功率最小值大约为-1.5 kW。该控制方法能够有效降低系统回流功率,证明了改进移相控制方法的有效性。

基于母线功率前馈的配网PET电压均衡控制

针对配网级联型电力电子变压器(PET)提出了一种基于低压直流母线功率前馈的电压和功率均衡控制策略。该控制策略将PET低压直流母线的能量需求前馈至输入级,指导输入级实现各级模块的功率均衡控制,同时利用隔离级来稳定各模块的直流电压,并采用相同的稳压指令实现各级直流电压的均衡控制。所提控制策略不仅能够有效解决因各级模块参数不匹配所导致的电压与功率不均衡问题,同时减少了目前PET控制环节,降低了各模块间的电量耦合关系。仿真和实验验证了所提控制策略的有效性。

基于干扰观测器的MMC-PET交直流混合微电网并网/离网切换控制策略

针对模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)-电力电子变压器(power electronic transformers,PET)交直流混合微网在并网和离网两种模式下开关切换过程中存在瞬态过流和过压问题,从而影响输电质量并增加设备损耗,为此提出了一种基于扰动观测器(disturbance observer,DO)的并/离网切换控制策略。在该策略中,通过采用DO观测器对并离网切换引起的突变电流跟踪,并将实际电流与理论电流的差值作为等效干扰量,再将其输入到电流内环控制器进行补偿,从而可实现对突变电流的抑制。最后在Matlab/Simulink软件上搭建了MMC-PET交直流混合微网系统,并在并网-离网、离网-并网的两种切换工况下,通过把加入DO观测器与未加入DO观测器两种情况进行仿真对比,验证了所提的切换控制策略的有效性和可行性。

Power flow calculation for a distribution system with multi-port PETs:an improved AC-DC decoupling iterative method

Recently,power electronic transformers(PETs)have received widespread attention owing to their flexible networking,diverse operating modes,and abundant control objects.In this study,we established a steady-state model of PETs and applied it to the power flow calculation of AC-DC hybrid systems with PETs,considering the topology,power balance,loss,and control characteristics of multi-port PETs.To address new problems caused by the introduction of the PET port and control equations to the power flow calculation,this study proposes an iterative method of AC-DC mixed power flow decoupling based on step optimization,which can achieve AC-DC decoupling and effectively improve convergence.The results show that the proposed algorithm improves the iterative method and overcomes the overcorrection and initial value sensitivity problems of conventional iterative algorithms.

基于PET控制特性的交直流配电网直流侧低频振荡分析

随着新能源、储能和柔性直流技术的发展,交直流混合配电网逐渐成为未来配电网的重要发展方向,大量电力电子设备接入给配电网带来了低频振荡等动态问题。为深入研究交直流混合配电网直流侧低频振荡问题,文中根据交直流配电网系统实际工程应用,对电力电子变压器主阀塔中的H桥串联和隔离型双向有源桥结构、三相逆变器以及三相Buck变换器等关键环节进行详细建模。通过时域仿真,复现了该交直流配电网实际工程中直流侧的4 Hz低频振荡现象,验证了所建数学模型的正确性。基于所建数学模型对功率和控制器参数等关键影响因素进行了定性分析,最终得出结论如下:功率水平、Buck环节电压环控制参数影响系统稳定性;Buck环节电流环积分系数影响振荡频率。

非理想条件下MMC-PET非线性复合控制策略

由于模块化多电平变流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)电力电子变压器(power electronic transformer,PET)使用传统的控制策略难以保证系统运行时的动态性能,在电网处于不平衡时使得控制难度进一步增加。为了提高系统的动态性能,提出了一种非线性的反馈线性化滑模复合控制策略。该复合控制策略将反馈线性化控制(feedback linearization control,FLC)和滑模控制(sliding mode control,SMC)的优势结合在一起实现优势互补。首先,建立了MMC-PET整体仿真模型;其次,通过数学模型建立反馈线性化滑模控制的控制模型;最后,利用仿真与实验平台进行仿真对比实验,将所提复合控制策略与单一的反馈线性化控制、滑模控制以及常用的PI控制作了仿真对比,以验证所提控制策略可以在外部扰动时具有良好的动态性能和较好的鲁棒性等优势。

多有源桥型PET开关死区的电磁暂态等效建模方法

电力电子变压器(power electronic transformer,PET)可实现多电压等级和电能形态变换,将在柔性直流配电网中发挥重要作用。随着电力电子器件开关频率的不断提高,死区的影响已不容忽略。目前,针对死区的分析均基于仿真效率极低的详细模型,而采用平均值建模思想的加速模型虽然可以考虑死区的整体影响,但无法准确反映PET内部暂态特性。为在反映开关死区精度的同时提高效率,需要在PET的电磁暂态等效模型中集成开关死区的功能。基于此,该文以多有源桥型PET拓扑为例,首先基于其等效电路的生成过程和开关死区的控制策略,将死区分为单侧死区和双侧死区,并分别进行等效建模。随后针对不同的死区设置和控制参数,建立不同模式的多有源桥型PET的死区电磁暂态等效模型。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件中搭建电磁暂态详细和等效模型,对比结果表明,考虑死区的PET等效模型可以提高整体仿真精度,并且具有较高的加速比,因此可以更好地满足工程测试和仿真需求。

电子开关带电过分相对PETT的影响及其抑制措施

分析了电子开关带电过分相的电气暂态过程,搭建了仿真模型并进行仿真。在电子开关带电过分相方式下,短时失电对电力电子牵引变压器造成了输入冲击电压、冲击电流以及直流侧电压波动的影响,且由于过分相前后输入电压的相位存在突变,其影响将会加剧。根据相应影响,整流级采用优化后的锁相策略,提高了相位跟踪速度,隔离级采用虚拟直接功率控制策略,减小了直流侧电压波动。最后在分相区前后相位差不同的工况下进行仿真,降低了过分相带来的影响,验证了措施的有效性。

Towards a (More) Electronic Transmission and Distribution (eT&D)

The challenges and the path towards a(more)electronic transmission and distribution(eT&D)is presented in this paper.The challenges are first identified together with key stakeholders in the drive for grid modernization.A fundamental question is then asked about the investment priority.Six basic characteristics are reviewed,leading to the composition of structured microgrids as the basic functional cell of a modern grid.One example of fractal radial structure and one fractal meshed structure are presented.The likely evolution path is then proposed together with basic technology sets.Specific foundation technologies are discussed in detail,including adiabatic power conversion,3MC technology,medium voltage conversion,distribution-level electronic power transformer and FACTs hardware integration,and back-to-back converters as a universal interconnect element.The rapidly emerging on-wire sensing technology is also discussed.It is pointed out that the distribution-level large electronic power transformer will provide a key component to enable hybrid ac/dc grid flow control and ancillary support for a flexible electronic transmission and distribution(eT&D)systems.