Power Flow Model for Medium-voltage Distribution Systems Considering Measurement and Structure Characteristics

Medium-voltage distribution systems(MVDSs)mainly consist of a feeder head,lines,distribution transformers,and the equivalent load or power supply interfaced with the distribution transformers.The information of such load or power supply can be measured via the three-wattmeter method(THM)and the two-wattmeter method(TWM).The measurements can be used to perform the control of the power supply and simulate the characteristics of the load,so the models of the load and the power supply need to consider the measurement characteristics.Existing research works on three-phase power flow(PF)just consider the measurement characteristics of THM.Hence,the PF equation of the bus measured via TWM is firstly built.Based on conventional measurements,an accurate and general model of the grounded and ungrounded slack bus is proposed.Furthermore,the influence arising from the connection type and angle shift of distribution transformers on the admittance matrix is considered,and thus a general three-phase transformer model is summarized,which is applicable for all the transformers mentioned herein.Finally,Newton's method is adopted to solve the PF calculation,and the performance of the proposed PF model is demonstrated through designed tests.

Constraint Learning-based Optimal Power Dispatch for Active Distribution Networks with Extremely Imbalanced Data

Transition towards carbon-neutral power systems has necessitated optimization of power dispatch in active distribution networks(ADNs)to facilitate integration of distributed renewable generation.Due to unavailability of network topology and line impedance in many distribution networks,physical model-based methods may not be applicable to their operations.To tackle this challenge,some studies have proposed constraint learning,which replicates physical models by training a neural network to evaluate feasibility of a decision(i.e.,whether a decision satisfies all critical constraints or not).To ensure accuracy of this trained neural network,training set should contain sufficient feasible and infeasible samples.However,since ADNs are mostly operated in a normal status,only very few historical samples are infeasible.Thus,the historical dataset is highly imbalanced,which poses a significant obstacle to neural network training.To address this issue,we propose an enhanced constraint learning method.First,it leverages constraint learning to train a neural network as surrogate of ADN's model.Then,it introduces Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique to generate infeasible samples to mitigate imbalance of historical dataset.By incorporating historical and synthetic samples into the training set,we can significantly improve accuracy of neural network.Furthermore,we establish a trust region to constrain and thereafter enhance reliability of the solution.Simulations confirm the benefits of the proposed method in achieving desirable optimality and feasibility while maintaining low computational complexity.

Modeling Simulation Technology Research for Distribution Network Planning

This paper proposes to use the power system simulation software CYME to plan, model and simulate for an actual distribution network for improving the reliability and efficiency, enhancing the efficiency and capacity, simulating the abnormal condition of distribution network, and presenting operation program of safe, reliable and having simulation record statements. The modeling simulation results show that the software module has lots of advantages including high accuracy, ideal reliability, powerful practicality in simulation and analysis of distribution network, it only need to create once model, the model can sufficiently satisfy multifarious types of simulation analysis required for the distribution network planning.

The Online Assessment of Electric Distribution Network Load Capability

To improve the security and reliability of a distribution network, several issues, such as influences of operation con-strains, real-time load margin calculation, and online security level evaluation, are with great significance. In this pa-per, a mathematical model for load capability online assessment of a distribution network is established, and a repeti-tive power flow calculation algorithm is proposed to solve the problem as well. With assessment on three levels: the entire distribution network, a sub-area of the network and a load bus, the security level of current operation mode and load transfer capability during outage are thus obtained. The results can provide guidelines for prevention control, as well as restoration control. Simulation results show that the method is simple, fast and can be applied to distribution networks belonged to any voltage level while taking into account all of the operation constraints.

A Method for Distributed Generator Dispatch Strategy in Distribution Network

Since a load of power system changes continuously,the generation also adjusted for supply-demand balance purpose.If there exist more distributed generators in the distribution network,the dispatch strategy becomes more crucial.The possibility of having numerous controllable microgrids,diesel generator(DG)units and loads for microgrids(MGs)system requires an efficient dispatch strategy in order to balance supply demand for reducing the total cost of the integrated system.In this paper,a method for the dispatch of the distributed generator in distributed power systems has been proposed.The dispatch strategy is such that it keeps a flat voltage profile,reduces the network losses,increases the maximum loading and voltage security margin of the system.The procedure is based on the analysis of continuous power flow.The method is executed on a 34-bus test system.The MATLAB based PSAT packages are used for simulation purpose.

Novel Affine Power Flow Method for Improving Accuracy of Interval Power Flow Data in Cyber Physical Systems of Active Distribution Networks

A large number of load power and power output of distributed generation in an active distribution network(ADN)are uncertain,which causes the classical affine power flow method to encounter problems of interval expansion and low efficiency when applied to an AND.This then leads to errors of interval power flow data sources in the cyber physical system(CPS)of an ADN.In order to improve the accuracy of interval power flow data in the CPS of an ADN,an affine power flow method of an ADN for restraining interval expansion is proposed.Aiming at the expansion of interval results caused by the approximation error of non-affine operations in an affine power flow method,the approximation method of the new noise source coefficient is improved,and it is proved that the improved method is superior to the classical method in restraining interval expansion.To overcome the decrease of computational efficiency caused by new noise sources,a novel merging method of new noise sources in an iterative process is designed.Simulation tests are conducted on an IEEE 33-bus,PG&E 69-bus and an actual 1180-bus system,which proves the validity of the proposed affine power flow method and its advantages in terms of computational efficiency and restraining interval expansion.

Scheme of long distance power supply for electrified railway traction network based on traction cable

Purpose–The traction cable is paralleled with the existing traction network of electrified railway through transverse connecting line to form the scheme of long distance power supply for the traction network.This paper aims to study the scheme composition and power supply distance(PSD)of the scheme.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the structure of parallel traction network(referred to as“cable traction network(CTN)”),the power supply modes(PSMs)are divided into cableþdirect PSM and cableþautotransformer(AT)PSM(including Japanese mode,French mode and new mode).Taking cableþJapanese AT PSM as an example,the scheme of long distance power supply for CTN under the PSMs of co-phase and out-of-phase power supply are designed.On the basis of establishing the equivalent circuit model and the chain circuit model of CTN,taking the train working voltage as the constraint condition,and based on the power flow calculation of multiple train loads,the calculation formula and process for determining the PSD of CTN are given.The impedance and PSD of CTN under the cableþAT PSM are simulated and analyzed,and a certain line is taken as an example to compare the scheme design.Findings–Results show that the equivalent impedance of CTN under the cableþAT PSM is smaller,and the PSD is about 2.5 times of that under the AT PSM,which can effectively increase the PSD and the flexibility of external power supply location.Originality/value–The research content can effectively improve the PSD of traction power supply system and has important reference value for the engineering application of the scheme.

An Algorithm for Short-Circuit Current Interval in Distribution Networks with Inverter Type Distributed Generation Based on Affine Arithmetic

During faults in a distribution network,the output power of a distributed generation(DG)may be uncertain.Moreover,the output currents of distributed power sources are also affected by the output power,resulting in uncertainties in the calculation of the short-circuit current at the time of a fault.Additionally,the impacts of such uncertainties around short-circuit currents will increase with the increase of distributed power sources.Thus,it is very important to develop a method for calculating the short-circuit current while considering the uncertainties in a distribution network.In this study,an affine arithmetic algorithm for calculating short-circuit current intervals in distribution networks with distributed power sources while considering power fluctuations is presented.The proposed algorithm includes two stages.In the first stage,normal operations are considered to establish a conservative interval affine optimization model of injection currents in distributed power sources.Constrained by the fluctuation range of distributed generation power at the moment of fault occurrence,the model can then be used to solve for the fluctuation range of injected current amplitudes in distributed power sources.The second stage is implemented after a malfunction occurs.In this stage,an affine optimization model is first established.This model is developed to characterizes the short-circuit current interval of a transmission line,and is constrained by the fluctuation range of the injected current amplitude of DG during normal operations.Finally,the range of the short-circuit current amplitudes of distribution network lines after a short-circuit fault occurs is predicted.The algorithm proposed in this article obtains an interval range containing accurate results through interval operation.Compared with traditional point value calculation methods,interval calculation methods can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results.The range of short-circuit current amplitude obtained by this algorithm is slightly larger than those obtained using the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Therefore,the proposed algorithm has good suitability and does not require iterative calculations,resulting in a significant improvement in computational speed compared to the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Furthermore,the proposed algorithm can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results,improving the safety and stability of power systems.

考虑光伏随机性的交直流混合配电网鲁棒机会约束安全域模型

为实现高比例光伏接入下交直流混合配电网的安全评估,构建了交直流混合配电网的鲁棒机会约束安全域模型。首先,提出一种基于区间划分的自适应带宽核密度估计方法,以获取光伏预测误差概率分布,构建光伏出力机会约束不确定集合;其次,采用功率与节点电压幅值比值为状态变量,在已有交流线性化潮流模型的基础上推导一种交直流混合配电网线性化潮流模型;然后,提出交直流混合配电网鲁棒机会约束安全域的概念和模型,结合列与约束生成算法和径向迭代搜索算法生成可观测的鲁棒机会约束安全域空间。最后,算例分析验证了所提模型能够在鲁棒机会约束安全域上准确、直观的反映光伏出力的随机性,进而为交直流混合配电网的准确安全评估提供支撑。

考虑风光出力不确定性及相关性的配电网规划方法

新能源在电力系统中的渗透率日益提高,大大增加了电网中的不确定因素,对配电网的规划运行和控制提出了更高的要求。配电网规划是电力系统安全稳定运行的重要基石,传统配电网规划中各参数都已确定,缺乏对不确定因素的适应性。因此,提出一种基于概率潮流的配电网规划方法,首先对配电网中的不确定因素定量建模,建立源荷出力模型,其次将风速、太阳辐射与用电负荷之间的相关性用秩相关系数矩阵表征,建立计及相关性的半不变量概率潮流计算方法,最后构建以规划成本最小为目标函数,以潮流平衡、馈线容量、节点电压、网架辐射型结构为约束条件的配电网规划模型,并通过改进惯性参数与引入变异操作对粒子群算法进行改进,利用改进后的算法求解规划模型。以33节点系统为例进行仿真,结果验证了该方法能够有效降低网损,减少网络规划费用。

基于电压补偿的双端直流配电网电压就地协调控制

双端直流配电网是一种双端电源供电的网络结构,可为直流负荷提供更加稳定和可靠的电源电压。然而,负荷的功率波动和不平衡使线路电压跌落增大,可能导致直流负荷的电压不平衡度和电压偏差指标越限,影响直流负荷的正常运行。文中基于电压源型换流器(VSC)外环电压控制,考虑中线电压补偿,提出基于电压补偿等效模型的直流配电网电压偏差及不平衡度联合抑制策略,实现直流配电网电压就地协调控制。首先,建立双端直流配电网潮流模型,将VSC电压下垂控制引入潮流模型,分析不同控制策略下的电压偏差和不平衡度的特性。其次,在此基础上,以电压最低点为分点获得双端电源供电回路压降的简化等效模型,并利用最小二乘法实现等效阻抗参数辨识,构建双端直流配电网的电压补偿等效模型。以参数辨识结果作为电压外环控制输入,提出考虑中线电压补偿的双端直流配电网电压就地协调控制策略。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建仿真模型,验证了双端直流配电网潮流模型的正确性和控制策略的有效性。

Distributed continuation power flow method for integrated transmission and active distribution network

As the integration of distributed generations(DGs)transforms the traditional distribution network into the active distribution network,voltage stability assessments(VSA)of transmission grid and distribution grid are not suitable to be studied separately.This paper presents a distributed continuation power flow method for VSA of global transmission and distribution grid.Two different parameterization schemes are adopted to guarantee the coherence of load growth in transmission and distribution grids.In the correction step,the boundary bus voltage,load parameter and equivalent power are communicated between the transmission and distribution control centers to realize the distributed computation of load margin.The optimal multiplier technique is used to improve the convergence of the proposed method.The three-phase unbalanced characteristic of distribution networks and the reactive capability limits of DGs are considered.Simulation results on two integrated transmission and distribution test systems show that the proposed method is effective.

Linear Three-Phase Power Flow for Unbalanced Active Distribution Networks with PV Nodes

High penetration of distributed renewable energy promotes the development of an active distribution network(ADN).The power flow calculation is the basis of ADN analysis.This paper proposes an approximate linear three-phase power flow model for an ADN with the consideration of the ZIP model of the loads and PV nodes.The proposed method is not limited to radial topology and can handle high R/X ratio branches.Case studies on the IEEE 37-node distribution network show a high accuracy and the proposed method is applicable to practical uses such as linear or convex optimal power flow of the ADN.

Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Approach for Optimal Power Flow of Distribution Networks Embedded with Renewable Energy and Storage Devices

This study proposes a deep reinforcement learning(DRL)based approach to analyze the optimal power flow(OPF)of distribution networks(DNs)embedded with renewable energy and storage devices.First,the OPF of the DN is formulated as a stochastic nonlinear programming problem.Then,the multi-period nonlinear programming decision problem is formulated as a Markov decision process(MDP),which is composed of multiple single-time-step sub-problems.Subsequently,the state-of-the-art DRL algorithm,i.e.,proximal policy optimization(PPO),is used to solve the MDP sequentially considering the impact on the future.Neural networks are used to extract operation knowledge from historical data offline and provide online decisions according to the real-time state of the DN.The proposed approach fully exploits the historical data and reduces the influence of the prediction error on the optimization results.The proposed real-time control strategy can provide more flexible decisions and achieve better performance than the pre-determined ones.Comparative results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Coordination Control of Power Flow Controller and Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker in MVDC Distribution Networks

The two main challenges of medium voltage direct current(MVDC)distribution network are the flexible control of power flow(PF)and fault protection.In this paper,the power flow controller(PFC)is introduced to regulate the PF and inhibit the fault current during the DC fault.The coordination strategy of series-parallel PFC(SP-PFC)and hybrid DC circuit breaker(DCCB)is proposed.By regulating the polarity and magnitude of SP-PFC output voltage during the fault,the rising speed of fault current can be suppressed so as to reduce the breaking current of hybrid DCCB.The access mode of SP-PFC to the MVDC distribution network and its topology are analyzed,and the coordination strategy between SP-PFC and hybrid DCCB is investigated.Moreover,the emergency control and bypass control strategies of SP-PFC are developed.On this basis,the mathematical model of SP-PFC in different fault stages is derived.With the equivalent model of SP-PFC,the fault current of the MVDC distribution network can be calculated accurately.A simulation model of the MVDC distribution network containing SP-PFC is established in MATLAB/Simulink.The fault current calculation result is compared with the simulation result,and the effectiveness of the proposed coordination strategy is verified.

Interval optimal power flow applied to distribution networks under uncertainty of loads and renewable resources

Optimal power flow(OPF) has been used for energy dispatching in active distribution networks.To satisfy constraints fully and achieve strict operational bounds under the uncertainties from loads and sources, this paper derives an interval optimal power flow(I-OPF)method employing affine arithmetic and interval Taylor expansion.An enhanced I-OPF method based on successive linear approximation and second-order cone programming is developed to improve solution accuracy.The proposed methods are benchmarked against Monte Carlo simulation(MCS) and stochastic OPF.Tests on a modified IEEE 33-bus system and a real 113-bus distribution network validate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed methods.

基于区域间场景等值的配电网随机潮流加速算法

针对配电网随机潮流算法中需要对节点功率注入进行大量模拟所引起的计算效率低的问题,提出一种基于区域间场景等值的配电网随机潮流加速算法。首先,从配电网的拓扑连接规律出发,将各区域内节点功率注入对其他区域潮流的影响转换为对边界量的影响,并由此建立了基于边界量的多区域潮流模型;其次,提出一种区域间场景等值方法,快速等值引起其他区域相同潮流变化的功率注入场景;再次,设计了一种随机潮流的分布式求解算法,在求解过程中各区域通过交换边界等值场景集并结合局部功率注入信息重新构造潮流方程,分布式地求解各区域内的随机潮流;最后,通过IEEE 118节点测试系统进行算例分析,验证了所提方法的准确性,且该方法能够显著提高计算效率。

基于智能电表数据的低压配电网拓扑与线路参数联合辨识

在低压配电网中,用户频繁地扩建和改接导致台账存在信息更新滞后、数据缺失等问题,难以获取当前运行状态下的拓扑及线路参数。针对无相角量测信息且含未知数量零注入功率“隐节点”的低压配电网,提出一种基于智能电表数据的低压配电网拓扑与线路参数联合辨识方法。基于低压配电网的电气特性以及辐射状网络的结构特点,推导出一种功率-电压比形式的线性逆潮流模型。通过线性回归求解得到阻抗距离矩阵,再利用无判定阈值形式的改进分组递归算法实现拓扑与线路参数的联合辨识。最后,在IEEE欧洲低压测试馈线和中国南京市某地区的实际低压配电网中对所提算法进行数值仿真,验证了所提算法的有效性。

柔性互联输配一体化电网有损潮流的精细化建模及应用

多端柔性互联输配一体化电网内部的运行方式复杂、网损特性差异显著,导致传统一刀切的网损补偿方法难以准确刻画网损的实际情况,影响了输(配)电交直流有损潮流模型的应用潜力和输配边界潮流的一致性。为此,该文提出一种基于双层定点迭代的精细化有损潮流模型。针对网损补偿方法不准确的问题,综合考虑网络类型、数据属性和物理特征等因素,为输、配电网及交、直流电网的精准有损潮流分析建立了差异化的网损补偿模型。针对输配边界潮流的不一致问题,将输配一体化有损潮流建模为一个双层定点迭代问题,并采用主从分裂法实现协同求解。在多个算例中分析了不同有损潮流模型的性能差异及其原因,讨论了所提模型在求解精度、收敛速度和计算效率等方面的优势,验证了所提模型在不同控制方式和优化目标下的鲁棒性和通用性。

构网型分布式电源渗透率高的微电网潮流计算及优化控制

随着微电网(microgrid,MG)中构网型分布式电源(distributed generator,DG)渗透率的提高,传统的潮流计算和优化方法不再适用。基于下垂控制的数学模型,改进传统牛顿拉夫逊法;应用虚拟阻抗松弛DG的无功与电压约束,改进下垂控制;应用改进粒子群优化算法,得到使网损最小的MG优化潮流;通过仿真和实验,验证了该方法的有效性。该文有助于指导构网型DG渗透率高的末端电网或MG的规划与控制。