Daily Operation Optimization of a Residential Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Power System Using Genetic Algorithm

To decrease the cost of electricity generation of a residential molten carbonate fuel cell （MCFC） power system, multi-crossover genetic algorithm （MCGA）, which is based on ＂multi-crossover＂ and ＂usefulness-based selection rule＂, is presented to minimize the daily fuel consumption of an experimental 10kW MCFC power system for residential application. Under the operating conditions obtained by MCGA, the operation constraints are satisfied and fuel consumption is minimized. Simulation and experimental results indicate that MCGA is efficient for the operation optimization of MCFC power systems.

Fuel Saving and Emissions Cut Through Shore-Side Power Concept for High-speed Crafts at the Red Sea in Egypt

The progress of economic globalization,the rapid growth of international trade,and the maritime transportation has played an increasingly significant role in the international supply chain.As a result,worldwide seaports have suffered from a central problem,which appears in the form of massive amounts of fuel consumed and exhaust gas fumes emitted from the ships while berthed.Many ports have taken the necessary precautions to overcome this problem,while others still suffer due to the presence of technical and financial constraints.In this paper,the barriers,interconnection standards,rules,regulations,power sources,and economic and environmental analysis related to ships,shore-side power were studied in efforts to find a solution to overcome his problem.As a case study,this paper investigates the practicability,costs and benefits of switching from onboard ship auxiliary engines to shore-side power connection for high-speed crafts called Alkahera while berthed at the port of Safaga,Egypt.The results provide the national electricity grid concept as the best economical selection with 49.03 percent of annual cost saving.Moreover,environmentally,it could achieve an annual reduction in exhaust gas emissions of CO2,CO,NOx,P.M,and SO2by 276,2.32,18.87,0.825 and 3.84 tons,respectively.

Power Conversion System Strategies for Fuel Cell Vehicles

Power electronics is an enabling technology for the development of environmental friendly fuel cell vehicles, and to implement the various vehicle electrical architectures to obtain the best performance. In this paper, power conversion strategies for propulsion and auxiliary power unit applications are described. The power electronics strategies for the successful development of the fuel cell vehicles are presented. The fuel cell systems for propulsion and for auxiliary power unit applications are also discussed.

$8O million power contract to fuel Heilongjiang growth

An $ 80 million contract was clinched on March 14, 1996 for Japanese Mitsui & Co Ltd to provide generating equipment for the Qitaihe Power Plant in Northeast Heilongjiang Province. The deal was signed in Beijing by the China National Technical Import and Export Corp. (CNTIC), China Electrical Power Technology Import and Export Corp, Heilongiiang Electrical Power Corp and Mitsui. Under the contract, the Qitaihe Power Plant will import two 350 MW generating units from Mitsui, of which the generators will

Parameters Influencing Power Generation in Eco-friendly Microbial Fuel Cells

Pulp and papermaking industries generate high volumes of carbohydrate-rich effluents. Microbial fuel cell(MFC) technology is based on organic materials' consumption and efficient power production. Using a classical two-chamber lab-scale MFC design with an external resistance of2000 W, we investigated the effects of anode chamber biofilm adaptation(ACBA) and cathode chamber redox solutions(CCRS) on the operation efficiency of MFC when treating wastewater. In ACBA studies, biofilm growth activation showed an increase in the power density to 20.48, 35.18, and36.98 mW/m^2 when the acetate feeding concentrations were 3, 6, and 12 g/L,respectively. Improvement by biofilm adhesion on granular activated carbon(GAC) was examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The obtained power density increased to 25.47, 33.42, and 40.39 mW/m^2 when the GAC particles concentrations were 0, 50, and 100 g/L, respectively. The generated power densities were 51.26 and 40.39 mW/m^2 as well as the obtained voltages were 0.41 and 0.72 V when the electrode area increased from 16 to 64 cm^2,respectively. Using the MFC optimized parameters, CCRS studies carried out using five different cathodic redox solutions. The results revealed that the use of manganese dioxide dissolved in hydrochloric acid generated the maximum power density of 112.6 mW/m^2, current density of 0.094 A/m^2, and voltage of1.20 V with a successful organic removal efficiency of 86.0% after 264 h of operation.

Regulation of Power Conversion in Fuel Cells

Here we report a regulation about power conversion in fuel cells. This regulation is expressed as that total power produced by fuel cells is always proportional to the square of the potential difference between the \{equilibrium\} potential and work potential. With this regulation we deduced fuel cell performance equation which can describe the potential vs.the current performance curves, namely, polarization curves of fuel cells with three power source parameters: equilibrium potential E_0; internal resistance R; and power conversion coefficient K. The concept of the power conversion coefficient is a new criterion to evaluate and compare the characteristics and capacity of different fuel cells. The calculated values obtained with this equation agree with practical performance of different types of fuel cells.

Dynamic Performance of Fuel Cell Power Module for Mobility Applications

Fuel cell powered vehicles have been developed as another alternative to internal combustion engine powered vehicles for some applications including passenger cars, buses, trains, motorcycles, forklifts, electric wheelchairs, electric trolleybuses, medical carts, military engines, personal sports craft, mobility devices and other self propelled equipment. Up to now, many researches have focused on the development of the power module in the Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and the components of these systems such as membranes, bipolar plates, and electrodes. However, our work in this study focuses on operating the integrated fuel cell power module system efficiently for various operating conditions such as pressure, relative humidity and operating modes. In our validation we have utilized PEMFC single cell, with active area geometry 16 cm2 and of 120 cm2. Some results obtained in our study shown significant performance indicators for PEMFC stack (composed of 2 cells and 4 cells in a series) at different humidification levels.

Application of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Auxiliary Power Unit on Different Trucks in Northeast China

A diesel engine of conventional trucks has a low efficiency under the idling condition,leading to a high cost for heating or cooling in the cab during night. The solution to this problem will have great significance on energy conservation and emission reduction. A new auxiliary power unit of solid oxide fuel cell( SOFCAPU) with high efficiency solves this problem perfectly. Heat pump air conditioner is considered as a promising device for the application of SOFC-APU with a high cooling and heating efficiency. To make a quantitative analysis for the application of SOFC-APU,a model is built in Matlab / Simulink. The diesel engine model and SOFC-APU model are fitted based on some experimental data of SOFC-APU and diesel engine during the idling operation. An analysis of the application of SOFC-APU on different trucks in Northeast China is comprehensively made,including efficiency and emission.

电力多元转换(Power-to-X):技术路径、应用与挑战

碳中和目标驱动下,新能源装机比重迅速提升,但其随机性与波动性将给电力系统消纳和安全运行带来巨大挑战。电力多元转换(Power-to-X)可以将可再生能源发电转换为其他各类绿色燃料,利用化学能实现对电能的吸收、储存和运输,为电力系统电能储存和利用提供了新思路;同时,通过电力多元转换,也加强了各种能源形式的耦合,降低了不同领域的碳排放,对推进我国绿色低碳转型具有重要意义。该文着重介绍了Power-to-X涉及的各个关键环节,包括电解制储氢、碳捕集以及绿氢转换的技术发展现状;重点比较了4类典型Power-to-X路径——电转甲烷、电转甲醇、电转醚类和电转氨的技术流程;此外,该文针对当前国内外Power-to-X实施情况,具体介绍了各类示范项目的应用进展;进一步地,该文从能效、碳源以及制氢技术等方面出发,剖析了Power-to-X发展面临的主要问题与挑战;最后,针对当前问题,该文提出了相应应对措施,并对Power-to-X的未来发展进行了展望。

Maximum Power Point Tracking With Fractional Order High Pass Filter for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is widely recognized as a potentially renewable and green energy source based on hydrogen. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is one of the most important working conditions to be considered. In order to improve the performance such as convergence and robustness under disturbance and uncertainty, a fractional order high pass filter (FOHPF) is applied for the MPPT controller design based on the traditional extremum seeking control (ESC). The controller is designed with integerorder integrator (IO-I) and low pass filter (IO-LPF) together with fractional order high pass filter (FOHPF), by substituting the normal HPF in the original ESC system. With this FOHPF ESC, better convergence and smoother performance are achieved while maintaining the robust specifications. First, tracking stability is discussed under the commensurate-order condition. Then, simulation results are included to validate the proposed new FOHPF ESC scheme under disturbance. Finally, comparison results between FOHPF ESC and the traditional ESC method are also provided. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

基于GT-Power的LPG燃气组分对发动机排放影响的研究

通过建立单缸点火式LPG发动机在GT-Power中仿真,来研究LPG组分及其比例对发动机排放的影响。仿真实验表明,LPG组分对污染物的排放有重要的影响。随着丁烷比例的增加,CO和HC的排放增加,而NOx减少;其中,CO、HC排放最少的是Fuel 1#,NOx的排放最低的是Fuel 3#;考虑到综合排放性能和动力性的同时,丙烷与丁烷比例为7∶3时最佳。

基于GT-POWER的二甲醚柴油机性能研究

利用VB编程算出了二甲醚的物性参数,利用MATLAB算出了GT-POWER中各方程的待定系数,利用GT-POWER建立了柴油机燃用二甲醚的仿真模型。在原机标定转速下,进行了变压缩比、供油提前角对二甲醚发动机性能影响的研究,将仿真数据和实验数据进行了对比。结果表明:二甲醚的物性参数及方程中的待定系数计算正确,ZS1100柴油机燃用二甲醚的最佳压缩比为20,供油提前角对二甲醚发动机性能的影响与柴油相似。

基于GT-POWER的甲醇柴油发动机性能仿真

以4100QBZL增压中冷柴油机结构参数为基础,利用GT-POWER软件建立了柴油机燃用M15甲醇柴油混合燃料的仿真模型,通过试验验证了模型的正确性,并从压缩比和供油提前角两个方面对发动机进行性能分析、对比。

基于GT-power的船用柴油机增压匹配仿真优化分析

对玉柴某型船用柴油机增压后的供油提前角进行研究分析。首先应用发动机性能仿真分析软件GT-power建立了该柴油机的模型,然后对柴油机进行了台架试验,通过试验结果与仿真结果的对比,验证所建立模型的正确性和可靠性。之后选择几个不同的供油提前角对柴油机性能进行仿真计算,确定出了最佳供油提前角,达到柴油机匹配优化的目的。

Cooling of a Diesel Reformate Fuelled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell by Internal Reforming of Methane： A Modelling Study

In this paper a system combining a diesel reformer using catalytic partial oxidation （CPOX） with the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell （SOFC） for Auxiliary Power Unit （APU） applications is modeled with respect to the cooling effect provided by internal reforming of methane in anode gas channel. A model mixture consisting of 80% n-hexadecane and 20%..!-methylnaphthalin is used to simulate the commercial diesel. The modelling consists of several steps. First, equilibrium gas composition at the exit of CPOX reformer is modelled in terms oxygen to car- bon （O/C） ratio, fuel utilization ratio and anode gas recirculation. Second, product composition, especially methane content, is determined for the me.th.an, ation process at the operating temperatures ra：ng!ng from 500 ℃to 520 ℃.Finally, the cooling power provided by internal reforming of methane in SOFC fuel channel is calculated for two concepts to increase the methane content of the diesel reformate. The results show that the first concept, operating the diesel reformer at low O/C ratio and/or, recirculation rat!o, is not realizable due to high probability of coke formation, whereas the second concept, combining a methanation process with CPOX, can provide a significant cool- ing effect in addition to the conventional c？oling concept which needs higher levels of excess air.

美国核电现状及发展趋势America’snuclearpowerindustrytoday

美国是全球最大核电国。其核电机组数量、总装机容量、核电生产总量均为世界第一。通过介绍美国核电工业的现状，研究了美国政府核能研究开发活动对未来核技术走向的影响，分析了美国政府推行的有关利好政策、激励措施和改善监管等对核电发展和核安全的促进，研究结果表明：当前核对电发展面临着若干挑战和较突出的问题以及政策摇摆所造成的困惑，未来10年，美国核电工业可能不会有预期中的大规模发展。

Intelligent Vehicle Electrical Power Supply System with Central Coordinated Protection

The current research of vehicle electrical power supply system mainly focuses on electric vehicles（EV） and hybrid electric vehicles（HEV）.The vehicle electrical power supply system used in traditional fuel vehicles is rather simple and imperfect;electrical/electronic devices（EEDs） applied in vehicles are usually directly connected with the vehicle＇s battery.With increasing numbers of EEDs being applied in traditional fuel vehicles,vehicle electrical power supply systems should be optimized and improved so that they can work more safely and more effectively.In this paper,a new vehicle electrical power supply system for traditional fuel vehicles,which accounts for all electrical/electronic devices and complex work conditions,is proposed based on a smart electrical/electronic device（SEED） system.Working as an independent intelligent electrical power supply network,the proposed system is isolated from the electrical control module and communication network,and access to the vehicle system is made through a bus interface.This results in a clean controller power supply with no electromagnetic interference.A new practical battery state of charge（So C） estimation method is also proposed to achieve more accurate So C estimation for lead-acid batteries in traditional fuel vehicles so that the intelligent power system can monitor the status of the battery for an over-current state in each power channel.Optimized protection methods are also used to ensure power supply safety.Experiments and tests on a traditional fuel vehicle are performed,and the results reveal that the battery So C is calculated quickly and sufficiently accurately for battery over-discharge protection.Over-current protection is achieved,and the entire vehicle＇s power utilization is optimized.For traditional fuel vehicles,the proposed vehicle electrical power supply system is comprehensive and has a unified system architecture,enhancing system reliability and security.

Recommended strategy and limitations of burnable absorbers used in VVER fuel assemblies

There is an obvious effort to increase the burn up of used fuel assemblies in order to improve fuel utilization.A more effective operation can be realized by extending the fuel cycles or by increasing the number of reloadings.This change is nevertheless connected with increasing the uranium enrichment even above 5% of 235U. Burnable absorbers are widely used to compensate for the positive reactivity of fresh fuel. With proper optimization, burnable absorbers decrease the reactivity excess at the beginning of the cycle, and they can help with stabilization of power distribution. This paper describes properties of several materials that can be used as burnable absorbers. The change in concentration or position of the pin with a burnable absorber in a fuel assembly was analyzed by the HELIOS transport lattice code. The multiplication factor and power peaking factor dependence on fuel burn up were used to evaluate the neutronic properties of burnable absorbers. The following four different materials are discussed in this paper: Gd2O3, IFBA, Er2O3,and Dy2O3.Gadolinium had the greatest influence on fuel characteristics. The number of pins with a burnable absorber was limited in the VVER-440 fuel assembly to six. In the VVER-1000 fuel assembly, 36 pins with a burnable absorber can be used as the assembly is larger. The erbium depletion rate was comparable with uranium burn up.Dysprosium had the largest parasitic absorption after depletion.

A Hybrid Biofuel and Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Bioenergy Harvesting

Various types of energy exist everywhere around us,and these energies can be harvested from multiple sources to power micro-/nanoelectronic system and even personal electronic products.In this work,we proposed a hybrid energy-harvesting system(HEHS)for potential in vivo applications.The HEHS consisted of a triboelectric nanogenerator and a glucose fuel cell for simultaneously harvesting biomechanical energy and biochemical energy in simulated body fluid.These two energy-harvesting units can work individually as a single power source or work simultaneously as an integrated system.This design strengthened the flexibility of harvesting multiple energies and enhanced corresponding electric output.Compared with any individual device,the integrated HEHS outputs a superimposed current and has a faster charging rate.Using the harvested energy,HEHS can power a calculator or a green light-emitting diode pattern.Considering the widely existed biomechanical energy and glucose molecules in the body,the developed HEHS can be a promising candidate for building in vivo self-powered healthcare monitoring system.