电力多元转换(Power-to-X):技术路径、应用与挑战

碳中和目标驱动下,新能源装机比重迅速提升,但其随机性与波动性将给电力系统消纳和安全运行带来巨大挑战。电力多元转换(Power-to-X)可以将可再生能源发电转换为其他各类绿色燃料,利用化学能实现对电能的吸收、储存和运输,为电力系统电能储存和利用提供了新思路;同时,通过电力多元转换,也加强了各种能源形式的耦合,降低了不同领域的碳排放,对推进我国绿色低碳转型具有重要意义。该文着重介绍了Power-to-X涉及的各个关键环节,包括电解制储氢、碳捕集以及绿氢转换的技术发展现状;重点比较了4类典型Power-to-X路径——电转甲烷、电转甲醇、电转醚类和电转氨的技术流程;此外,该文针对当前国内外Power-to-X实施情况,具体介绍了各类示范项目的应用进展;进一步地,该文从能效、碳源以及制氢技术等方面出发,剖析了Power-to-X发展面临的主要问题与挑战;最后,针对当前问题,该文提出了相应应对措施,并对Power-to-X的未来发展进行了展望。

Risk-Balanced Routing Strategy for Service Function Chains of Cyber-Physical Power System Considering Cross-Space Cascading Failure

Cyber-physical power system(CPPS)has significantly improved the operational efficiency of power systems.However,cross-space cascading failures may occur due to the coupling characteristics,which poses a great threat to the safety and reliability of CPPS,and there is an acute need to reduce the probability of these failures.Towards this end,this paper first proposes a cascading failure index to identify and quantify the importance of different information in the same class of communication services.On this basis,a joint improved risk-balanced service function chain routing strategy(SFC-RS)is proposed,which is modeled as a robust optimization problem and solved by column-and-constraint generation(C-CG)algorithm.Compared with the traditional shortest-path routing algorithm,the superiority of SFC-RS is verified in the IEEE 30-bus system.The results demonstrate that SFC-RS effectively mitigates the risk associated with information transmission in the network,enhances information transmission accessibility,and effectively limits communication disruption from becoming the cause of cross-space cascading failures.

Evaluation of Generalized Error Function via Fast-Converging Power Series

A generalized form of the error function, Gp(x)=pΓ(1/p)∫0xe−tpdt, which is directly associated with the gamma function, is evaluated for arbitrary real values of p>1and 0x≤+∞by employing a fast-converging power series expansion developed in resolving the so-called Grandi’s paradox. Comparisons with accurate tabulated values for well-known cases such as the error function are presented using the expansions truncated at various orders.

A General Analytic Approximation Technique for the Modified Bessel Functions with Fractional Order Iv (x), Applied to I1/6(x) and I1/7(x)

A general technique to obtain simple analytic approximations for the first kind of modified Bessel functions. The general procedure is shown, and the parameter determination is explained through the applications to this particular case I1/6(x)and I1/7(x). In this way, it shows how to apply the technique to any particular orderν, in order to obtain an approximation valid for any positive value of the variable x. In the present method power series and asymptotic expansion are simultaneously used. The technique is an extension of the multipoint quasirational approximation method, MPQA. The main idea is to look for a bridge function between the power and asymptotic expansion of the I1/6(x), and similar procedure for I1/7(x). To perform this, rational functions are combined with hyperbolic ones and fractional powers. The number of parameters to be determined for each case is four. The maximum relative errors are 0.0049 for ν=1/6, and 0.0047 for ν=7. However, these relative errors decrease outside of the small region of the variables, wherein the maximum relative errors are reached. There is a clear advantage of this procedure compared with any other ones.

The Analytic Solution of Schrdinger Equation with Potential Function Superposed by Six Terms with Positive-power and Inverse-power Potentials

The analytic solution of the radial Schrodinger equation is studied by using the tight coupling condition of several positive-power and inverse-power potential functions in this article. Furthermore, the precisely analytic solutions and the conditions that decide the existence of analytic solution have been searched when the potential of the radial Schrodinger equation is V（r） =α1r^8 ＋α2r^3 ＋ α3r^2 ＋β3r^-1 ＋β2r^-3 ＋β1r6-4. Generally speaking, there is only an approximate solution, but not analytic solution for SchrSdinger equation with several potentials＇ superposition. However, the conditions that decide the existence of analytic solution have been found and the analytic solution and its energy level structure are obtained for the Schrodinger equation with the potential which is motioned above in this paper. According to the single-value, finite and continuous standard of wave function in a quantum system, the authors firstly solve the asymptotic solution through the radial coordinate r → ∞ and r →0; secondly, they make the asymptotic solutions combining with the series solutions nearby the neighborhood of irregular singularities; and then they compare the power series coefficients, deduce a series of analytic solutions of the stationary state wave function and corresponding energy level structure by tight coupling among the coefficients of potential functions for the radial SchrSdinger equation; and lastly, they discuss the solutions and make conclusions.

Investigations into Some Simple Expressions of the Gamma Function in Wind Power Theoretical Estimate by the Weibull Distribution

The Weibull distribution is a probability density function (PDF) which is widely used in the study of meteorological data. The statistical analysis of the wind speed v by using the Weibull distribution leads to the estimate of the mean wind speed , the variance of v around and the mean power density in the wind. The gamma function Γ is involved in those calculations, particularly Γ (1+1/k), Γ (1+2/k) and Γ (1+3/k). The paper reports the use of the Weibull PDF f(v) to estimate the gamma function. The study was performed by looking for the wind speeds related to the maximum values of f(v), v2 f(v) and v3 f(v). As a result, some approximate relationships were obtained for Γ (1+1/k), Γ (1+2/k) and Γ (1+3/k), that use some fitting polynomial functions. Very good agreements were found between the exact and the estimated values of Γ (1+n/k) that can be used for the estimation of the mean wind speed , the variance σ2 of the wind speed v;around the mean speed and the average wind power density.

Characterization of Power-Function Distribution through Expectation

For the characterization of the power function distribution, one needs any arbitrary non constant function only in place of independence of suitable function of order statistics, linear relation of conditional expectation, recurrence relations between expectations of function of order statistics, distributional properties of exponential distribution, record valves, lower record statistics, product of order statistics and Lorenz curve, etc. available in the literature. The goal of this research is not to give a different path-breaking approach for the characterization of power function distribution through the expectation of non constant function of random variable and provide a method to characterize the power function distribution as remark. Examples are given for the illustrative purpose.

Functional Confirmation Using a Medical X-Ray System of a Semiconductor Survey Meter

In recent years, semiconductor survey meters have been developed and are in increasing demand worldwide. This study determined if it is possible to use the X-ray system installed in each medical facility to calculate the time constant of a semiconductor survey meter and confirm the meter’s function. An additional filter was attached to the medical X-ray system to satisfy the standards of N-60 to N-120, more copper plates were added as needed, and the first and second half-value layers were calculated to enable comparisons of the facility’s X-ray system quality with the N-60 to N-120 quality values. Next, we used a medical X-ray system to measure the leakage dose and calculate the time constant of the survey meter. The functionality of the meter was then checked and compared with the energy characteristics of the meter. The experimental results showed that it was possible to use a medical X-ray system to reproduce the N-60 to N-120 radiation quality values and to calculate the time constant from the measured results, assuming actual leakage dosimetry for that radiation quality. We also found that the calibration factor was equivalent to that of the energy characteristics of the survey meter.

Low-Power CMOS IC for Function Electrical Stimulation of Nerves

A low-power IC for function electrical stimulation （FES） of nerves is designed for an implantable system and fabricated in CSMC＇s 0.6μm CMOS technology. The IC can be used for stimulating animals＇ spinal nerve bundles and other nerves connected with a cuff type electrode. It consists of a pre-amplifier,a main amplifier,and an output stage. According to the neural signal spectrum,the bandwidth of the FES signal generator circuit is defined from 1Hz to 400kHz. The gain of the circuit is about 66dB with an output impedance of 900. The 1C can function under a single supply voltage of 3-5V. A rail-to-rail output stage helps to use the coupled power efficiently. The measured time domain performance shows that the bandwidth and the gain of the IC agree with the design. The power consumption is lower than 6mW.

IBM Power:到底值得不值得?—Power机与x86现场大比拼

随着云计算时代的到来,数据中心承担的责任将更加重大,选择高效、节能、节省空间的服务器产品显得尤为重要。IBM Power系列产品推向市场后,赢得了市场赞誉的同时也受到了不同程度的质疑。这款单机比其它x86产品昂贵得多的产品,是否真正值得拥有？

水田动力底盘逆向建模与质心验证——基于Geomagic Design X

针对目前农业机械仿真和优化模型精度不高的问题,提出了一种构建精确模型的逆向建模方法。应用光学扫描仪采集点云数据,基于Geomagic Design X处理点云数据并重构零部件模型,在SolidWorks中完成水田动力底盘的装配。以VP6D-CQ型水田动力底盘为例,将测得的实际质心位置与所建的模型质心位置进行比较,并对提出的逆向建模方法进行了试验验证以及误差分析。结果表明:总质量、x坐标、y坐标、z坐标的误差值分别为4.55%、3.62%、2.23%、4.81%,误差值均在5%内。此方法可构建准确的三维模型,为后续仿真优化数据精确性奠定了基础,与传统的研发相比较,可缩短农业机械研发周期、降低设计成本。

关节镜联合C型臂X线机治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效

目的探讨关节镜联合C型臂X线机治疗胫骨平台骨折的效果。方法方便选择2017年1月—2022年12月丹阳市人民医院收治的78例胫骨平台骨折患者为研究对象,以随机双盲法分为两组,每组39例。对照组行常规切开复位内固定术,观察组行关节镜联合C型臂X线机微创内固定术,对两组手术疗效、手术指标、膝关节功能恢复与并发症发生情况进行分析比较。结果观察组手术优良率(97.44%)明显高于对照组(82.05%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=5.014,P<0.05);观察组手术治疗相关指标优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。术后6个月两组患者Lysholm、纽约特种外科医院(Hospital for Special Surgery,HSS)评分均升高,且观察组Lysholm、HSS评分明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组术后并发症总发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论胫骨平台骨折患者采用关节镜联合C型臂X线机治疗的疗效确切,患者创伤小、术后恢复快、并发症少,且对患者膝关节功能的恢复有着明显的促进作用。

表面基团对Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)吸附NO性能影响的第一性原理研究

本工作基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,构建了Ti_(3)C_(2)O_(2)、Ti_(3)C_(2)O1.5(OH)0.5、Ti_(3)C_(2)O(OH)、Ti_(3)C_(2)O1.5F0.5和Ti_(3)C_(2)OF五种模型,从几何结构、电荷转移以及电子性质等方面研究了基团种类和比例对Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)吸附NO的影响。结果表明:相较于Ti_(3)C_(2)O_(2),含低比例-OH和-F基团的Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)对NO的吸附能更大,电荷转移更弱,不利于其探测NO,与实验结果一致;但随着-OH和-F比例的提高,吸附能分别减小和增大,电荷转移分别增强和减弱,表明高比例的-OH有利于Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)探测NO,而高比例的-F是不利的;同时,在吸附NO后,Ti_(3)C_(2)O_(2)在费米能级附近的能带极值曲率变小,电子有效质量增大,表明-O基团有利于Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)探测NO。在几何弛豫过程中NO分子总是以N原子靠近衬底,吸附距离均较小,而且最近邻原子的电子轨道出现杂化,电子的聚集和消散位于两端,表明最近邻原子间成键较弱且偏离子性。此计算结果可以为Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)探测和屏蔽NO提供理论指导,同时为Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)的表面改性提供思路。

回声构式“X是X”的构件特点、语义特征及互动功能

“X是X”构式借助于一定的语言手段重复前一说话人话语的部分内容“X”,以此表达说话人让步肯定的话语立场,同时,其整体意义的解读不能从组成成分的意义简单相加获得,可命名为回声构式。从构式的组成来看,“X是X”构式的前“X”是后一说话人从前一说话人话语中引入的回声成分,“是”是表示肯定的动词,起“复说”或“拷贝”作用且与后“X”一起表达后一说话人对前一说话人话语“X”的主观评价,不仅具备让步肯定的语义特征,同时还具备回声肯定的语义特征。“X是X”构式以绝对优势的比例使用于对话语体,且处于应答话轮的开端位置,这显示出构式具有极强的互动功能。如果把该类结构的考察范围从对话扩展到独白领域,会发现其评价立场的表达表现为显性互动和隐性互动两种类型。

医用X射线防护材料的研究进展

介绍了医用X射线与生物系统的相互作用机理及物理防护原理,分析了具有医用X射线屏蔽能力的柔性复合材料的研究进展。探讨了铅、铋、钨等防X射线功能颗粒及聚合物基材的性能特征,总结了涂层法、溶胶-凝胶法、纺丝法等成型方法的优缺点。研究表明,现有X射线防护材料在提升防护效果和使用便捷性方面具有重要意义,但面临性能优化和成本控制方面的挑战。未来研究应聚焦新型功能颗粒的开发、复合材料结构设计的优化及环保高效屏蔽材料的探索等方面,以进一步提升医用X射线防护材料的性能,拓宽其应用前景。

海上风电产业发展趋势与Power to X模式应用

文章对海上风电各国总体发展现状及未来发展趋势进行分析,表明各国都在加强对海上风电开发利用,但随着海上风电高速发展,有限的近海风电资源开发趋于饱和,深远海域风电成为海上风电未来发展的方向。然而水深离岸远,深远海风能开发困难,难于实现商业化。文章介绍了一种将新能源电力转换为其他能源载体的Power to X模式。氢作为1种可再生能源载体,可基于Power to X模式,通过将新能源电力电解水制氢的方式,有效降低深远海风电的成本。

Generalizations of mixed weighted power mean inequality

Tarnavas established mixed weighted power mean inequality in 1999. A separation of weighted power mean inequslity was derived in this paper. As its applications, some separations of other inequalities were given.

The exponentiated generalized power Lindley distribution: Properties and applications

In this paper, we introduce a new extension of the power Lindley distribution, called the exponentiated generalized power Lindley distribution. Several mathematical properties of the new model such as the shapes of the density and hazard rate functions, the quantile function, moments, mean deviations, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves and order statistics are derived. Moreover, we discuss the parameter estimation of the new distribution using the maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares methods. A simulation study is performed to evaluate the estimators. We use two real data sets to illustrate the applicability of the new model. Empirical findings show that the proposed model provides better fits than some other well-known extensions of Lindley distributions.

Nb_(2)CT_(x) MXene: High capacity and ultra-long cycle capability for lithium-ion battery by regulation of functional groups

MXenes are well known for their potential application in supercapacitors due to their high-rate intercalation pseudocapacitance and long cyclability.However,the reported low capacity of pristine MXenes hinders their practical application in lithium-ion batteries.In this work,a robust strategy is developed to control the functional groups of Nb_2 CT_x MXene.The capacity of pristine Nb_2 CT_x MXene can be significantly increased by Li~+ intercalation and surface modification.The specific capacity of the treated Nb_2 CT_x is up to 448 mAh g^(-1) at 0.05 A g^(-1),and at a large current density of 2 A g^(-1) remains a high reversible capacity retention rate of 75% after an ultra-long cycle of 2000 cycles.These values exceed most of the reported pristine MXenes(including the most studied Ti_3 C_2 T_x) and carbon-based materials.It demonstrates that this strategy has great help to improve the electrochemical performance of pristine MXene,and the results enhance the promise of MXenes in the application of lithium-ion batteries.

160 kV碳纳米管阴极分布式X射线管研制及应用探讨

介绍具有多个焦点的160 kV碳纳米管阴极分布式X射线管的研制工作及无损检测初步应用。基于Opera-3D软件对线阵列布置多焦点的模拟仿真,设计了多阴极—阵列聚焦—阳极结构,研究了45个碳纳米管阴极阵列的恒流发射特性以及多焦点的各焦点尺寸一致性。该射线管阳极电压160 kV,阳极电流15 mA,可长时间连续稳定工作于2.4 kW大功率状态,45个碳纳米管阴极工作于恒流状态时,各阴极控制电压的差异可反映其一致性,测得标准差为5.2%,45个焦点的平均焦斑尺寸为1.09 mm×1.22 mm,与模拟计算结果相符,且标准差为0.02 mm×0.06 mm,具有较好的一致性。该分布式X射线管以多焦点可编程脉冲发射的方式工作,在较小焦点状态实现大功率运行,通过线对卡测试具备较高的分辨率,对小型发动机进行多个视角的静态层析快速成像测试,可获得相比传统单点DR检测更丰富的结构信息。