Short-term Scheduling of Steam Power System in Iron and Steel Industry under Time-of-use Power Price

A generalized formulation for short-term scheduling of steam power system in iron and steel industry under the time-of-use（TOU）power price was presented,with minimization of total operational cost including fuel cost,equipment maintenance cost and the charge of exchange power with main grid.The model took into account the varying nature of surplus byproduct gas flows,several practical technical constraints and the impact of TOU power price.All major types of utility equipments,involving boilers,steam turbines,combined heat and power（CHP）units,and waste heat and energy recovery generators（WHERG）,were separately modeled using thermodynamic balance equations and regression method.In order to solve this complex nonlinear optimization model,a new improved particle swarm optimization（IPSO）algorithm was proposed by incorporating time-variant parameters,a selfadaptive mutation scheme and efficient constraint handling strategies.Finally,a case study for a real industrial example was used for illustrating the model and validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

House Price, Consumption Power and Gap of Demographic Urbanization in China

This paper investigates the gap of demographic urbanization arising from the difference between rural residents who have migrated to cities and those who have acquired urban citizenship in the process of China's urbanization. The skyrocketing house prices and insufficient household consumption power are key factors to the widening gap, which had reached 18% in 2013. In order to explore this issue, by creating the basic model and the model with interaction term, this paper has analyzed the relationship among house prices, consumption power and gap of urbanization using the data of 31 provinces between 1999 and 2013 in China. Empirical result indicates that: there is a positive correlation between the house prices and the gap of China's demographic urbanization. However, such a correlation is restrained by these rural migrants who rent houses in cities. For an increase of house price by 1%, the gap of urbanization will widen by 1.05%. Although rising urban consumption power of rural residents has increased the ratio of migration, the lagged growth of consumption power has led to a widening gap of urbanization. Therefore, the only way to effectively reduce the gap of demographic urbanization is to increase the consumption power of migrant population and optimize consumption structure.

Impacts of a Japan–South Korea power system interconnection on the competitiveness of electric power companies according to power exchange prices

In many regions,international power system interconnections provide economic,energy-security,environmental,and technical benefits.In contrast,such interconnections remain scarce in Northeast Asia.In 2016,after approving a joint memorandum of understanding between major electric power companies from China,Japan,South Korea,and Russia,related initiatives regained momentum in the region.Nevertheless,the corresponding developments in Japan remain limited,mainly owing to the lack of involvement of Japanese electric power companies.This study represents a pioneering attempt to provide an economic assessment based on power exchange prices of a power system interconnection between Japan and South Korea regarding the competitiveness of electric power companies in terms of competitive business segments and strategic consequences.We found that although the position of Japanese generators may slightly deteriorate,that of the supply segment would substantially improve,thus suggesting that more opportunities than threats are derived from the interconnection.This promising outcome may foster the adoption of an interconnection with South Korea considering the positive economic and business perspectives in Japan.Furthermore,realizing the interconnection may improve the energy security and air quality in the region.

A Study on Renewable Power Pricing Mechanism and Price Incentive Policies in China

The basic framework of price policies for promoting renewable power de- velopment in China is introduced. The background, concept and implementation of price policies, focused on wind power, biomass power and solar power, are summarized in the article. The experiences and lessons of implementation of these price policies are analyzed. It is concluded that reasonable price policy is quite effective for promoting re- newable power development. According to the requirement of China's renewable power development, the suggestions for improving renewable power pricing mechanism and price incentive policies are proposed.

Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging on Power Load Based on TOU Price

Large-scale electric vehicle charging has a significant impact on power grid load, disorderly charging will increase power grid peak load. This article proposes an orderly charging mechanism based on TOU price. To build an orderly charging model by researching TOU price and user price reaction model. This article research the impact of electric vehicle charging on grid load by orderly charging model. With this model the grid’s peak and valley characteristics, the utilization of charging equipment, the economics of grid operation can all be improved.

考虑电动汽车公平性的虚拟电厂优化运行策略

针对虚拟电厂(VPP)中电动汽车(EV)调度意愿较弱、响应功率较低所表现出的公平性考虑不足问题,提出了一种考虑EV公平性的VPP优化调度策略。为有效解决上述问题,建立了VPP与EV集群的双层优化模型,上层的VPP模型中包含了风电、光伏、燃气轮机、储能和用户单元,下层的EV集群模型中,引入了激励价格与EV价格,两者共同作用于用户响应意愿的影响机制。以VPP的运行收益最大化为目标,并基于用户的区间划分情况生成各类EV用户的激励价格,以此提高用户的调度参与度。在下层优化中,每个EV用户基于激励价格的吸引和自身经济考虑,决定是否参与VPP的调度响应,并对响应功率做出决策。基于强对偶卡罗需-库恩-塔克(KKT)条件和大M法求解双层优化问题。仿真结果表明该策略效果良好。

Price-taker在两个电力市场中的交易决策 (二)发电商的策略

在对购电商两市场交易量优化分配问题研究的基础上,讨论了Price-taker发电商如何在考虑两市场电价风险的情况下进行交易电量的优化分配,以便在规避价格风险的同时追求尽可能大的收益。文中对Price-taker发电商的两市场交易量分配策略进行了建模和研究,给出了总交易量和各市场交易的优化解并为发电商如何选择风险因子提出了建议。文中给出了仿真算例。

MATPOWER在电力系统最优潮流实时电价中的应用

根据实时电价理论,结合实时电价与最优潮流之间的内在联系,运用MATPOWER计算最优潮流、求解实时电价,并通过对IEEE14节点的范例进行计算,结果证明该方法效果最佳。

垄断势力视角下平台大数据杀熟的价格歧视机理

大数据杀熟问题近年来受到各界的广泛关注,政府出台了一系列有关大数据杀熟治理的政策文件。然而,诸多法规相互交叉、竞合,给监管执行造成了巨大的困难。大数据杀熟愈演愈烈,导致了消费者群体与涉事平台企业之间存在严重的信任危机。为了能更好地理解和治理大数据杀熟,本文深入分析了垄断势力视角下平台大数据杀熟的价格歧视机理。通过分析,揭示了大数据杀熟的经济逻辑为(:1)垄断势力是形成大数据杀熟的源泉(;2)大数据杀熟本质是不公平的高价价格歧视。在以上分析的基础上,本文对大数据杀熟的本质、认识误区和治理思路进行了分析,指出大数据杀熟治理的关键是反垄断和防欺诈。总之,本研究通过对大数据杀熟垄断势力下价格歧视机理的分析,厘清了大数据杀熟与价格歧视和精准营销的区别,从而为正确认识大数据杀熟和有效抑制大数据杀熟提供参考。

基于电力线载波通信的智慧园区电力物联网精准时间同步方法

智慧园区各类新兴业务在电力物联网(power internet of things,PIo T)设备提供的数据支持下开展。这些业务具有严格的时间同步要求。如何在现有电力线载波通信(power line carrier,PLC)的基础上实现高精度、高可靠时间同步成为关键问题。针对上述问题,首先,该文建立基于PLC的智慧园区电力物联网精准时间同步网络模型,根据改进精准时间协议(precision time protocol,PTP)计算同步误差,在此基础上,建立基于数字锁相环的频率偏移补偿模型,降低累积误差;其次,提出站点(station,STA)时间同步误差最小化问题;最后,提出基于经验匹配的电力物联网精准时间同步算法,通过调整时间同步匹配成本,优化STA的时间同步路径选择策略。仿真结果表明,所提方法能有效提高时间同步精度。

Pricing Power of China's Cocoon and Silk Products in International Market:An Empirical Analysis Based on International Market Power

Do China＇s silk products only have advantage in number but no pricing power in international market？ In this paper, we used the residual demand elasticity model to estimate the international market power of China＇s silk products. The empirical results revealed that China＇s raw material products such as natural silk products and semi-finished products such as satin products had certain market power in the main export markets, but the finished silk products such as woman＇s blouse or shirts and shawls had no market power in the target markets including USA and Germany. The scale economy from resource endowment and great market share are the base of the international market power of natural silk products. The advantage from industry agglomeration and great market share are the source of the international market power of satin products. Technical bottlenecks and inefficiency in brand building are the cause of unobvious international market power of China＇s finished silk products, and the competition from Italy and France has increased the difficulty to enhance market power. In order to consolidate and improve the international market power of China＇s silk products, it is suggested to stabilize the production scale and strengthen industrial base, to speed up the resources integration and optimize the industrial distribution, to strengthen science and technology innovation and adjust product structure, to speed up the brand construction and enhance the influence of brand, and to enlarge the scale of organization and achieve scale economies.

Pricing Mechanism in Power Market Construction

The reform on electricity pricing mechanism is a critical problem in power market construction in China, and is in mutual supplementation and promotion with the latter. In particular, the pricing mechanism for electricity fed into network and that for electricity transmission and distribution as well as the relationship between coal and electricity prices, etc. have to be studied in depth. This paper presents several solutions and suggestions to these problems.

谷电相变蓄冷空调系统在某大型商业超市应用的性能分析及经济性评价

以深圳某商业超市空调制冷工程为例,结合峰谷电价差,针对水合盐相变蓄冷技术在大规模舒适性商业领域的应用进行了性能分析及经济性评价。该项目采用原制冷机房中备用制冷机组作为冷源,相变蓄冷机组夜间利用谷电蓄冷,白天将冷量供给商业超市空调制冷系统,满足用户用冷需求。本文系统测试并分析了谷电相变蓄冷系统连续运行14天的蓄、放冷温度,蓄冷量,耗电量等实验数据。结果表明:相比原有制冷系统,采用谷电相变蓄冷系统作为冷源时,夜间制冷机组的性能系数(COP)和系统能效比(EER)大幅提高;该项目的投资回收期为5.35 a,随着峰谷电价差逐步拉大,当峰谷电价差≥1.06元/(kW·h)时,系统的投资回收期≤4 a;水合盐相变蓄冷技术结合谷电/弃电等在大规模舒适性商用空调领域应用具有可行性。

Reactive Power and FACTS Cost Models’ Impact on Nodal Pricing in Hybrid Electricity Markets

In a competitive environment reactive power management is an essential service provided by independent system operator taking into account the voltage security and transmission losses. The system operator adopts a transparent and non-dis-criminatory procedure to procure the reactive power supply for optimal deployment in the system. Since generators’ are the main source of reactive power generation and the cost of the reactive power should be considered for their noticeable impact on both real and reactive power marginal prices. In this paper, a method based on marginal cost theory is presented for locational marginal prices calculation for real and reactive power considering different reactive power cost models of generators’ reactive support. With the presence of FACTS controllers in the system for more flexible operation, their impact on nodal prices can not be ignored for wheeling cost determination and has also to be considered taking their cost function into account. The results have been obtained for hybrid electricity market model and results have also been computed for pool model for comparison. Mixed Integer Non-linear programming (MINLP) approach has been formulated for solving the complex problem with MATLAB and GAMS interfacing. The proposed approach has been tested on IEEE 24-bus Reliability Test System (RTS).

Investigation on Active and Reactive Combined Spot Price Integrated with Wind Farm

An active and reactive combined spot price model and the corresponding algorithm are introduced in this paper based on the theory of optimal power flow. Different from the traditional economic dispatch in the field of spot price, the objective function is to minimize generation costs based on pricing reactive power. Then considering the characteristics of wind turbines, processing methods of wind farms in optimal power flow is discussed. Finally, the feasibility of the model and the algorithm is verified through the simulation results of IEEE 30 system.

Pricing Power of Agricultural Products under the Background of Small Peasant Management and Information Asymmetry

From the background of small peasant management and information asymmetry,this paper introduced the middle profit sharing model and discussed influence factors and ownership of pricing power of agricultural products. It obtained following results:( i) the transaction scale has positive effect on farmer's pricing power of agricultural products,while the competitor's transaction scale has negative effect on it,so does the cost for information search;( ii) under the condition of small peasant management system,farmer is in a relatively weak position in the distribution of pricing power of agricultural products,due to factors such as small transaction scale,information asymmetry and farmer's weak negotiation ability;( iii) through cooperative game,farmer and buyers can share cooperative surplus at the agreed ratio;( iv) the introduction of self-organizing specialized farmers cooperatives is favorable for solving the problem of pricing power of agricultural products,and possible problems,such as " collective action dilemma" and " fake cooperatives" in the cooperative development process can be solved by internal and external division of labor and specialization of cooperatives.

Influence of China's Grain Industrial Market Structure over Grain Pricing Power

From the point of view of industrial market structure,we analyze the influence of market structure on grain production,circulation,and processing,and on the grain pricing power of entities along China's grain industrial chain.Through analysis,it is indicated that different features of market structure play a significant role in pricing power of such microeconomic entities as farmers and grain enterprises in grain production and transaction.And the market structure determines welfare distribution model of consumers' surplus and producers' surplus at the market.

Bidding Strategy in Deregulated Power Market Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

The primary objective of this research article is to introduce Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm for solving bidding strategy in deregulated power market. Suppliers (GENCOs) and consumers (DISCOs) participate in the bidding process in order to maximize the profit of suppliers and benefits of the consumers. Each supplier bids strategically by choosing the bidding coefficients to counter the competitors bidding strategy. Electricity or electric power is traded through bidding in the power exchange. GENCOs sell energy to power exchange and in turn ancillary services to Independent System Operator (ISO). In this paper, Differential Evolution algorithm is proposed for solving bidding strategy problem in operation of power system under deregulated environment. An IEEE 30 bus system with six generators and two large consumers is employed to demonstrate the proposed technique. The results show the adaptability of the proposed method compared with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Monte Carlo simulation in terms of Market Clearing Price (MCP).

考虑市场影响的风电厂与储能运营商联合调度策略研究

本文基于拥有风力发电厂与电力储能设备的电力运营商视角,考虑运营商参与电力交易会对市场电价产生影响的基础上,通过动态规划,以利润最大化为目标,研究其最优联合调度策略。研究表明:在考虑充放电效率以及运营成本时,存在三个最优参考点将储能设备中的可用库存空间分为四个区域,进而对应四个不同的决策活动:将风电和从市场上购买的电力全部存入储能系统;将部分风电存入储能系统并将剩余部分销售到市场;售出全部风电不向储能设备中存入电量;将所有的风电和储能系统中的部分电量销售至电力市场。运营商可根据当前时刻风力发电量和储能设备中的电量与最优参考点之间的大小关系,得到相应的最优电力调度策略及其交易量。此外,本文研究发现随着市场影响强度的增大,运营商的利润随之减小,因此运营商应在其市场影响强度与最优电力交易量之间做好权衡。本研究对运营商的电力调度具有重要的指导意义和实际应用价值。

Game-theoretic approach to power and admission control in hierarchical wireless sensor networks

Power efficiency and link reliability are of great impor- tance in hierarchical wireless sensor networks （HWSNs）, espe- cially at the key level, which consists of sensor nodes located only one hop away from the sink node called OHS. The power and admission control problem in HWSNs is comsidered to improve its power efficiency and link reliability. This problem is modeled as a non-cooperative game in which the active OHSs are con- sidered as players. By applying a double-pricing scheme in the definition of OHSs＇ utility function, a Nash Equilibrium solution with network properties is derived. Besides, a distributed algorithm is also proposed to show the dynamic processes to achieve Nash Equilibrium. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the effec- tiveness of the proposed algorithm.