Power Quality Disturbance Identification Basing on Adaptive Kalman Filter andMulti-Scale Channel Attention Fusion Convolutional Network

In light of the prevailing issue that the existing convolutional neural network(CNN)power quality disturbance identification method can only extract single-scale features,which leads to a lack of feature information and weak anti-noise performance,a new approach for identifying power quality disturbances based on an adaptive Kalman filter(KF)and multi-scale channel attention(MS-CAM)fused convolutional neural network is suggested.Single and composite-disruption signals are generated through simulation.The adaptive maximum likelihood Kalman filter is employed for noise reduction in the initial disturbance signal,and subsequent integration of multi-scale features into the conventional CNN architecture is conducted.The multi-scale features of the signal are captured by convolution kernels of different sizes so that the model can obtain diverse feature expressions.The attention mechanism(ATT)is introduced to adaptively allocate the extracted features,and the features are fused and selected to obtain the new main features.The Softmax classifier is employed for the classification of power quality disturbances.Finally,by comparing the recognition accuracy of the convolutional neural network(CNN),the model using the attention mechanism,the bidirectional long-term and short-term memory network(MS-Bi-LSTM),and the multi-scale convolutional neural network(MSCNN)with the attention mechanism with the proposed method.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is higher than CNN,MS-Bi-LSTM,and MSCNN,and the overall recognition rate exceeds 99%,and the proposed method has significant classification accuracy and robust classification performance.This achievement provides a new perspective for further exploration in the field of power quality disturbance classification.

A Review on Intelligent Detection and Classification of Power Quality Disturbances:Trends,Methodologies,and Prospects

With increasing global concerns about clean energy in smart grids,the detection of power quality disturbances(PQDs)caused by energy instability is becoming more and more prominent.It is well acknowledged that the PQD effects on power grid equipment are destructive and hazardous,which causes irreversible damage to underlying electrical/electronic equipment of the concerned intelligent grids.In order to ensure safe and reliable equipment implementation,appropriate PQDdetection technologiesmust be adopted to avoid such adverse effects.This paper summarizes the newly proposed and traditional PQD detection techniques in order to give a quick start to new researchers in the related field,where specific scenarios and events for which each technique is applicable are also clearly presented.Finally,comments on the future evolution of PQD detection techniques are given.Unlike the published review articles,this paper focuses on the new techniques from the last five years while providing a brief recap on traditional PQD detection techniques so as to supply researchers with a systematic and state-of-the-art review for PQD detection.

Power Quality Improvement Using ANN Controller For Hybrid Power Distribution Systems

In this work,an Artificial Neural Network(ANN)based technique is suggested for classifying the faults which occur in hybrid power distribution systems.Power,which is generated by the solar and wind energy-based hybrid system,is given to the grid at the Point of Common Coupling(PCC).A boost converter along with perturb and observe(P&O)algorithm is utilized in this system to obtain a constant link voltage.In contrast,the link voltage of the wind energy conversion system(WECS)is retained with the assistance of a Proportional Integral(PI)controller.The grid synchronization is tainted with the assis-tance of the d-q theory.For the analysis of faults like islanding,line-ground,and line-line fault,the ANN is utilized.The voltage signal is observed at the PCC,and the Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT)is employed to obtain different features.Based on the collected features,the ANN classifies the faults in an effi-cient manner.The simulation is done in MATLAB and the results are also validated through the hardware implementation.Detailed fault analysis is carried out and the results are compared with the existing techniques.Finally,the Total harmonic distortion(THD)is lessened by 4.3%by using the proposed methodology.

Classification of power quality combined disturbances based on phase space reconstruction and support vector machines

Power Quality (PQ) combined disturbances become common along with ubiquity of voltage flickers and harmonics. This paper presents a novel approach to classify the different patterns of PQ combined disturbances. The classification system consists of two parts, namely the feature extraction and the automatic recognition. In the feature extraction stage, Phase Space Reconstruction (PSR), a time series analysis tool, is utilized to construct disturbance signal trajectories. For these trajectories, several indices are proposed to form the feature vectors. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are then implemented to recognize the different patterns and to evaluate the efficiencies. The types of disturbances discussed include a combination of short-term dis-turbances (voltage sags, swells) and long-term disturbances (flickers, harmonics), as well as their homologous single ones. The feasibilities of the proposed approach are verified by simulation with thousands of PQ events. Comparison studies based on Wavelet Transform (WT) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are also reported to show its advantages.

Power Quality Disturbance Classification Method Based on Wavelet Transform and SVM Multi-class Algorithms

The accurate identification and classification of various power quality disturbances are keys to ensuring high-quality electrical energy. In this study, the statistical characteristics of the disturbance signal of wavelet transform coefficients and wavelet transform energy distribution constitute feature vectors. These vectors are then trained and tested using SVM multi-class algorithms. Experimental results demonstrate that the SVM multi-class algorithms, which use the Gaussian radial basis function, exponential radial basis function, and hyperbolic tangent function as basis functions, are suitable methods for power quality disturbance classification.

Identification and Classification of Multiple Power Quality Disturbances Using a Parallel Algorithm and Decision Rules

A multiple power quality(MPQ)disturbance has two or more power quality(PQ)disturbances superimposed on a voltage signal.A compact and robust technique is required to identify and classify the MPQ disturbances.This manuscript investigated a hybrid algorithm which is designed using parallel processing of voltage with multiple power quality(MPQ)disturbance using stockwell transform(ST)and hilbert transform(HT).This will reduce the computational time to identify theMPQdisturbances,whichmakes the algorithm fast.A MPQ identification index(IPI)is computed using statistical features extracted from the voltage signal using the ST and HT.IPI has different patterns for various types of MPQ disturbances which effectively identify the MPQ disturbances.A MPQ time location index(IPL)is computed using the features extracted from the voltage signal using ST and HT.IPL effectively identifies the initiation and end of PQ disturbances and thereby locates the MPQ events with respect to time.Classification of MPQ disturbances is performed using decision rules in both the noise-free and noisy environments with a 20 dB noise to signal ratio(SNR).The performance of the proposed hybrid algorithm using ST and HT with rule-based decision tree(RBDT)is better compared to the ST and RBDT techniques in terms of accuracy of classification of MPQ disturbances.MATLAB software is used to perform the study.

A Quick Classification Method of the Power Quality Disturbances

This paper introduces a quick classification method of the power quality disturbances. Based on analyzing the characteristics of different electrical disturbance signals in time domain, four distinctive features are extracted from electrical signals for classifying different power quality disturbances and then an automatic classifier is proposed. Using the proposed classification method,a PQ monitor of the classifying power quality disturbances is developed based on the TMS320F2812DSP micro-processor. Semi-physical simulation, lab experiment and field measurement results have verified that this proposed method can classify single or complex disturbance signals effectively.

Research on Power Quality Disturbance Signal Classification Based on Random Matrix Theory

In this paper, a method of power quality disturbance classification based on random matrix theory (RMT) is proposed. The method utilizes the power quality disturbance signal to construct a random matrix. By analyzing the mean spectral radius (MSR) variation of the random matrix, the type and time of occurrence of power quality disturbance are classified. In this paper, the random matrix theory is used to analyze the voltage sag, swell and interrupt perturbation signals to classify the occurrence time, duration of the disturbance signal and thedepth of voltage sag or swell. Examples show that the method has strong anti-noise ability.

A Hybrid Signal Processing Method Combining Mathematical Morphology and Walsh Theory for Power Quality Disturbance Detection and Classification

In this paper, a novel signal processing method combining mathematical morphology (MM) and Walsh theory is proposed, which uses Walsh functions to control the structuring element (SE) and MM operators. Based on the Walsh-MM method, a scheme for power quality disturbances detection and classification is developed, which involves three steps: denoising, feature extraction and morphological clustering. First, various evolution rules of Walsh function are used to generate groups of SEs for the multiscale Walsh-ordered morphological operation, so the original signal can be denoised. Next, the fundamental wave of the denoised signal is suppressed by Hadamard matrix;thus, disturbances can be extracted. Finally, the Walsh power spectrum of the waveform extracted in the previous step is calculated, and the parameters of which are taken by morphological clustering to classify the disturbances. Simulation results reveal the proposed scheme can effectively detect and classify disturbances, and the Walsh-MM method is less affected by noise and only involves simple calculation, which has a potential to be implemented in hardware and more suitable for real-time application.

Research and applications of FDMP algorithm for power quality signal analysis

The accuracy of unsteady-state disturbance analysis of power quality signals is reduced by the steadystate components with high amplitudes and energies. In this paper,a novel frequency-domain matching pursuits (FDMP) algorithm is proposed to estimate the parameters of the steady-state components and separate the unsteady-state disturbances from power quality signals. Firstly,the time-frequency atoms and redundant dictionaries are constructed according to the characteristics of power quality signal spectra. Secondly,the steady-state components and unsteady-state disturbances of power quality signals are decomposed by FDMP into two mutually orthogonal subspaces in Hilbert space. Furthermore,the expressions for parameters calculation of steady-state components have been derived. The experiments show that the relative errors of frequency and amplitude estimations of steady-state components are less than 2 × 10 -4 and 5 × 10 -3 respectively,and phase estimation errors are less than 1. 6° under the existence of both interharmonics and unsteady-state disturbances. The steady-state components and unsteady-state disturbances are separated quickly and accurately.

Application of Slantlet Transform Based Support Vector Machine for Power Quality Detection and Classification

Concern towards power quality (PQ) has increased immensely due to the growing usage of high technology devices which are very sensitive towards voltage and current variations and the de-regulation of the electricity market. The impact of these voltage and current variations can lead to devices malfunction and production stoppages which lead to huge financial loss for the production company. The deregulation of electricity markets has made the industry become more competitive and distributed. Thus, a higher demand on reliability and quality of services will be required by the end customers. To ensure the power supply is at the highest quality, an automatic system for detection and localization of PQ activities in power system network is required. This paper proposed to use Slantlet Transform (SLT) with Support Vector Machine (SVM) to detect and localize several PQ disturbance, i.e. voltage sag, voltage swell, oscillatory-transient, odd-harmonics, interruption, voltage sag plus odd-harmonics, voltage swell plus odd-harmonics, voltage sag plus transient and pure sinewave signal were studied. The analysis on PQ disturbances signals was performed in two steps, which are extraction of feature disturbance and classification of the dis- turbance based on its type. To take on the characteristics of PQ signals, feature vector was constructed from the statistical value of the SLT signal coefficient and wavelets entropy at different nodes. The feature vectors of the PQ disturbances are then applied to SVM for the classification process. The result shows that the proposed method can detect and localize different type of single and multiple power quality signals. Finally, sensitivity of the proposed algorithm under noisy condition is investigated in this paper.

A Three Decades of Marvellous Significant Review of Power Quality Events Regarding Detection &Classification

Around the globe, the necessity of green supply with a dedicated standard quality thrust of consumers is increasing day by day. The advancement in technology urges the electrical power system to deliver a high-quality rated undistorted sinusoidal current, the voltage at a constant desired standard frequency to its consumers. The present paper reveals a complete and inclusive study of power quality events, such as automatic classification and signal processing via creative techniques and the noises effect on the detection and classification of power quality disturbances. It’s planned to make a possible list for quick reference to obtain an extensive variety on the condition & status of available research for detection and classification for young engineers, designers and researchers who enter in the power quality field. The current extensive study is supported by a critical review of more than 200 publications on detection and classification techniques of power quality disturbances.

Power Supply Quality Analysis Using S-Transform and SVM Classifier

In this paper, a SVM classifier based on S-Transform is presented for power quality disturbances classification. Firstly, seven types of PQ events are created using Matlab simulation. These signals are analyzed to detect and localize PQ events via S-Transform by visual inspection. Then five significant features of the PQ disturbances are extracted from the S-Transform output. Afterwards, PQ disturbance samples with the five features are fed to SVM for training and automatic classification. Besides, particle swarm optimization is implemented to improve the performance of SVM. The results of the classification indicate that SVM classifier is an effective mechanism to detect and classify power quality disturbances.

Recognition of Hybrid PQ Disturbances Based on Multi-Resolution S-Transform and Decision Tree

Aiming at the problems of multiple types of power quality composite disturbances,strong feature correlation and high recognition error rate,a method of power quality composite disturbances identification based on multiresolution S-transform and decision tree was proposed.Firstly,according to IEEE standard,the signal models of seven single power quality disturbances and 17 combined power quality disturbances are given,and the disturbance waveform samples are generated in batches.Then,in order to improve the recognition accuracy,the adjustment factor is introduced to obtain the controllable time-frequency resolution through multi-resolution S-transform time-frequency domain analysis.On this basis,five disturbance time-frequency domain features are extracted,which quantitatively reflect the characteristics of the analyzed power quality disturbance signal,which is less than the traditional method based on S-transform.Finally,three classifiers such as K-nearest neighbor,support vector machine and decision tree algorithm are used to effectively complete the identification of power quality composite disturbances.Simulation results showthat the classification accuracy of decision tree algorithmis higher than that of K-nearest neighbor and support vector machine.Finally,the proposed method is compared with other commonly used recognition algorithms.Experimental results show that the proposedmethod is effective in terms of detection accuracy,especially for combined PQ interference.

基于特征图像组合与改进ResNet-18的电能质量扰动识别方法

针对传统电能质量扰动(power quality disturbance,PQD)识别体系中单一图像特征信息受限与算法识别能力不足等问题,依据特征融合的思想,提出一种基于特征图像组合与改进ResNet-18的PQD识别方法。首先,对PQD信号进行变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)得到一系列固有模态函数(intrinsic mode functions,IMFs)与残差分量;其次,将IMFs、残差分量、原始扰动信号与Subtract分量纵向拼接成分量矩阵,利用信号-图像转化方法生成特征分量彩色图;再次,对原始扰动信号进行连续小波变换(continuous wavelet transform,CWT)生成小波时-频图;最后,将特征分量彩色图与小波时-频图组合输入改进的六通道ResNet-18中训练学习并完成扰动识别。通过仿真对PQD识别方法进行分析并将其与目前常用识别体系进行比较。结果表明,所提方法具有较好的抗噪性能并且能够更好地提取PQD特征信息,达到更高的识别准确率。

基于SA-PSO算法优化CNN的电能质量扰动分类模型

针对传统电能质量扰动分类模型中扰动特征复杂、识别步骤繁琐的问题,提出了一种通过模拟退火(SA)算法与粒子群优化(PSO)算法相结合来优化卷积神经网络(CNN)的电能质量扰动分类模型。将CNN卷积层中的二维卷积核替换成一维卷积核;采用SA算法对PSO算法进行改进,规避PSO算法陷入局部最优的困境;采用改进后的PSO算法对CNN进行参数寻优;利用优化CNN提取和筛选合适的特征,根据这些特征利用分类器得到最终分类结果。通过算例分析得出,使用基于SA-PSO算法优化的CNN的电能质量扰动分类模型能精确地识别出电能质量扰动信号。

基于深度学习的复合电能质量扰动识别方法

精准的电能质量扰动识别是对电能质量扰动事件发生后需要解决的主要问题之一,这对划分责任和加快电力市场化进程均具有重要意义,而海量的电能质量监测数据则为电能质量扰动识别提供了条件与机遇。不同的电能质量扰动类型,其电气特征上也存在区别,故可利用不同电能质量扰动波形之间的差异来区分电能质量扰动类型。结合深度学习理论,建立一种基于双向独立循环神经网络的复合电能质量扰动识别方法,通过提取电能质量扰动信号的本质特征量,建立输入序列与输出序列之间的内在对应关系,克服了分析结果对物理特征量的依赖性,提升了电能质量扰动识别准确率。实验结果表明,所提方法可以有效应对复合电能质量扰动的多样性问题,可以直接从原始的底层数据中自主学习复合电能质量扰动信号中所隐藏的本质特征量,识别准确率高。

基于卷积神经网络与Transformer的电能质量扰动分类方法

复杂电能质量扰动(power quality disturbances, PQD)的智能分类对于智能电网发展具有重要意义。扰动特征的提取与定位、模式识别与分类是电能质量扰动分类方法研究的难点。采用深度学习算法,将具有关注全局信息的Transformer与善于提取局部特征的卷积神经网络相融合,提出一种基于卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network, CNN)与Transformer的电能质量扰动分类方法,即CTranCBA。这种双深度学习模型分类方法主要是通过一维卷积神经网络提取电能质量扰动信号特征,利用Transformer自注意力机制引导模型关注序列中不同位置间的依赖关系,实现对扰动信号局部特征与全局特征的互补,克服了因感受野的限制而带来的识别不清、分类不准等问题。使用23种不同电能质量扰动信号,将CTranCBA与Deep-CNN、CNN-LSTM、CNN-CBAM方法进行比较。结果表明:该方法在分类准确率和抗噪性方面表现优异,可为电能质量扰动智能分类提供一种新的方法。

基于残差生成器的并联逆变器暂稳态补偿策略

针对孤岛微电网中所存在的因负载投切、不平衡负载等扰动造成的电能质量问题以及因线路阻抗不匹配造成的无功不均分问题,提出一种基于残差生成器的暂稳态性能补偿控制策略。基于逆变器并联系统中各逆变器的状态空间模型设计残差生成器,产生残差r(s),并通过低通和高通滤波器生成基波残差和非基波残差;然后,从扰动和线路压降对消的角度设计暂态补偿控制器Q_(1)(s)和稳态补偿控制器Q_(2)(s),并根据本地信息推导两个控制器的具体表达式,实现扰动抑制和逆变器并联系统的无功均分,抑制环流,并补偿线路压降;最后实验验证所提策略的有效性。

基于ISSA-XGBoost的电能质量扰动识别方法研究

针对传统电能质量扰动(power quality disturbances,PQDs)识别中特征提取有冗余,识别精度不高等问题,提出了一种基于改进麻雀搜索算法(improved sparrow search algorithm,ISSA)优化特征选择和极致梯度提升(eXtreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)的电能质量扰动识别方法。首先对电能质量扰动信号进行S变换,提取61种电能质量特征。再通过ISSA同时选择最优特征子集和XGBoost中最优参数,剔除冗余特征,提高识别精度。最后根据优化后的最优特征子集和XGBoost实现电能质量扰动的识别。仿真结果表明,所提出的方法能有效选择最优特征子集,对噪声环境下的19种电能质量扰动信号进行高效识别,并且具有较高的识别精度。