Frequency Control of Power System with Solar and Wind Power Stations by Using Frequency Band Control and Deadband Control of HVDC Interconnection Line

In recent years, environmental problems are becoming serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the output becomes unstable because of intermittent characteristics, such as variations of wind speed or solar radiation intensity. Frequency fluctuations due to the installation of large scale wind farm (WF) and photovoltaics (PV) into the power system is a major concern. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes two control methods using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnection line to suppress the frequency fluctuations due to large scale of WF and PV. Comparative analysis between these two control methods is presented in this paper. One proposed method is a frequency control using a notch filter, and the other is using a deadband. Validity of the proposed methods is verified through simulation analyses, which is performed on a multi-machine power system model.

A Review of Technical Requirements for High Penetration of Wind Power Systems

Renewable portfolio targets have been established in many regions around the world. Regional targets such as 20% renewable energy by year 2020 are not uncommon. As the levels of wind power penetration increase, there are many power system impacts. This work investigated possible challenges and technical requirements for high penetration of wind power systems. The main issues to discuss covers reserve determination, wind power forecasting, unit commitment with appropriate generation portfolio, wind turbine and storage system technical development, demand response management, electricity market design, and frequency stability.

Providing Frequency Support of Hydro-Pumped Storage to Taiwan Power System with Wind Power Integration

The combination of wind and pumped storage is a useful method to compensate the fluctuation of wind power generation, which would exploit the abundant wind potential and increase wind power penetration. Taiwan Power Company (TPC) develops renewable energy actively in recent years. Moreover, TPC has started planning a high penetration wind power system and building offshore wind farms around the coast of Zhangbin, Yunlin and Penghu. The target of the offshore wind power installed capacity is up to 3 GW by 2025. However, the integration of the large scale of wind power would give huge challenges to the system operator because wind is randomly characterized. In this study, after high penetration wind power is integrated, the impacts of system frequency and the dispatch of conventional units will be discussed. Additionally, the hybrid system combing wind power with pumped-storage will be planning to reduce the effect of system frequency.

PI-MPC Frequency Control of Power System in the Presence of DFIG Wind Turbines

For the recent expansion of renewable energy applications, Wind Energy System (WES) is receiving much interest all over the world. However, area load change and abnormal conditions lead to mismatches in frequency and scheduled power interchanges between areas. These mismatches have to be corrected by the LFC system. This paper, therefore, proposes a new robust frequency control technique involving the combination of conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) controllers in the presence of wind turbines (WT). The PI-MPC technique has been designed such that the effect of the uncertainty due to governor and turbine parameters variation and load disturbance is reduced. A frequency response dynamic model of a single-area power system with an aggregated generator unit is introduced, and physical constraints of the governors and turbines are considered. The proposed technique is tested on the single-area power system, for enhancement of the network frequency quality. The validity of the proposed method is evaluated by computer simulation analyses using Matlab Simulink. The results show that, with the proposed PI-MPC combination technique, the overall closed loop system performance demonstrated robustness regardless of the presence of uncertainties due to variations of the parameters of governors and turbines, and loads disturbances. A performance comparison between the proposed control scheme, the classical PI control scheme and the MPC is carried out confirming the superiority of the proposed technique in presence of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) WT.

Rooted Tree Optimization for Wind Turbine Optimum Control Based on Energy Storage System

The integration of wind turbines(WTs)in variable speed drive systems belongs to the main factors causing lowstability in electrical networks.Therefore,in order to avoid this issue,WTs hybridization with a storage system is a mandatory.This paper investigates WT system operating at variable speed.The system contains of a permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG)supported by a battery storage system(BSS).To enhance the quality of active and reactive power injected into the network,direct power control(DPC)scheme utilizing space-vector modulation(SVM)technique based on proportional-integral(PI)control is proposed.Meanwhile,to improve the rendition of this method(DPC-SVM-PI),the rooted tree optimization technique(RTO)algorithm-based controller parameter identification is used to achieve PI optimal gains.To compare the performance ofRTO-based controllers,they were implemented and tested along with some other popular controllers under different working conditions.The obtained results have shown the supremacy of the suggested PIRTO algorithm compared to competing controllers regarding total harmonic distortion(THD),overshoot percentage,settling time,rise time,average active power value,overall efficiency,and active power steadystate error.

Wind power airs growth plan

The Dabancheng Windpower Farm in Northwest China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the largest of its kind in China, plans to increase its present generating capacity of 10 MW to 100 MW by the year 2000. Situated in the vast desert to the southeast of Urumqi, capital city of Xinjiang, the farm has bountiful wind energy resources, with wind speeds as high as 38 metres per second. First built with the help of Danish Government loans in 1992, the farm now provides electricity for local people, especially those in remote areas which are not connected to a power grid. The farm is now seeking both domestic and overseas cooperation for technological improvements and expansion, according

A review of Danish integrated multi-energy system flexibility options for high wind power penetration

The current status of wind power and the energy infrastructure in Denmark is reviewed in this paper.The reasons for why Denmark is a world leader in wind power are outlined.The Danish government is aiming to achieve 100%renewable energy generation by 2050.A major challenge is balancing load and generation.In addition,the current and future solutions of enhancing wind power penetration through optimal use of cross-energy sector flexibility,so-called indirect electric energy storage options,are investigated.A conclusion is drawn with a summary of experiences and lessons learned in Denmark related to wind power development.

High Proportion Renewable Energy Supply and Demand Structure Model and Grid Impaction

In considering of high proportion of renewable energy supply in 2050, the accelerating of energy consumption gross, source and environment can affect the energy system restrict affection are stronger. Add wind and solar to electricity energy with large amount of energy source exploitation. The energy source amount per person is lower. Considering the renewable energy amount and supply, primary energy storage and structure problem is standing out. Before the wide spread of renewable energy, Using the high-carbon energy in China can pollute seriously. Chinese energy supply and demand problem is research key point. This paper researches Chinese energy supply and demand pattern system and evaluation methodology, gives out the inner and outer influencing elements. And evaluate Chinese energy supply and demand pattern from energy gross, structure, distribution and transportation. Use energy supply synthesize radar comparison chart in certain time period. From energy security, economy, clean and efficiency, analyze the benefit comparisons of Chinese energy supply and demand pattern. This energy supply and demand pattern model will give one certain theoretical analysis and practice reference to the further high proportion of renewable energy.

考虑实时备用率的中长时间尺度新能源发电备用的方法

在新型电力系统中,考虑到中长期时间尺度下新能源出力具有较强规律性,提出了中长时间尺度新能源纳入备用的实时备用率的确定方法。根据实时备用率将新能源可信出力纳入备用,建立多电源电力生产模型。所建模型以生产成本最小为目标函数,考虑电源运行成本、新能源弃电成本、切负荷惩罚成本及机组出力、功率平衡、逻辑变量等约束条件。采用时间迭代将中长时间生产模拟化简为短期优化问题,利用CPLEX求解。以改进IEEE-24节点系统作为算例,优化结果表明新能源电源采用实时备用率的方法纳入备用时,电力系统生产运行总成本更低;新能源渗透率越高,纳入新能源为备用的经济效益越明显;风电和光伏独立确定备用率时,备用成本和污染排放更低。

考虑时段划分的高风电渗透率系统储能配置

随着风电渗透率不断升高,其波动性、随机性的特点使得电力系统出现严重的弃风及调峰困难问题。为此,提出一种考虑时段划分的高风电渗透率系统储能优化配置模型。首先,在净负荷的基础上计算峰谷隶属度,综合考虑风电消纳、峰谷差和用户满意度,采用量子粒子群算法寻优;其次,在最优时段的基础上综合考虑火电机组和储能的成本及收益,以净成本最小为目标函数优化出最优储能配置方案;最后,通过不同风电渗透率的算例分析验证所提优化模型的合理性和有效性。

水电高占比下风电接入对系统稳定性影响

随着绿色清洁高效能源基地的构建,以水电为主体的水风互补成为我国西南能源开发的重要特征。为研究在典型水电系统中接入风电对系统稳定性带来的影响,首先,针对水风互补系统以转矩分析法分析了风电接入对系统频率和功角稳定性的影响,并通过算例和Prony分析验证了风速与风电渗透率对系统稳定性的影响。结果表明,风电的接入在一定程度上可以削弱传统水电系统的超低频振荡,而风电接入互联送端系统会导致区域等值惯量的下降,进而使系统区域间低频振荡风险加剧。其次,考虑风电的接入会诱发区域间低频振荡,在风电系统中引入风电的附加综合虚拟惯性与阻尼控制。算例与Prony分析验证了该控制策略能有效提高系统稳定性。最后,在区域间大规模风电接入场景下,利用改进的鲸鱼算法对风电的附加控制器参数进行了优化;结果表明,参数的整定有效提高了系统的频率以及功角稳定性。

避免频率二次跌落的风储联合调频控制策略

风电高渗透电力系统中,风机释放转子动能参与频率响应改善系统频率稳定性,但存在欠响应支撑效果不足或过响应导致系统频率二次跌落现象。储能响应不受时空因素影响,通过整定储能响应参数,可提升风电频率响应的有效性。该文首先基于统一结构模型分析系统频率二次跌落与风机控制策略之间的作用机理。其次,整定充分利用风机频率响应能力及避免系统频率二次跌落的风电机组频率响应系数。然后,引入频率稳定裕度概念,并基于关系矩阵整定的储能最小出力,等效扩展系统频率稳定裕度。基于以上分析,综合考虑时空因素对系统频率响应影响,提出一种多时间尺度下避免频率二次跌落的风储联合调频控制策略。最后,基于DIgSILENT搭建风电高渗透4机4区系统进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提控制策略在不同风速下兼顾风机频率响应能力,同时避免频率二次跌落,提高全网频率安全稳定裕度。

Modeling and Energy Efficiency Analysis of Thermal Power Plant with High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage(HTTES)

This paper presents the recent research on the study of the strategies for the flexible operation of the thermal power plant to meet the requirement of load balance. The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of bringing the High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage(HTTES) to the thermal power plant steam-water cycle, to identify the suitable HTTES in the cold(hot) section of the reheating pipeline and to test the efficiency of the HTTES integration to increase the flexibility of peak shaving and energy efficiency via thermal power plant with HTTTES modelling and simulation. Thermoflex was adopted to perform the simulation and a 300 MW subcritical coal-fired power plant model was implemented onto the software platform. The simulation results show that it is feasible to extract steam from the steam turbine to charge the HTTES, and to discharge the stored thermal energy back to the power generation process, and to analyse the improved capability of the plant flexible operation with HTTES. Then the study was extended to analyse the effect of thermal energy temperature, the opening of the regulating valve, and the pipeline pressure loss aspects on thermal efficiency of the whole plant. The study is beneficial to achieve more economic operation of the thermal power plant with HTTES integration. It is concluded that the introduction of the HTTES can improve the consumption of wind power, and these ideas and methods for solving the energy consumption of the renewable energy and reducing the peak energy consumption are provided.

计及动态频率响应约束的高比例风电电力系统日前-日内联合调度策略

高比例风电电力系统具有转动惯量低、调频能力弱等特征,容易引发频率安全问题。现有计及频率安全约束的调度策略研究中,调频手段主要为惯性响应与一次调频,鲜见在单机故障等大功率扰动下考虑系统旋转备用与紧急功率支撑的动态响应作用。对此,在日前-日内联合调度模型中引入预想小功率扰动及大功率扰动下的系统动态频率响应约束。首先,分别构建两种预想功率扰动下的系统动态频率响应模型,采用阶梯备用等方法进行模型降阶,并进一步推导两种模型下的频率指标解析式。其次,提出计及动态频率响应约束的日前-日内联合调度架构,并分别构建日前及日内调度模型。进而,针对调度模型中最大频差约束导致的非线性问题,采用两阶段迭代方法求解。最后,开展算例分析,结果表明,所提联合调度策略能够兼顾系统运行经济性要求与频率安全性要求。

电压源型风电比例影响区域电网频率调整研究

随着新能源大比例接入新型电力系统中,区域电网的频率稳定性问题凸显。为了研究风电在区域电网中对新能源系统稳定运行能力的影响,针对电压源型风电占比对区域电网频率调整的影响开展研究。对风电频率需求相应特性和电压源型风电机组控制进行分析,提出了在电压源型风电机组不同占比结构下的区域电网新能源场站容量分配评估方法。在Matlab/Simulink中对不同电压源型风电占比下的电网频率响应特性进行验证。结果表明,随着在混合风电场内配置一定比例的电压源型风电机组,可以有效地改善区域电网的频率稳定性。

High Frequency Resonance in DFIG-Based Wind Farm with Variable Power Capacity

As wind power penetration has been gaining in the power grid for decades,a large number of the doubly fed induction generator(DFIG)based wind farms are being established around the globe.The power capacities of these wind farms may vary around hundreds of MW,and most of the wind farms are connected to long transmission cables whose impedances can not be ignored and require careful attention.Several works have investigated the impedance interaction between the DFIG based wind farm and long transmission cables which may unfortunately cause high frequency resonance(HFR).The main contribution of this paper is to investigate the influence of the variable wind farm capacity on the behavior of the HFR when certain transmission cables are provided.It is found out that the potential HFR may happen in certain wind farms,and the larger wind farm capacity causes more severe HFR due to the relatively weaker grid transmission capability.Simulation results based on Matlab/Simulink are given to validate the analysis of HFR.

集中绕组模块组合式定子结构对低速大功率永磁电机性能影响

针对集中绕组模块组合式定子结构对低速大功率直驱永磁同步电机性能的影响进行研究。首先介绍了模块化定子的分块规则和分块数。基于绕组函数法推导了单个定子单元模块在不同拆分方式下的绕组函数和电感表达式。基于有限元仿真先分析了仅绕组分块对电机性能影响;然后分析了冲片和绕组都分块对电机性能影响。通过对比空载和负载性能,总结出各种定子模块化拆分方案的优缺点,为大功率低速直驱永磁同步电机的模块化设计与制造建立了基础。

基于切片采样-马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛模拟的高比例新能源电力系统等效惯量概率评估

风电、光伏新能源发电功率的不确定性给高比例新能源电力系统的等效惯量评估带来了新的挑战。基于确定性的惯量评估方法不能有效反映全分析时段高比例新能源电力系统惯量的时序变化态势。为了评估新能源波动所引起的系统惯量不确定性,该文提出了一种基于切片采样–马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛模拟(slice sample Markov chain Monte Carlo,S-MCMC)的系统等效惯量概率评估方法。首先,对高比例新能源电力系统惯量组成及特性进行了分析,并对同步旋转设备的有效机械惯量、风电光伏电源的有效虚拟惯量进行量化计算。然后,基于Copula函数建立风速和光照强度之间的相关性模型,利用S-MCMC对系统等效惯量进行概率评估,从而得到系统等效惯量时序变化区间。最后,以改进的IEEE 39节点系统进行仿真分析,验证了所提出方法及分析结果的有效性。

高比例电力电子电力系统过电压(二):交流对称故障下暂时工频过电压机理

随着新能源等电力电子设备占比的不断提升,故障扰动后引发的系统暂时工频过电压问题日渐凸显,严重时易引发新能源大规模脱网,威胁电网安全稳定运行。新能源发电设备的故障穿越特性直接影响过电压水平,亟需进行机理分析。该文首先分析交流对称故障下高比例电力电子电力系统过电压的引发原因,建立计及新能源故障穿越特性的过电压简化分析模型,并基于矢量关系解析三相短路故障后新能源机端过电压最大值;然后分析不同故障穿越策略和系统参数对新能源机端电压最大值的影响;提出防止新能源大规模脱网的故障穿越等效无功电流系数的取值区间,进一步综合考虑新能源故障期间的无功支撑要求和故障清除后的电压安全约束,分析不同系统强度下等效无功电流系数的合理取值区间;最后通过时域仿真验证理论分析的有效性。