Security Risk Assessment of Cyber Physical Power System Based on Rough Set and Gene Expression Programming

Risk assessment is essential for the safe and reliable operation of cyber physical power system. Traditional security risk assessment methods do not take integration of cyber system and physical system of power grid into account. In order to solve this problem, security risk assessment algorithm of cyber physical power system based on rough set and gene expression programming is proposed. Firstly, fast attribution reduction based on binary search algorithm is presented. Secondly, security risk assessment function for cyber physical power system is mined based on gene expression programming. Lastly, security risk levels of cyber physical power system are predicted and analyzed by the above function model. Experimental results show that security risk assessment function model based on the proposed algorithm has high efficiency of function mining, accuracy of security risk level prediction and strong practicality.

Probabilistic Assessment of Power System Performance Quality

In a recently published work by the authors, a novel framework was developed and applied for assessment of reliability and quality performance levels in real-life power systems with practical large-scale sizes. The new assessment methodology is based on three metaphors (dimensions) representing the relationship between available generation capacities and required demand levels. The developed reliability and performance quality indices were deterministic in nature. That is, they represent one operating state (a snapshot of the system conditions) in which the required demand as well as the generation and transmission capacities are known with 100% certainty. In real life, however, load variations occur randomly so as the contingencies which cause some generation and/or transmission capacities to be lost (become unavailable). In other words, neither the load levels nor the generation or transmission capacities are known with absolute certainty. They are rather subject to random variations and, consequently, the calculated reliability and performance quality indices are all subject to random variations where only expected values of these indices can be evaluated. This paper presents a major extension to the previously published work by developing a theory and formulas for computing the expected values of different system reliability and performance quality indices. In this context, a “contingency scenario” or a system “demand level” are regarded, in a more general sense, as a “state”, which occurs with certain probability and represents a given demand value and availability pattern of various capacities in the system. The work of this paper provides a practical and meaningful methodology for real-life assessment of power system reliability and performance quality levels. Practical applications are also presented, for demonstration purposes, to the Saudi electricity power grid.

A Practical Framework for Reliability and Quality Assessment of Power Systems

This paper presents a new practical framework for evaluating reliability levels associated with power system supply-demand balance. The framework has been developed as part of a recent major industry-supported research and development study. The novel framework is based on three metaphors (dimensions) representing the relationship between available generation capacities and required demand levels. The first metaphor defines whether or not the capacity exists, the second metaphor defines whether or not the capacity is needed, and the last metaphor defines whether or not the capacity can reach (delivered to) the demand. The eight possible combinations associated with the 0/1 (Yes/No) values of the three metaphors would, in turn, define a set of powerful system-wide performance quality measures relating to generation deficiency, redundancy, bottling, etc. Practical applications to a portion of the Saudi power grid are also presented for demonstration purposes. The work of the paper constitutes a new line of research in system reliability assessment where the derived system-wide performance quality indices are capable of addressing and revealing areas of deficiencies and bottlenecks as well as redundancies in the composite generation- demand structure of large-scale power grids. In addition, the sensitivities of the performance quality indices with respect to variations in the system operating parameters represent powerful information, which can be used to assess the level of degradation in the reliability measure or the performance quality index under consideration.

Risk Assessment Framework and Algorithm of Power Systems Based on the Partitioned Multi-objective Risk Method

针对平均风险指标无法区分高损失-低概率事件及低损失-高概率事件的缺点,提出了电力系统的分割多目标风险分析框架。该框架将电力系统的风险状态细分为低损失、中等损失和高损失3个风险范围,并提出3个损失范围条件风险函数和条件风险概率的概念。采用经典的容量停运表模型,建立了这些条件期望指标的计算方法。对IEEE-RTS及TH-RTS2000系统进行了分割多目标风险评估,研究不同负荷水平下系统风险在3个损失范围的分布及转移情况,并分析损失分割点对系统风险的影响。通过分割多目标风险分析,风险分析者和决策者可以权衡系统的平均风险以及高、中、低损失范围的条件期望风险,从而对系统的风险状况有一个全面和深入的了解。

Multi-Objective Optimization Based on Life Cycle Assessment for Hybrid Solar and Biomass Combined Cooling,Heating and Power System

The complementary of biomass and solar energy in combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)system provides an efficient solution to address the energy crisis and environmental pollutants.This work aims to propose a multi-objective optimization model based on the life cycle assessment(LCA)method for the optimal design of hybrid solar and biomass system.The life-cycle process of the poly-generation system is divided into six phases to analyze energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.The comprehensive performances of the hybrid system are optimized by incorporating the evaluation criteria,including environmental impact in the whole life cycle,renewable energy contribution and economic benefit.The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithmⅡ(NSGA-Ⅱ)with the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)method is employed to search the Pareto frontier result and thereby achieve optimal performance.The developed optimization methodology is used for a case study in an industrial park.The results indicate that the best performance from the optimized hybrid system is reached with the environmental impact load reduction rate(EILRR)of 46.03%,renewable energy contribution proportion(RECP)of 92.73%and annual total cost saving rate(ATCSR)of35.75%,respectively.By comparing pollutant-eq emissions of different stages,the operation phase emits the largest pollutant followed by the phase of raw material acquisition.Overall,this study reveals that the proposed multi-objective optimization model integrated with LCA method delivers an alternative path for the design and optimization of more sustainable CCHP system.

Identification of system vulnerabilities in the Ethiopian electric power system

The Ethiopian Electric Power(EEP) has been operating and managing the national interconnected power system with dispersed and geographically isolated generators, a complex transmission system and loads. In recent years, with an increasing load demand due to rural electrification and industrialization, the Ethiopian power system has faced more frequent, widely spread and long lasting blackouts. To slash the occurrence of such incidents, identifying the system vulnerabilities is the first step in this direction. In this paper, the vulnerability assessment is performed using indices called active power performance index(PIp) and voltage performance index(PIv). These indices provide a direct means of comparing the relative severity of the different line outages on the system loads and voltage profiles. Accordingly, it is found that the most severe line outages are those lines that interconnect the high load centered(Addis Ababa and Central regions) with the rest of the regional power systems. In addition, the most vulnerable buses of the network in respect of voltage limit violations are mainly found at the high load centers.

Impact analysis of false data injection attacks on power system static security assessment

Static security assessment(SSA) is an important procedure to ensure the static security of the power system.Researches recently show that cyber-attacks might be a critical hazard to the secure and economic operations of the power system. In this paper, the influences of false data injection attack(FDIA) on the power system SSA are studied. FDIA is a major kind of cyber-attacks that can inject malicious data into meters, cause false state estimation results, and evade being detected by bad data detection. It is firstly shown that the SSA results could be manipulated by launching a successful FDIA, which can lead to incorrect or unnecessary corrective actions. Then,two kinds of targeted scenarios are proposed, i.e., fake secure signal attack and fake insecure signal attack. The former attack will deceive the system operator to believe that the system operates in a secure condition when it is actually not. The latter attack will deceive the system operator to make corrective actions, such as generator rescheduling, load shedding, etc. when it is unnecessary and costly. The implementation of the proposed analysis is validated with the IEEE-39 benchmark system.

Data-driven Probabilistic Static Security Assessment for Power System Operation Using High-order Moments

In this letter,a new formulation of Lebesgue integration is used to evaluate the probabilistic static security of power system operation with uncertain renewable energy generation.The risk of power flow solutions violating any pre-defined operation security limits is obtained by integrating a semialgebraic set composed of polynomials.With the high-order moments of historical data of renewable energy generation,the integration is reformulated as a generalized moment problem which is then relaxed to a semi-definite program(SDP).Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by numerical examples.

Real-time transient stability assessment in power system based on improved SVM

Due to the strict requirements of extremely high accuracy and fast computational speed, real-time transient stability assessment(TSA) has always been a tough problem in power system analysis.Fortunately, the development of artificial intelligence and big data technologies provide the new prospective methods to this issue, and there have been some successful trials on using intelligent method, such as support vector machine(SVM) method.However, the traditional SVM method cannot avoid false classification, and the interpretability of the results needs to be strengthened and clear.This paper proposes a new strategy to solve the shortcomings of traditional SVM,which can improve the interpretability of results, and avoid the problem of false alarms and missed alarms.In this strategy, two improved SVMs, which are called aggressive support vector machine(ASVM) and conservative support vector machine(CSVM), are proposed to improve the accuracy of the classification.And two improved SVMs can ensure the stability or instability of the power system in most cases.For the small amount of cases with undetermined stability, a new concept of grey region(GR) is built to measure the uncertainty of the results, and GR can assessment the instable probability of the power system.Cases studies on IEEE 39-bus system and realistic provincial power grid illustrate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed strategy.

SRDAAR－QNPP：a computer code system for the real－time dose assessment of an accident release for Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant

The paper presents a computer code system 'SRDAAR- QNPP' for the real-time dose as-sessment of an accident release for Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant. It includes three parts:thereal-time data acquisition system, assessment computer. and the assessment operating code system. InSRDAAR-QNPP, the wind field of the surface and the lower levels are determined hourly by using amass consistent three-dimension diasnosis model with the topographic following coordinate system.A Lagrangin Puff model under changing meteorological condition is adopted for atmosphericdispersion, the correction for dry and wet depositions. physical decay and partial plume penetrationof the top inversion and the deviation of plume axis caused by complex terrain have been taken in-to account. The calculation domain areas include three square grid areas with the sideline 10 km, 40krn and 160 km and a grid interval 0.5 km, 2.0 km, 8.0 km respectively. Three exposure pathwaysare taken into account:the external exposure from immersion cloud and passing puff, the internalexposure from inhalation and the external exposure from contaminated ground. This system is ableto provide the results of concentration and dose distributions within 10 minutes after the data havebeen inputed.

Review of Market Power Assessment and Mitigation in Reshaping of Power Systems

The deregulation of the power industry requires avoiding market power abuse to maintain the market competitiveness. To this end, a sequence of assessment measurements or mitigation mechanisms is required. Meanwhile, the increasing renewable energy resources(RESs) and flexible demand response resources(DRSs) are changing the behaviors of market participants and creating new cases of market power abuse.Such new circumstances bring the new evaluation and control methods of market power to the forefront. This paper provides a comprehensive review of market power in the reshaping of power systems due to the increasing RES and the development of DRS. The market power at the supply side, demand side,and in the multi-energy system is categorized and reviewed. In addition, the applications of market power supervision measures in the US, the Nordics, UK, and China are summarized.Furthermore, the unsolved issues, possible key technologies,and potential research topics on market power are discussed.

Index system and methods for comprehensive assessment of cross-border power grid interconnection projects

With the global economy integration and progress in energy transformation,it has become a general trend to surpass national boundaries to achieve wider and optimal energy resource allocations.Consequently,there is a critical n eed to adopt scie ntific approaches in assessi ng cross-border power grid interconnection projects.First,con sidering the promotion of large-scale renewable energy resources and improvements in system adequacy,a comprehensive assessment index system,including costs,socio-economic benefits,environmental benefits,and technical benefits,is established in this study.Second,a synthetic assessment framework is proposed for cross-border power grid interconnection projects based on the index system comprising cost-benefit analysis,with market and network simulations,iterative methods for indicator weight evaluation,and technique for order preferenee by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)method for the project rankings.Fin ally,by assessi ng and comparing three cross-border projects betwee n Europe and Asia,the proposed index system and assessment framework have been proved to be effective and feasible;the results of this system can thus support investment decision-making related to such projects in the future.

An assessment framework for branch parameter estimation of power systems

This paper proposes an assessment framework for branch parameter estimation of power systems,based on which the estimation accuracy can be improved and the estimation reliability can be ensured.The proposed framework comprises three parts:1) Parameter credibility assessment to evaluate the credibility of original parameters in the case that their true values are unknown;2) estimation accuracy assessment to provide quantitative information about the validity of the estimation;3) parameter dominance assessment to find out the key parameters for the estimation.This framework can be incorporated into the conventional parameter estimation process easily such that the accuracy and reliability of the estimation are improved.The implementation problems are addressed in details.Tests are carried out on the IEEE 14-bus system,IEEE 30-bus system,and IEEE 300-bus system to show the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed assessment framework.

Research on Security Assessment Index System for Operating Reserve in Large Interconnected Power Grid

Optimization and placement of spinning reserve is an important issue in power system planning and operation. Systematic way for security assessment of operating reserve needs to study. A security assessment index system for operating reserve in large interconnected power grids is presented in this paper. Firstly, classification and determination methods of operating reserve at home and abroad are investigated, and operating reserve is divided into transient state operating reserve and quasi-steady state operating reserve from the view of security assessment. Secondly, assessment indexes and optimization methods for transient state operating reserve are studied. Thirdly, optimization model, deterministic and probabilistic optimization methods for quasi-steady state operating reserve are explored. Finally, some principles for determination of operating reserve are suggested, and a security assessment index system is put forward. The proposed index system, considering both transient and quasi-steady state, both deterministic and probabilistic methods, provides a systematic way to assessment and arrangement of operating reserve.

Assessment of Electric Power Qualityin Ships' Modern Systems

The paper deals with the selected problems of electric power quality in ships’ modern systems. In the introduction the fundamentals of electric power quality assessment, such as the relations and consequences among power quality phenomena and indices, secondly as the methods and tools as well as the appropriate instrumentation, have been shortly presented. Afterwards, the basic characteristic of power systems on modern ships has been given. The main focus of the paper is put on the assessment of electric power quality in ships’ systems fitted with converter subsystems. The state of the art and actual tendencies in the discussed matter have been shown. Some chosen experimental results, based on the research carried out under supervision of the author, have been presented, too. Finally, some concluding issues have been shortly commented on.

Development and Application of On-line Wind Power Risk Assessment System

Because of the large-scale integration of wind power,the dynamic characteristics of power system have many uncertain effects.Based on deterministic analysis methods,traditional on-line security assessment system cannot quantitatively estimate the actual operating conditions of the power system for only considering the most serious and credible accidents.Therefore,the risk theory is introduced into an on-line security assessment system and then an on-line risk assessment system for wind power is designed and implemented by combining with the dynamic security assessment system.Based on multiple data integration,the wind power disturbance probability is available and the security assessment of the power grid can obtain security indices in different aspects.The operating risk index is an expectation of severity,computed by summing up all the products of the result probability and its severity.Analysis results are reported to the dispatchers in on-line environment,while the comprehensive weak links are automatically provided to the power dispatching center.The risk assessment system in operation can verify the reasonableness of the system.

Framework of Probabilistic Power System Planning

This paper presents the framework of probabilistic power system planning.The basic concepts,criteria,procedure,analysis techniques and tasks of probabilistic power system planning are discussed.Probabilistic reliability evaluation and probabilistic economic assessment are two key steps.It should also be recognized that probabilistic system planning has a wider coverage than these two aspects.An actual example using a utility system is given to demonstrate an application of probabilistic transmission development planning.

Cyber-Physical Power System(CPPS):A review on measures and optimization methods of system resilience

The Cyber-Physical Power System(CPPS)is one of the most critical infrastructure systems in a country because a stable and secure power supply is a key foundation for national and social development.In recent years,resilience has become a major topic in preventing and mitigating the risks caused by large-scale blackouts of CPPSs.Accordingly,the concept and significance of CPPS resilience are at first explained from the engineering perspective in this study.Then,a review of representative quantitative assessment measures of CPPS resilience applied in the existing literature is provided.On the basis of these assessment measures,the optimization methods of CPPS resilience are reviewed from three perspectives,which are mainly focused on the current research,namely,optimizing the recovery sequence of components,identifying and protecting critical nodes,and enhancing the coupling patterns between physical and cyber networks.The recent advances in modeling methods for cascading failures within the CPPS,which is the theoretical foundation for the resilience assessment and optimization research of CPPSs,are also presented.Lastly,the challenges and future research directions for resilience optimizing of CPPSs are discussed.

Methods to Evaluate and Measure Power of Pneumatic System and Their Applications

Pneumatic system has been widely used throughout industry, and it consumes more than billions kW h of electricity one year all over the world. So as to improve the efficiency of pneumatic system, its power evaluation as well as measurement methods should be proposed, and their applicability should be validated. In this paper, firstly, power evaluation and measurement methods of pneumatic system were introduced for the first time. Secondly, based on the proposed methods, power distributions in pneumatic system was analyzed. Thirdly, through the analysis on pneumatic efficiencies of typical compressors and pneumatic components, the applicability of the proposed methods were validated. It can be concluded that, first of all, the proposed methods to evaluation and measurement the power of pneumatic system were efficient. Furthermore, the pneumatic power efficiencies of pneumatic system in the air production and cleaning procedure are respectively about 35%–75% and 85%–90%. Moreover, the pneumatic power efficiencies of pneumatic system in the transmission and consumption procedures are about 70%–85% and 10%–35%. And the total pneumatic power efficiency of pneumatic system is about 2%–20%, which varies largely with the system configuration. This paper provides a method to analyze and measure the power of pneumatic system, lay a foundation for the optimization and energy-saving design of pneumatic system.

Differentiation degree combination weighting method for investment decision-making risk assessment in power grid construction projects

Power grid construction projects are distinguished by their wide variety,high investment,long payback period,and close relation to national development and human welfare.To improve the investment accuracy in such projects and effectively prevent investment risks,this paper proposes an investment optimization decision-making method for multiple power grid construction projects under a certain investment scale.Firstly,an in-depth analysis of the characteristics and development requirements of China’s power grid projects was performed.Thereafter,the time sequence and holographic method was adopted to conduct multi-dimensional,multi-perspective risk assessment of different parts of power grid projects,and a holographic risk assessment index system was developed.Moreover,an investment decision model considering the comprehensive risk based on combination weighting was developed according to the output and input of power grid construction projects.A new combination weighting optimization method that takes into account the investment willingness of enterprises was designed to improve the current weighting evaluation methods.Finally,the validity and applicability of the proposed evaluation method were verified by case examples.