Enhancement of Transient Stability of the Nigeria 330 kV Transmission Network Using Fault Current Limiter

The dynamic responses of generators when subjected to disturbances in an interconnected power system have become a major challenge to power utility companies due to increasing stress on the power network. Since the occurrence of a disturbance or fault cannot be completely avoided, hence, when it occurs, control measures need to be put in place to limit the fault current, which invariably limit the level of the disturbances. This paper explores the use of Superconductor Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) to improve the transient stability of the Nigeria 330 kV Transmission Network. During a large disturbance, the rotor angle of the generator is enhanced by connecting a Fault Current Limiter (FCL) which reduces the fault current and hence, increases transient stability of the power network. In this study, the most affected generator was taken into consideration in locating the SFCL. The result obtained reveals that the Swing Curve of the generator without FCL increases monotonically which indicates instability, while the Swing Curve of the System with FCL reaches steady state.

Research on Parameter Collaborative Configuration of DC Circuit Breaker and DC Fault Current Limiter

Fault current suppression is the key technology to ensure the safe operation of the DC power distribution system. In order to realize the parameter collabora-tive configuration of the DC circuit breaker and the DC current limiter and improve the fault current suppression capability, the fault current suppression mechanism of the DC power distribution system is revealed based on the circuit model. Then, based on the mathematical model of the DC breaker, the characteristic parameters of DC breaking are extracted, and then the influence of different characteristic parameters on the breaking characteristics of fault current is studied. Finally, the mathematical model of the collaborative process between DC circuit breaker and DC current limiter is established. The charac-teristic parameters of fault current collaborative suppression are extracted. The coupling effects of different characteristic parameters on the fault current col-laborative suppression are studied. The principle of collaborative configuration of DC circuit breaker and DC current limiter is proposed, and the collaborative suppression ability of DC circuit breaker and DC current limiter to fault current is fully exploited to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the DC power distribution system.

基于对称分量法的调相机定子故障特征分析

传统同步调相机定子绕组匝间短路故障机理分析方法通常认为电机定子电流接近三相对称,并以此为基础建立同步调相机故障电流的数学表征。但是,一旦发生定子绕组匝间短路故障,同步调相机三相定子电流的对称性将遭到破坏,使得传统故障机理分析方法所建立的数学表征无法准确反映电机内部电气量的变化。文中通过引入对称分量法,建立故障后同步调相机瞬时有功/无功功率的数学模型,提出利用瞬时有功/无功功率中的2次谐波进行定子绕组匝间短路故障诊断。仿真和实验的结果表明:相较于利用定子电流3次谐波与基波幅值之比诊断故障的传统方法,文中方法在轻微故障状态下能提高至少7倍的诊断灵敏度,更易完成早期故障诊断。同时,所提方法中的故障特征量不受同步调相机工况和故障位置的影响,具有强鲁棒性。

Superconducting fault current limiter(SFCL)for fail-safe DC-DC conversion:From power electronic device to micro grid protection

In DC micro grids and networks,DC-DC power converters having a large number of semiconductor-based power electronic devices are usually adopted to interconnect the renewable sources and flexible loads.Most of the semiconductor-based devices suffer from poor fault withstanding abilities,but conventional power electronic protection schemes have the bottlenecks of the time-delay,self-malfunction and mis-judgement.This paper presents a novel solution using the superconducting fault current limiter(SFCL)to protect a power electronic device and extend the usage to a micro grid.This SFCL is actually a self-triggering,recoverable,and passive current limiter,which does not involve any additional circuit hardware and software.Experimental investigations and simulation analyses clarify the feasibility of using this superconductor-based protection scheme to implement the self-acting fail-safe protection of DC-DC converters.Further system-level simulations explore the SFCL to suppress the over-current and stabilize the bus voltage of a photovoltaic based DC micro grid,particularly facing millisecond-level transients and faults.Our experimental and theoretical investigations lay some technical bases to establish a superconductor-semiconductor-coupled interdisciplinary application from the view from the applied superconductivity,to power electronics,and to micro grids.

限流器配置与网架结构优化协同的受端电网短路电流抑制策略

如何有效地抑制短路电流水平已成为受端电网规划和运行中不可忽视的问题。文中量化和构建了计及超导故障限流器(SFCL)配置与网架结构优化的短路电流约束。在此基础上,提出了一种SFCL配置与网架结构优化协同的短路电流抑制模型,采用基于McCormick包络的交流潮流线性化框架,并通过循环结构最小化松弛误差。为有效求解上述模型,将主问题分解为若干子问题,设计了基于嵌套Benders分解算法的求解策略。基于改进的IEEE 39节点系统和河南电网规划系统开展仿真分析,验证了所提策略在经济性和短路电流抑制效果方面的有效性和实用性。

基于动态虚拟电抗的虚拟同步机系统有功环电压动态补偿策略

为解决新型电力系统中的虚拟同步机(Virtual synchronous generator,VSG)在电网电压跌落时出现的功角暂态失稳和过电流问题,对采用VSG控制的并网换流器暂态控制策略进行了改进。为降低故障期间有功功率的参考值进而实现VSG的功角暂态稳定控制,根据VSG的功角特性、有功功率参考值与功角稳定性之间的关系,引入电压动态补偿,并利用相图曲线理论分析了控制策略参数选取对暂态稳定的影响。为限制故障发生瞬间和故障切除瞬间的冲击电流、保证故障期间VSG系统的暂态功角稳定、实现故障限流,提出了一种以指数形式变化的虚拟电抗模型,确定了虚拟电抗的投切参数。仿真实验结果验证了改进策略的有效性。

Current-limiting characteristics of saturated iron-core fault current limiters in VSC-HVDC systems based on electromagnetic energy conversion mechanism

A common method to examine the current-limiting performance of saturated iron-core fault current limiter(SI-FCL) in high-voltage direct-current transmission based on voltage source converter(VSC-HVDC) systems is to solve differential equations based on the system fault transient characteristics and the equivalent inductance calculation equation. This method analyzes the fault current of the VSC-HVDC system in the time domain. However, it is computationally complex and cannot directly reflect the relationship between parameters and the currentlimiting effect of the SI-FCL.In this paper,the relationship between the magnetic flux density and magnetic field energy of the SI-FCL is analyzed. The energy exchange between the DC capacitor and the SI-FCL in the DC short circuit fault process is analyzed. From the perspective of electromagnetic energy conversion, the criterion for determining the current-limiting ability of the SI-FCL in the transient process is given based on the parameters of the SI-FCL and VSC-HVDC system. On this basis, the characteristics of the DC side fault current and the capacitor voltage when the SI-FCL has current-limiting ability are examined.Based on the parameters of the SI-FCL and VSC-HVDC system, a method for calculating the fault current peak value and capacitor voltage drop time is given. Finally, the accuracy of the analysis of the SI-FCL in the VSC-HVDC system based on the electromagnetic energy conversion mechanism is demonstrated through a case study and simulation results of the VSC-HVDC system with different SI-FCLs.

一种新型限流型高压直流断路器拓扑

随着柔性直流输电技术的不断成熟,直流输电变得越发普及,而高压直流断路器作为直流输电系统的关键部分,其重要性不言而喻。针对现有高压直流断路器存在故障时短路电流大、分断速度慢、避雷器吸收能量过高等问题,提出了一种具有限流能力的新型高压直流断路器拓扑,该拓扑在传统直流断路器换流支路基础上增加了H型桥限流部分,利用平波电抗器与限流部分共同限流,可以显著降低故障时电流的上升速率与峰值。文中详细说明了新型拓扑的基本工作原理,对故障分断过程进行理论分析并给出相关参数的影响关系及选取依据,通过搭建基于Pscad/Emtdc仿真软件的新型限流型断路器模型,与已有限流型断路器方案相比,避雷器能量吸收降低了62.8%,故障分断时间减少了0.8 ms,并具有良好的可靠性与经济性,仿真结果验证了所提新型限流型直流断路器拓扑可适用于当前柔性直流电网。

基于定向电流指令的构网变流器故障限流策略

构网控制技术可使变流器实现类似同步发电机的频率和电压支撑响应,有助于提高新型电力系统稳定性,其难点之一是在故障限流的同时提供支撑。为此,提出一种基于端口电压和内电势的压差进行电流指令定向的构网变流器故障限流策略。在该方法中,正、负序电流指令的角度分别滞后于正、负序压差90°,电流指令合成向量的最大幅值为变流器的过流能力,相当于通过控制分别产生正、负序自适应虚拟电感。该方法不需要直接计算虚拟电感值,且能够发挥变流器的最大支撑能力,实现类似同步发电机的故障电流特性。通过PSCAD/EMTDC搭建仿真系统,对所提出的故障限流策略进行验证,结果表明该策略能够在限制故障电流的同时对交流系统提供有效支撑。

500 kV限流器高温超导磁体的制作与测试

超导限流器是对超高压输电线路短路故障电流实现快速、有效限制的一种新型电力装置。近年来随着国民经济的发展,用电负荷增长和供电可靠性需求增加,电网短路电流水平已经逼近甚至超过传统开关设备的开断能力,成为超高压电网发展和安全、稳定运行的重要制约因素之一。然而,电网结构调整等传统限流措施降低了电网的安全性和灵活性,亟需研制适用于超高压电网的限流装置。超导限流器集短路故障检测、触发和限流功能于一身,是电力系统最理想的限流装置。依托高电压等级限流器用超导磁体系统的研制项目,完成500 kV限流器用高温超导磁体系统制作与测试工作。该超导磁体的室温孔径为1660 mm,总高度为1960 mm,液氮量为2000 L,中心最大磁场为0.45 T,额定励磁安匝数为468000安匝,由3组线圈共计88个双饼组成,运行电流分别为220 A(YBCO线圈)/1000 A(Bi2223线圈)/220 A(YBCO线圈),杜瓦注入液氮后抽空减压至72 K稳定运行。经过绕制、接线、组装、焊接、检测等工序,完成磁体系统集成,降温后进行整体测试,一次性励磁成功,没有失超。整个系统绝缘等级大于10 kV、真空漏率优于10^(-6)(Pa·L)/s、液氮蒸发量小于70 L/d,指标均达到设计目标。

基于新型柔性故障限流器的多端直流配电网故障隔离策略

针对多端直流系统故障电流峰值高、上升速度快以及无法保证非故障区域供电可靠性的问题,提出一种适用于中高压配电网的级联式新型柔性故障限流器与机械式直流断路器协同作用的故障隔离策略。首先通过微分欠压保护触发柔性故障限流器,实现极间电压箝位效果,抑制故障电流,提高直流系统故障隔离后的动态恢复特性。其次依据直流断路器的分断速度,实现故障限流器动作时间的灵活设置。利用断路器方向纵联保护信号保证故障区域换流站侧故障限流器的持续作用,直至直流断路器动作隔离故障。该策略还可避免换流站闭锁,降低断路器分断速度与开断容量要求,延长断路器使用寿命,提高系统供电可靠性。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建四端中压配电网模型,并通过仿真验证故障限流器的效果以及所提策略的可行性。

Analysis and Control of Modular Multi-terminal DC Power Flow Controller with Fault Current Limiting Function

In order to overcome the problems of power flow control and fault current limiting in multi-terminal high voltage direct current(MTDC)grids,this paper proposes a modular multi-terminal DC power flow controller(MM-DCPFC)with fault current limiting function.The topology structure,operation principle,and equivalent circuit of MM-DCPFC are introduced,and such a structure has the advantages of modularity and scalability.The power balance mechanism is studied and a hierarchical power balance control strategy is proposed.The results show that MM-DCPFC can achieve internal power exchange,which avoids the use of external power supply.The fault characteristics of MM-DCPFC are analyzed,fault current limiting and self-protection methods are proposed,and the factors affecting the current limiting capability are studied.The simulation models are established in PLECS,and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of MM-DCPFC in power flow control,fault current limiting,and scalability.In addition,a prototype is developed to validate the function and control method of MM-DCPFC.

高温超导限流器对风电场故障穿越能力的影响研究

当电网发生故障时,风电场容易自动解列而导致故障更加严重,因此风电机组应具备一定的故障穿越能力。本文提出将高温超导故障限流器应用于风电场,以提高风电场低电压穿越的能力。通过建立高温超导限流器模型以及含高温超导限流器的风电机组并网模型,然后仿真在不同故障类型和不同拓扑下高温超导限流器对风电场故障穿越能力的影响。研究表明,使用高温超导限流器能够有效提高风电机组在系统发生单相、多相故障下的穿越能力,同时,提高单回线与双回线送出电能的风电场模型故障穿越能力。

新能源汇集系统短路故障清除后的暂态过电压机理

新能源汇集系统交流短路故障后产生的非工频暂态过电压可能导致新能源机组大规模脱网甚至损毁,这已成为制约新能源汇集系统送电极限的决定性因素.基于华北地区典型新能源汇集系统构建算例系统,分析短路故障下的暂态过电压形态特征,阐明易产生暂态过电压的系统参数条件,建立数学模型进行定量研究,利用RLC电路的全响应理论解释产生暂态过电压的本质原因.分析结果表明,短路故障清除后新能源汇集系统的电路固有谐振过程是导致暂态过电压的主要原因之一.

3.0 MTPA FLNG配电系统设计分析

研究3.0百万吨每年(Million Tonnes Per Annum,MTPA)浮式液化天然气生产储卸装置(Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Production,Storage and Unloading Device,FLNG)配电系统。根据3.0 MTPA FLNG的典型工况,分析其电力负荷和发电机组配置,并从经济性和可靠性等方面对比不同电压等级配电系统型式,包括馈线式配电网和环式配电网。对较大容量配电系统设计中的关键点进行研究,包括中压配电系统保护、单相接地故障电容电流、中性点接地方式选择和功率管理系统。

Bias Current Influence on the Characteristic of the Magnetic-controlled Switcher Type Fault Current Limiter

A novel magnetic-controlled switcher type fault current limiter (FCL) for high voltage electric network is presented. The current limiting principle of the FCL and the bias current influence on the characteristic of the FCL are discussed. The experiments on the 220 V/50 A test model show that the FCL can limit the fault current swiftly and effectively. Under the normal state, the bias current adjustment can change the FCL voltage loss; under the fault state, the steady fault current can be easily adjusted to the preset level by bias current regulating. The experimental result is in accordance with the principle analysis and the FCL has the advantages of flexible control strategy and simple and reliable structure.

故障限流装置的发展和应用

在综合大量文献的基础上综述了国内外各种故障限流装置的研究现状、发展应用,特别对广泛应用的电力电子类故障限流器 FCL(Fault Current Limiter)和前景广阔的超导类故障限流器 SFCL(Superconducting Fault Current Limiter)进行了比较深入的分析,对各类限流装置的技术水平做了比较,提出了实用化过程中存在的应用问题,并对限流装置的发展趋势做出了预测。

不失超型SFCL特性仿真分析

对不失超型SFCL限流时的线路电流变化曲线进行了理论分析和仿真计算 ,研究了其对节点测量阻抗和线路电流谐波特性的影响 ,并就动作电流对其特性的影响进行了详细分析。仿真计算结果表明 ,不失超型SFCL的阻抗虽然随着线路电流周期性变化 ,但对线路电流谐波特性的影响不大 ,完全可用于电力系统 ;

超导限流器研究与开发的最新进展

介绍了超导限流器的基本工作原理、技术特性 ,并详细介绍了饱和型、桥路型、电阻型、变压器型、混合型、三相电抗型、屏蔽型等 7类超导限流器的结构及工作原理 ,综述了超导限流器的国内外发展状况 ,同时提出了超导限流器应用所特有的