The dynamometer tests with different driving cycles and the real-world tests are presented. Results indicated the pollutants emission factors and fuel consumption factor with ECE15+EUDC driving cycle usually take the ...The dynamometer tests with different driving cycles and the real-world tests are presented. Results indicated the pollutants emission factors and fuel consumption factor with ECE15+EUDC driving cycle usually take the lowest value and with real world driving cycle occur the highest value, and different driving cycles will lead to significantly different vehicle emission factors with the same vehicle. Relative to the ECE15+EUDC driving cycle, the increasing rate of pollutant emission factors of CO, NOx and HC are -0.42—2.99, -0.32 —0.81 and -0.11—11 with FTP75 testing, 0.11—1.29, -0.77—0.64 and 0.47—10.50 with Beijing 1997 testing and 0.25—1.83, 0.09—0.75 and -0.58—1.50 with real world testing. Compared to the carburetor vehicles, the retrofit and MPI+TWC vehicles' pollution emission factors decrease with different degree. The retrofit vehicle(Santana) will reduce 4.44%—58.44% CO, -4.95%—36.79% NOx, -32.32%—33.89% HC, and -9.39%—14.29% fuel consumption, and especially that the MPI+TWC vehicle will decrease CO by 82.48%—91.76%, NOx by 44.87%—92.79%, HC by 90.00%—93.89% and fuel consumption by 5.44%—10.55%. Vehicles can cause pollution at a very high rate when operated in high power modes; however, they may not often operate in these high power modes. In analyzing vehicle emissions, it describes the fraction of time that vehicles operate in various power modes. In Beijing, vehicles spend 90% of their operation in low power modes or decelerating.展开更多
So long as economics is regarded as a science,its mission should be to discover and explain the patterns and phenomena of the world as other scientific disciplines do.Economics is also a theoretical paradigm structure...So long as economics is regarded as a science,its mission should be to discover and explain the patterns and phenomena of the world as other scientific disciplines do.Economics is also a theoretical paradigm structure with which humankind comprehends the real world.As far as its identification and discovery functions are concerned,economics aims to identify and appraise the economic value(value of exchange)of the nonmaterial form of material existence(things)in price or various forms of price.The object of economic research can be expanded to the identification and evaluation of nonmaterial existence.Nonmaterial existence also has its material form(physical carrier)and nonmaterial form.Various applied disciplines have derived from economics to form a system of management science.Though having exceeded certain limitations,such applied disciplines are still subject to the commitments of economic paradigms.Most problems of identification and evaluation facing economics are related to“relational existence,”which takes the forms of intra-domain relationship(and realm state),inter-realm relationship(interactions between various realms),and realms within a realm(multi-tier realm).Change in the commitment of economic paradigms,i.e.the commitment to introduce the realm paradigm into the structure of macro-paradigm aims to overcome the isolation and narrowness of traditional economic paradigms,so that economics becomes tolerant of more important factors and more capable of identifying,evaluating,and explaining the real world.By broadening the horizon of economics,the realm paradigm explores a greater“blue ocean”for the academic research of economics.Only a world perceived as consisting of realm economies with different characteristics is a realistic and sustainable one.Economics must develop a logical system of identification and evaluation commensurate with the realm paradigm to discover and explain the economic patterns and complex phenomena in the real world.A historic task of China’s economics community in academic innovation is to transform paradigms,enhance the identification and discovery functions and explanatory power of economics,and restore the scientific nature of economics.展开更多
文摘The dynamometer tests with different driving cycles and the real-world tests are presented. Results indicated the pollutants emission factors and fuel consumption factor with ECE15+EUDC driving cycle usually take the lowest value and with real world driving cycle occur the highest value, and different driving cycles will lead to significantly different vehicle emission factors with the same vehicle. Relative to the ECE15+EUDC driving cycle, the increasing rate of pollutant emission factors of CO, NOx and HC are -0.42—2.99, -0.32 —0.81 and -0.11—11 with FTP75 testing, 0.11—1.29, -0.77—0.64 and 0.47—10.50 with Beijing 1997 testing and 0.25—1.83, 0.09—0.75 and -0.58—1.50 with real world testing. Compared to the carburetor vehicles, the retrofit and MPI+TWC vehicles' pollution emission factors decrease with different degree. The retrofit vehicle(Santana) will reduce 4.44%—58.44% CO, -4.95%—36.79% NOx, -32.32%—33.89% HC, and -9.39%—14.29% fuel consumption, and especially that the MPI+TWC vehicle will decrease CO by 82.48%—91.76%, NOx by 44.87%—92.79%, HC by 90.00%—93.89% and fuel consumption by 5.44%—10.55%. Vehicles can cause pollution at a very high rate when operated in high power modes; however, they may not often operate in these high power modes. In analyzing vehicle emissions, it describes the fraction of time that vehicles operate in various power modes. In Beijing, vehicles spend 90% of their operation in low power modes or decelerating.
基金supported by the key research projects of the National Social Sciences Foundation “Accelerating the Creation of the Academic,Discipline,and Discourse Systems in Philosophical and Social Sciences with Chinese Characteristics”(Grant No.18VXK002)CASS Academician Innovation Project “Theoretical Innovations in Economics and Practical Explorations”(Grant No.SKGJCX2019-2020)
文摘So long as economics is regarded as a science,its mission should be to discover and explain the patterns and phenomena of the world as other scientific disciplines do.Economics is also a theoretical paradigm structure with which humankind comprehends the real world.As far as its identification and discovery functions are concerned,economics aims to identify and appraise the economic value(value of exchange)of the nonmaterial form of material existence(things)in price or various forms of price.The object of economic research can be expanded to the identification and evaluation of nonmaterial existence.Nonmaterial existence also has its material form(physical carrier)and nonmaterial form.Various applied disciplines have derived from economics to form a system of management science.Though having exceeded certain limitations,such applied disciplines are still subject to the commitments of economic paradigms.Most problems of identification and evaluation facing economics are related to“relational existence,”which takes the forms of intra-domain relationship(and realm state),inter-realm relationship(interactions between various realms),and realms within a realm(multi-tier realm).Change in the commitment of economic paradigms,i.e.the commitment to introduce the realm paradigm into the structure of macro-paradigm aims to overcome the isolation and narrowness of traditional economic paradigms,so that economics becomes tolerant of more important factors and more capable of identifying,evaluating,and explaining the real world.By broadening the horizon of economics,the realm paradigm explores a greater“blue ocean”for the academic research of economics.Only a world perceived as consisting of realm economies with different characteristics is a realistic and sustainable one.Economics must develop a logical system of identification and evaluation commensurate with the realm paradigm to discover and explain the economic patterns and complex phenomena in the real world.A historic task of China’s economics community in academic innovation is to transform paradigms,enhance the identification and discovery functions and explanatory power of economics,and restore the scientific nature of economics.
