An Algorithm for Short-Circuit Current Interval in Distribution Networks with Inverter Type Distributed Generation Based on Affine Arithmetic

During faults in a distribution network,the output power of a distributed generation(DG)may be uncertain.Moreover,the output currents of distributed power sources are also affected by the output power,resulting in uncertainties in the calculation of the short-circuit current at the time of a fault.Additionally,the impacts of such uncertainties around short-circuit currents will increase with the increase of distributed power sources.Thus,it is very important to develop a method for calculating the short-circuit current while considering the uncertainties in a distribution network.In this study,an affine arithmetic algorithm for calculating short-circuit current intervals in distribution networks with distributed power sources while considering power fluctuations is presented.The proposed algorithm includes two stages.In the first stage,normal operations are considered to establish a conservative interval affine optimization model of injection currents in distributed power sources.Constrained by the fluctuation range of distributed generation power at the moment of fault occurrence,the model can then be used to solve for the fluctuation range of injected current amplitudes in distributed power sources.The second stage is implemented after a malfunction occurs.In this stage,an affine optimization model is first established.This model is developed to characterizes the short-circuit current interval of a transmission line,and is constrained by the fluctuation range of the injected current amplitude of DG during normal operations.Finally,the range of the short-circuit current amplitudes of distribution network lines after a short-circuit fault occurs is predicted.The algorithm proposed in this article obtains an interval range containing accurate results through interval operation.Compared with traditional point value calculation methods,interval calculation methods can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results.The range of short-circuit current amplitude obtained by this algorithm is slightly larger than those obtained using the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Therefore,the proposed algorithm has good suitability and does not require iterative calculations,resulting in a significant improvement in computational speed compared to the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Furthermore,the proposed algorithm can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results,improving the safety and stability of power systems.

Investigation of power-type variational principles in liquid-filled system

Starting from the basic equations of hydrodynamics, the maximum power- type variational principle of the hydrodynamics of viscous fluids was established by Weizang CHIEN in 1984. Through long-term research, it is clarified that the maximum power-type variational principle coincides with the Jourdian principle, which is one of the common principles for analytical mechanics. In the paper, the power-type variational principle is extended to rigid-body dynamics, elasto-dynamics, and rigid-elastic：liquid coupling dynamics. The governing equations of the rigid-elastic-liquid coupling dynamics in the liquid-filled system are obtained by deriving the stationary value conditions. The results show that, with the power-type variational principles studied directly in the state space, some transformations in the time domain space may be omitted in the establishing process, and the rigid-elastic-liqUid coupling dynamics can be easily numerically modeled. Moreover, the analysis of the coupling dynamics in the liquid-filled system in this paper agrees well with the numerical analyses of the coupling dynamics in the liquid-filled system offered in the literatures.

Bacterial graphical user interface oriented by particle swarm optimization strategy for optimization of multiple type DFACTS for power quality enhancement in distribution system

This study proposes a graphical user interface(GUI) based on an enhanced bacterial foraging optimization(EBFO) to find the optimal locations and sizing parameters of multi-type DFACTS in large-scale distribution systems.The proposed GUI based toolbox,allows the user to choose between single and multiple DFACTS allocations,followed by the type and number of them to be allocated.The EBFO is then applied to obtain optimal locations and ratings of the single and multiple DFACTS.This is found to be faster and provides more accurate results compared to the usual PSO and BFO.Results obtained with MATLAB/Simulink simulations are compared with PSO,BFO and enhanced BFO.It reveals that enhanced BFO shows quick convergence to reach the desired solution there by yielding superior solution quality.Simulation results concluded that the EBFO based multiple DFACTS allocation using DSSSC,APC and DSTATCOM is preferable to reduce power losses,improve load balancing and enhance voltage deviation index to 70%,38% and 132% respectively and also it can improve loading factor without additional power loss.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF POWER SAVING CLASS OF TYPE Ⅲ IN IEEE 802.16E WITH USER INITIATED TRAFFIC

A novel method for analysing the performance of power saving class of Type Ⅲ in IEEE 802.16e is proposed,which is applicable to design,maintenance and management for mobile wireless metropolitan area network.Considering the memoryless nature of user initiated packet arrival,a Geom/G/1 queue model with multiple vacations and setup period is built to capture the principle for the power saving class of Type Ⅲ.By using an embedded Markov chain method and the boundary state variable theory,we obtain the queueing measures such as queueing length,waiting time and busy cycle in steady state.Correspondingly,we derive explicitly the performance measures for the power saving class of Type Ⅲ in terms of handover ratio,energy saving ratio,and average packet response time.Based on numerical results,we develop a cost function to determine numerically the optimal length of sleep window and the minimal cost with different offered loads.

Type Selection for Present Nuclear Power Development in China

With rapid development of nuclear power in China, in view of reactor type selection, this paper analyzes the current situation that faces nuclear power industry, the technical characteristics of optional reactors and the tendency of nuclear power technology development in the future. The proposals put forward in this paper include choosing and introducing GW-class advanced PWR as main reactors, carrying out self-supporting projects and technical transfer negotiations, in addition, promoting the design of the advanced generation-II PWR and initiating small-scaled construction. The ultimate target is to catch up with the world advanced level by means of technical upgrading and recreation based on technology importation and assimilation.

Influences of Resistor-Type Superconducting Fault Current Limiter on Power System Transient Stability with Asymmetrical Short-Circuit Faults

The transient stability of a single machine to infinite-busbar power system with resistortype superconducting fault current limiters （SFCL） is analyzed under asymmetrical short-circuit fault conditions. The SFCL is considered to introduce a resistance into the three-phase circuits when faults occur. Based on the power-angle curves for different short-circuit conditions of the single-line to ground, double-line to ground and line to line short-circuit faults, the influences of the SFCLs on transient stability are analyzed in detail. The time-domain simulation of transient stability is carried out to verify the analytical results.

NEW PRINCIPLES OF POWER AND ENERGY RATE OF INCREMENTAL RATE TYPE FOR GENERALIZED CONTINUUM FIELD THEORIES

The aim of this paper is to establish new principles of power and energy rate of incremental type in generalized continuum mechanics BY combining new principles of virtual velocity and virtual angular velocity as well as of virtual stress anti virtual couple stress with c ross terms of incremental rate type a new principle of power anti energy rate of incremental rate type with cross terms for micropolar continuum field theories is presented and from it all corresponding equations of motion and boundary conditions as well as power and energy rate equations of incremental rate type for micropolar and nonlocal micropolar continua with the help of generalized Piola's theorems in all and without any additional requirement are derived. Complete results for micromorphic continua could be similarly derived. The derived results in the present paper are believed to be new. They could be used to establish corresponding finite element methods of incremental rate type for generalized continuum mechanics.

Further Stabilization and Power Density Improvement of Stack-Type Thermoelectric Power Generating Module with Biphasic Medium by Using Various Flexible Metals as Electrodes

In order to realize further stability of a stack-type thermoelectric power generating module (i.e. no electrical connections inside), flexible materials of metal springs and/or rods having restoring forces were installed between lower-temperature-sides of thermoelectric elements. These flexible materials were expected to play three important roles of interpolating different thermal expansions of the module components, enlarging heat removal area and penetration of any media through themselves. Then, a low-boiling-point medium (i.e. NOVEC manufactured by 3M Japan Ltd.) was also applied for a high-speed direct heat removal via its phase change from the lower-temperature-sides of the thermoelectric elements in the proposing stack-type thermoelectric power generating module. No electrical disconnections inside the module were confirmed for more than 9 years of use, indicating further module stability. The power generating density was improved to about 120 mW·m-2 with SUS304 springs having 0.7 mm diameter. Increasing power generating density can be expected in terms of suitable selection of flexible metal with high Vickers hardness, cavities control on the spring surface, more vigorous multiphase flow with adding powders to the medium and optimization of the module configurations according to numerical simulations.

High Peak Power, Single-polarized, Sub-nanoseconds Pulses Generation of a Yb-doped Rod-type Photonic Crystal Fiber Amplifier

We report a high-peak-power, single-polarized master oscillator power amplification system employing polarization- maintaining Yb-doped rod-type photonic crystal fiber. The MOPA system comprises of a Q-switched microchip laser generating ~630ps pulses at 8.6 kHz repetition-rate and two amplification stages employing double cladding fiber and rod-type PCF respectively. The MOPA system obtains narrow spectral bandwidth, single-polarized pulses of 9W maximum output average power, corresponding to peak power of 1.7MW.

Counter-Rotating Type Horizontal-Axis Bidirectional Propellers for Tidal Stream Power Unit

Tidal stream power units with horizontal-axis propellers are one of promising technologies for generating the renewable green energy. The ebb and flow require that the power unit must operate in bidirectional tidal streams. Hence a tidal stream power unit with counter-rotating type horizontal-axis bidirectional propellers is proposed in this paper. The blades with fully-symmetrical hydrofoils were optimized numerically. The output and flow conditions predicted by the computational fluid dynamics simulations are compared with the results of the wind tunnel experiments at the higher tip speed ratios, which are of expected usual operating conditions of this unit. The numerical and experimental results show good agreements. It is also confirmed that the flow discharged from the counter-rotating type propellers has no swirling component, though the single propeller generates the unacceptable swirling component.

电源类型对短电弧-电化学复合加工放电凹坑影响研究

放电凹坑大小影响着加工表面形貌的一致性,放电凹坑的凸起高度及凹坑表面的重铸层对加工表面质量有重要影响。文章基于短电弧-电化学复合加工方法,在直流与脉冲两种常用电源类型下对钛合金TC4进行单次放电实验,分析两种电源类型下的短电弧-电化学复合加工单次放电凹坑尺寸及影响规律;结合单次放电凹坑实验所采集到的波形与电弧放电过程仿真模型对电弧放电过程的等离子体放电通道变化进行研究。研究结果发现,直流与脉冲放电凹坑的尺寸与影响规律差异与电弧的断弧方式有关,不同的断弧方式对等离子体放电通道产生影响,直流电弧倾向于通过流体介质运动和极间距离改变进行断弧,而脉冲电弧通过脉冲后沿电压变化和极间距离改变进行熄弧。这两种断弧方式不仅影响了凹坑的尺寸形貌,也影响了断弧后的电化学腐蚀效果。

远距离风电分频送出方式及大功率变频装置的研发

分频输电作为一种新型输电方式,在风电远距离送出场景下极具优势。为了给远距离风电经分频输电系统送出场景下的关键变频设备——模块化多电平矩阵式换流器(modular multilevel matrix converter,M3C)在工程上的实机研制与生产运行提供参考,首先介绍了分频输电的特性、风电经分频输电送出的系统方案与拓扑以及分频输电系统的关键变频设备。在此基础上,研制了分频输电系统中工/分频能量变换的关键设备——35 kV/3 MVA M3C变频器,并进行了性能试验。试验结果表明:分频变频器工程样机满载情况下的效率、模块电压不均衡度、电压/电流谐波畸变率、分频侧频率调节偏差以及功率阶跃响应时间等关键性能指标均符合设计要求。最后对分频输电系统的发展前景以及效益进行了分析,同时也指出了目前分频输电系统发展所面临的技术挑战。

新型电力系统面向云边端架构的安全访问控制技术研究

新型电力系统的建设正朝着云边端一体化方向发展,云边端架构带来灵活性和可扩展性的同时,也带来了数据隐私安全、非法操作、缺乏标准化集成方案等问题。基于此,文章提出一种结合云边端架构特点的基于属性的安全访问控制方案(cloud-edge-device attribute-based access control,CED-ABAC),方案通过边缘融合终端进行重加密,既保护数据安全,又减轻终端设备的通信开销,在策略授权方面,使用可扩展的访问控制标记语言(extensible access control markup language,XACML)设计授权策略和策略匹配算法,实现对多终端访问控制策略的同时下发,更高效地解决标准化集成问题。同时通过实验仿真,证明CED-ABAC方案的效率和性能相比于已有方案具有明显优势。

风机与储能参与电网调频协调控制技术综述

风机自身的调频能力有限,已无法满足电网调频需求。储能的柔性控制、吞吐容量大以及响应速度快等特点可以弥补风机的不足,适合形成风储联合系统参与电网的调频控制。通过对储能与风机参与电力系统调频的原理和控制策略进行的详细梳理,介绍了储能参与调频的原理、特点以及储能的调频模型与控制策略,对不同类型以及混合储能系统的调频特点与效果进行分析;接着对风机的调频原理及不同控制策略进行阐述,以风机分别以变桨控制、转子动能控制和联合控制方式进行分类。最后对本领域的现状和未来发展进行了总结与展望。

基于碳捕集-电转气的矿区综合能源系统协同优化调度

“双碳”战略目标下,为促进风光消纳与能源电力低碳转型、提高矿区能源利用率,提出一种含伴生能源和碳捕集与电转气耦合的矿区综合能源系统低碳经济调度模型。首先,综合考虑瓦斯、乏风、涌水等矿区伴生能源利用,建立矿区综合能源系统基本模型,并以碳捕集和电转气设备为耦合单元,促进节能减排与可再生能源消纳。然后,引入奖惩阶梯式碳交易机制,以矿区综合能源系统运行成本最小为目标,建立矿区综合能源系统协同优化调度模型。最后,以中国云南某大型煤矿为例,通过设置不同场景进行仿真分析。结果表明,所提模型能够促进矿区综合能源系统低碳经济运行,提高风光消纳率。

陆上风电装配式基础结构研究综述

陆上风电结构的基础通常采用现场浇筑混凝土的施工方式,效率低,污染大,质量难以保障,不利于风电产业的高质量发展。装配式风电基础结构采用了标准化设计、工厂化生产的建造方式,能大幅缩短风电场建设周期,有效保障基础质量,并减少对环境的污染,是风电转型升级和降本增效的重要举措之一。搜集、整理和归纳陆上风电装配式基础结构及研究现状,针对风电装配式基础结构的特点,总结了梁板基础、多足基础等6类主要的风电装配式基础结构形式,并对每种形式的特点、研究现状做了详细的分析,列举了部分国内外应用装配式基础的陆上风电场项目。结果表明:陆上风电装配式基础结构需要进一步完善设计依据,优化结构形式,形成全寿命设计理论与性能控制方法,以支撑风电结构高质量发展。

基于BIM技术的塔式光热电站建设过程应用

光热电站凭借其可储热、可调峰、可连续发电的优点,逐渐成为可再生能源领域的研究热点,但其建设过程涉及专业庞杂,建设内容多,项目实施过程存在时间紧,施工过程要求高,项目安全管理风险大等问题。基于此,基于BIM技术,以青海共和塔式光热发电项目为例,从BIM模型建设、碰撞检查、三维会审、工作量统计、4D进度管理、物料可视化管理、安全管控以及全过程数字化移交等方面对BIM技术在塔式光热电站建设过程进行了应用探索。结果表明:通过BIM多平台建模设计,打破了不同模型数据互通壁垒,实现了模型轻量化总装,提高了项目质量,可为光热电站项目高质量施工提供借鉴。

考虑双碳目标的新型火力发电企业环境效率测度

我国提出了“双碳目标”以改善生态环境、实现可持续发展。火力发电行业无疑是促进节能减排的重要领域,有必要对其环境效率进行测度。从传统火力发电企业定义出发提出新型火力发电企业概念,构建考虑碳排放的环境效率评价体系,采用USSBM模型和GML指数从静态和动态两角度对15家新型火力发电企业2017—2021年度环境效率进行评估。结果表明,新型火力发电行业环境效率处于较高水平但仍有一定的进步空间,以双碳目标的提出为节点,多数样本企业环境效率改善速度有所提升且其驱动力渐由技术效率转变为技术进步。

宝钢股份高炉煤气干法除尘与湿法除尘的选择

对高炉煤气除尘系统是选择干法除尘还是湿法除尘进行了探讨。以宝钢股份高炉煤气干法除尘与湿法除尘运行数据为基础,重点分析比较了煤气干法除尘与湿法除尘的TRT发电量及发电效率,提出了煤气干法除尘TRT发电效率低于湿法除尘的新观点。认为,传统观念中煤气干法除尘的发电量比湿法除尘增加30%,是建立在炉顶温度适宜,且TRT发电效率保持湿法除尘水平的基础上;宝钢股份高炉的运行数据表明,与煤气湿法除尘相比,干法除尘TRT电能转化效率低,同等条件下的发电量仅增加15.9%,而TRT发电效率低9.33%。

新型电力系统下分布式光伏规模化并网运行关键技术探讨

推进分布式光伏规模化并网是实现“碳达峰·碳中和”目标和构建新型电力系统的重要举措。基于此背景探讨面向新型电力系统的分布式光伏规模化并网运行关键技术。首先,归纳并阐述分布式光伏发展现状、并网方式及运行模式,分析大规模分布式光伏接入给电网调度运行带来的挑战。其次,面对上述挑战,从信息集成、监测预测、平衡调度、聚合控制等视角提出系统调度运行关键技术,助力电网调控模式转型升级。然后,考虑实际工程需求,构思满足电网安全稳定运行的分布式光伏技术标准体系,以期促使分布式光伏“可观可测、可调可控、友好互动”。最后,调研并梳理国外分布式光伏规模化并网运行先进经验,并对我国分布式光伏并网协同探索、运行服务支持及市场交易参与等课题提出建议。