Analysis of profit models for cross-border power interconnection projects

With the increasing demand worldwide for power grid interconnection,a growing number of related projects are under planning or construction.Despite the rapid growth of cross-border interconnection projects,the systematic research on profit models for these projects is insufficient.This paper first analyzes the profit sources of interconnection projects.Based on the analysis results,profit models are considered under different regulatory systems for three types of crossborder interconnection projects:fully market-oriented,semi-marketization,and fully supervised.Finally,measures for increasing the profitability and sustainable development of power interconnection projects are proposed.

Optimal Scheduling Strategy of Source-Load-Storage Based onWind Power Absorption Benefit

In recent years,the proportion of installed wind power in the three north regions where wind power bases are concentrated is increasing,but the peak regulation capacity of the power grid in the three north regions of China is limited,resulting in insufficient local wind power consumption capacity.Therefore,this paper proposes a two-layer optimal scheduling strategy based on wind power consumption benefits to improve the power grid’s wind power consumption capacity.The objective of the uppermodel is tominimize the peak-valley difference of the systemload,which ismainly to optimize the system load by using the demand response resources,and to reduce the peak-valley difference of the system load to improve the peak load regulation capacity of the grid.The lower scheduling model is aimed at maximizing the system operation benefit,and the scheduling model is selected based on the rolling schedulingmethod.The load-side schedulingmodel needs to reallocate the absorbed wind power according to the response speed,absorption benefit,and curtailment penalty cost of the two DR dispatching resources.Finally,the measured data of a power grid are simulated by MATLAB,and the results show that:the proposed strategy can improve the power grid’s wind power consumption capacity and get a large wind power consumption benefit.

Peak Shaving Strategy of Concentrating Solar Power Generation Based on Multi-Time-Scale and Considering Demand Response

According to the multi-time-scale characteristics of power generation and demand-side response(DR)resources,as well as the improvement of prediction accuracy along with the approaching operating point,a rolling peak shaving optimization model consisting of three different time scales has been proposed.The proposed peak shaving optimization model considers not only the generation resources of two different response speeds but also the two different DR resources and determines each unit combination,generation power,and demand response strategy on different time scales so as to participate in the peaking of the power system by taking full advantage of the fast response characteristics of the concentrating solar power(CSP).At the same time,in order to improve the accuracy of the scheduling results,the combination of the day-ahead peak shaving phase with scenario-based stochastic programming can further reduce the influence of wind power prediction errors on scheduling results.The testing results have shown that by optimizing the allocation of scheduling resources in each phase,it can effectively reduce the number of starts and stops of thermal power units and improve the economic efficiency of system operation.The spinning reserve capacity is reduced,and the effectiveness of the peak shaving strategy is verified.

A new method of electric energy metering considering harmonic responsibility

Aiming at the shortcomings of the existing electric energy metering method,combining with the harmonic responsibility analysis model based on the reference impedance method and the idea of apparent power decomposition in IEEE Std 1459-2010 standard,two new metering indicators—billing active power and billing power factor are defined.A new electric energy metering method is proposed and its specific implementation steps are given.The simulation model is built in Matlab/Simulink,and three different examples are set up.Using the simulation data,the various metering indicators need to be examined by the existing electric energy metering method and the new electric energy metering method are calculated.The calculation results show that the new electric energy metering method not only overcomes the shortcomings of the existing electric energy metering method,but also is very easy to be popularized and applied.

ANALYSIS FOR AIRCRAFT TAXIING AT VARIABLE VELOCITY ON UNEVENNESS RUNWAY BY THE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY METHOD

In this paper a novel approach for the analysis of non stationary response of aircraft landing gear taxiing over an unevenness runway at variable velocity is explored, which is based on the power spectral density method. A concerned analytical landing gear model for simulating actual aircraft taxiing is formulated. The equivalent linearization results obtained by probabilistic method are inducted to treat landing gear non linear parameters such as shock absorber air spring force, hydraulic damping and Coulomb friction, tire stiffness and damping. The power spectral density for non stationary analysis is obtained via variable substitution and then Fourier transform. A representative response quantity, the overload of the aircraft gravity center, is analyzed. The frequency response function of the gravity overload is derived. The case study demonstrates that under the same reached velocity the root mean square of the gravity acceleration response from constant acceleration taxiing is smaller than that from constant velocity taxiing and the root mean square of the gravity acceleration response from lower acceleration taxiing is greater than that from higher acceleration.

Method for Calculating CO＿2 Emissions from the Power Sector at the Provincial Level in China

Based on the detailed origins of each province's electricity consumption, a new method for calculating CO2 emissions from the power sector at the provincial level in China is proposed. With this so-called consumer responsibility method, the emissions embodied in imported electricity are calculated with source-specific emission factors. Using the new method,we estimate CO2 emissions in 2005 and 2010. Compared with those derived from the producer responsibility method,the power exporters' emissions decreased sharply. The emissions from the power sector in Inner Mongolia, the largest power exporter of China, decreased by 109 Mt in 2010. The value is equivalent to those from Shaanxi's power production and Canada's power and heat production. In contrast, the importers' emissions increased substantially. The emissions from the power sector in Hebei, the largest power importer of China, increased by 74 Mt. Emissions of Beijing, increased by 60 Mt(320%), in 2010. Thus, we suggest that the Chinese government should take the emissions, as calculated from the consumption perspective, into account when formulating and assessing local CO2 emission reduction targets.

The accounting method and application of CO_2 emissions responsibility by the electricity sector at the provincial level in China

When accounting the CO_2 emissions responsibility of the electricity sector at the provincial level in China,it is of great significance to consider the scope of both producers' and the consumers' responsibility,since this will promote fairness in defining emission responsibility and enhance cooperation in emission reduction among provinces.This paper proposes a new method for calculating carbon emissions from the power sector at the provincial level based on the shared responsibility principle and taking into account interregional power exchange.This method can not only be used to account the emission responsibility shared by both the electricity production side and the consumption side,but it is also applicable for calculating the corresponding emission responsibility undertaken by those provinces with net electricity outflow and inflow.This method has been used to account for the carbon emissions responsibilities of the power sector at the provincial level in China since 2011.The empirical results indicate that compared with the production-based accounting method,the carbon emissions of major power-generation provinces in China calculated by the shared responsibility accounting method are reduced by at least 10%,but those of other power-consumption provinces are increased by 20% or more.Secondly,based on the principle of shared responsibility accounting,Inner Mongolia has the highest carbon emissions from the power sector while Hainan has the lowest.Thirdly,four provinces,including Inner Mongolia,Shanxi,Hubei and Anhui,have the highest carbon emissions from net electricity outflow- 14 million t in 2011,accounting for 74.42% of total carbon emissions from net electricity outflow in China.Six provinces,including Hebei,Beijing,Guangdong,Liaoning,Shandong,and Jiangsu,have the highest carbon emissions from net electricity inflow- 11 million t in 2011,accounting for 71.44% of total carbon emissions from net electricity inflow in China.Lastly,this paper has estimated the emission factors of electricity consumption at the provincial level,which can avoid repeated calculations when accounting the emission responsibility of power consumption terminals(e.g.construction,automobile manufacturing and other industries).In addition,these emission factors can also be used to account the emission responsibilities of provincial power grids.

Energy-Efficient Operation of Water Systems through Optimization of Load Power Reduction in Electricity Markets

Demand response(DR) is gaining more and more importance in the architecture of power systems in a context of flexible loads and high share of intermittent generation. Changes in electricity markets regulation in several countries have recently enabled an effective integration of DR mechanisms in power systems. Through its flexible components(pumps, tanks), drinking water systems are suitable candidates for energy-efficient DR mechanisms. However, these systems are often managed independently of power system operation for both economic and operational reasons. Indeed, a sufficient level of economic viability and water demands risk management are necessary for water utilities to integrate their flexibilities to power system operation. In this paper,we proposed a mathematical model for optimizing pump schedules in water systems while trading DR blocs in a spot power market during peak times. Uncertainties about water demands were considered in the mathematical model allowing to propose power reductions covering the potential risk of real-time water demand forecasting inaccuracy.Numerical results were discussed on a real water system in France, demonstrating both economic and ecological benefits.

A robust optimization model for demand response management with source-grid-load collaboration to consume wind-power

To accommodate wind power as safely as possible and deal with the uncertainties of the output power of winddriven generators,a min-max-min two-stage robust optimization model is presented,considering the unit commitment,source-network load collaboration,and control of the load demand response.After the constraint functions are linearized,the original problem is decomposed into the main problem and subproblem as a matrix using the strong dual method.The minimum-maximum of the original problem was continuously maximized using the iterative method,and the optimal solution was finally obtained.The constraint conditions expressed by the matrix may reduce the calculation time,and the upper and lower boundaries of the original problem may rapidly converge.The results of the example show that the injected nodes of the wind farms in the power grid should be selected appropriately;otherwise,it is easy to cause excessive accommodation of wind power at some nodes,leading to a surge in reserve costs and the load demand response is continuously optimized to reduce the inverse peak regulation characteristics of wind power.Thus,the most economical optimization scheme for the worst scenario of the output power of the generators is obtained,which proves the economy and reliability of the two-stage robust optimization method.

Supply Chain Cooperation between Coal Enterprise and Electric Power Enterprise in China

Based on the two-stage Stackelberg game method, value creation of supply chain cooperation between coal enterprise and power utilities is studied by formulating profit functions of coal and power enterprises and calculating the maximum profit. According to the analysis, it is found that the profit from supply chain cooperation between coal and power enterprises is more than that of non- cooperation. The cooperation is validated to be beneficial for both units; however, the profit is mainly taken by the power enterprise. Thus, it is necessary to set up the incentive mechanism to distribute cooperation value between coal and power enterprises to promote their continual cooperation.

Profits and losses from changes in fair value,executive cash compensation and managerial power:Evidence from A-share listed companies in China

According to optimal contracting theory, compensation contracts are effective in solving the agency problem between stockholders and managers. Executive compensation is naturally related to firm performance. However, contracts are not always perfect. Managers may exert influence on the formulation and implementation of compensation contracts by means of their managerial power. As fair value has been introduced into the new accounting standards in China, new concerns have arisen over the relationship between profits and losses from changes in fair value(CFV) and levels of executive compensation.In this study, we find that executive compensation is significantly related to CFV. However, this sensitivity is asymmetric in that increases to compensation due to profits from changes in fair value(PCFV) are higher than reductions to compensation due to losses from changes in fair value(LCFV). Furthermore,we find that managerial power determines the strength of this asymmetry.

Status analysis and control measures of the debt risk in Chinese local government:based on the study of the relationship among“power,responsibility and interests”

From the view of current condition and developing trend of the debt scale in Chinese local government,if it could not be controlled by an effective way,the debt crisis will explode in the near future.According to the regional distribution in our country,except for Beijing,Shanghai,Tianjin and Hainan,the debt risk mainly concentrates in the western region.In a further step,it can be seen that this risk of debt is resulted by the imbalanced relationship among“power,responsibility and interests”which contains none-accordance of debt power(such as debt financing power),confusion of debt responsibility(such as debt management responsibility)and distortion of debt interests(such as the private benefit and the public interests).If we want to correct this problem,the keynote is to prevent the local government’s debt to be used by the purpose of reaching the private interests.Actually,it should play a role that the local debt financing takes to the“faithful”service for the social interests.For realizing this purpose,it should keep eyes on the relationship among“power,responsibility and interests”,which is the most important factor as for setting up the control system of debt risk about our local governments.Particularly,it includes the following aspects.First of all,it should find the right time to empower the local government with the debt power.Secondly,on the basis of both positive and negative sides,it should design a system to restrict the debt responsibility in the local government,in order to solve the problems such as new debt,invalid debt and overdue debt expansion.Thirdly,it should propose the guidance mechanism to realize the convergence from the private benefit to the social interests on the local debt.

Economic Evaluation Method of Photovoltaic Power Generation Installed in Ordinary Homes

This study aims to develop an economic evaluation method for installing photovoltaic power generation in ordinary homes using GIS (Geographic Information Systems). The conclusions can be summarized in the following three points: 1) This method determines the profit and loss and payback period in order to evaluate the installation of photovoltaic power generation, taking into account the price of equipment, solar battery module conversion efficiency, subsidy, electricity purchase price, service life and rate for selling electricity. 2) The proposed evaluation method was applied to Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan, providing plural scenarios. Using a solar battery module conversion efficiency of more than 15%, it is possible to make the payback period shorter than the 20-year service life and anticipate a profit in almost the whole area. 3) The areas suitable for photovoltaic power generation are Kawasaki City and Ninomiya-machi. It is necessary to adopt measures to increase the subsidy and install photovoltaic power generating systems in specific places in areas where subsidies are not provided in enough amounts.

Pricing Power of Agricultural Products under the Background of Small Peasant Management and Information Asymmetry

From the background of small peasant management and information asymmetry,this paper introduced the middle profit sharing model and discussed influence factors and ownership of pricing power of agricultural products. It obtained following results:( i) the transaction scale has positive effect on farmer's pricing power of agricultural products,while the competitor's transaction scale has negative effect on it,so does the cost for information search;( ii) under the condition of small peasant management system,farmer is in a relatively weak position in the distribution of pricing power of agricultural products,due to factors such as small transaction scale,information asymmetry and farmer's weak negotiation ability;( iii) through cooperative game,farmer and buyers can share cooperative surplus at the agreed ratio;( iv) the introduction of self-organizing specialized farmers cooperatives is favorable for solving the problem of pricing power of agricultural products,and possible problems,such as " collective action dilemma" and " fake cooperatives" in the cooperative development process can be solved by internal and external division of labor and specialization of cooperatives.

Hybrid Simulation of ±500 kV HVDC Power Transmission Project Based on Advanced Digital Power System Simulator

In order to effectively imitate the dynamic operation characteristics of the HVDC （high voltage direct current） power transmission system at a real ±500kV HVDC transmission project, the electromechanical-electromagnetic transient hybrid simulation was carried out based on advanced digital power system simulator （ADPSS）. In the simulation analysis, the built hybrid model＇s dynamic response outputs under three different fault conditions are considered, and by comparing with the selected fault recording waveforms, the validities of the simulation waveforms are estimated qualitatively. It can be ascertained that the hybrid simulation model has the ability to describe the HVDC system＇s dynamic change trends well under some special fault conditions.

Key sources of SOE profitability and their implications for social welfare

An analysis of the sources of profit growth for China's state-owned industry since 1999 indicates that the key source of profit growth is not the high productivity of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) but rather their monopoly position and pricing power in some basic industries. From an overall social perspective, such high profitability means an inefficient allocation of industrial resources and a potential loss of social welfare. Therefore, further expanding and deepening the reform of SOE property rights, encouraging the development of non-SOEs and boosting the competitiveness of basic industries will significantly improve the resource allocation efficiency of the Chinese industry and enhance overall social welfare.

Profitability Prediction Model for NPD Projects Under RisK

Only a few successful new product development （NPD） projects are continuously supported by the firm when they are expected to assure profitability in the market. The profitability of a project is measured as profit ratio （PR）, the profit is divided by the cost. The profit figure is changed depending on either internal risks or uncertainties occurring externally. More risks require higher response costs to them and uncontrollable uncertainties affect NPD projects either positively or negatively. In this study, a PR model is developed to predict the profitability of a project at a given time. The model minimizes the response cost computed under two extreme response strategies, such as ＂Avoid＂ and ＂Acceptance＂ for the internal threats. Also, the model reflects the sales volume changes due to external uncertainties. The linear programming （LP） method determines the optimal probability of the response strategy under three scenarios of defining the relationship between risk avoidance and risk acceptance. It can be utilized to make a GO/NOGO decision on the project based on the prediction results at any gate of the NPD process. The solving procedure is provided to apply the developed model for real cases.

Economic Analysis of Demand Response Incorporated Optimal Power Flow

Demand Response(DR)is one of the most cost-effective and unfailing techniques used by utilities for consumer load shifting.This research paper presents different DR programs in deregulated environments.The description and the classification of DR along with their potential benefits and associated cost components are presented.In addition,most DR measurement indices and their evaluation are also highlighted.Initially,the economic load model incorporated thermal,wind,and energy storage by considering the elasticity market price from its calculated locational marginal pricing(LMP).The various DR programs like direct load control,critical peak pricing,real-time pricing,time of use,and capacity market programs are considered during this study.The effect of demand response in electricity prices is highlighted using a simulated study on IEEE 30 bus system.Simulation is done by the Shuffled Frog Leap Algorithm(SFLA).Comprehensive performance comparison on voltage deviations,losses,and cost with and without considering DR is also presented in this paper.

Corporate Social Responsibility in the Thinking of Paolo Emilio Cassandro

This paper, which is to be collocated with international research studies of the historical origins of corporate social responsibility （CSR）, deals with both the theme of CSR itself and the topics related to it through an examination of the key characteristics of the theories of the master in the field of Italian Economia Aziendale, Paolo Emilio Cassandro （1910-2004）, who wrote an impressive number of works on numerous subjects that are of notable current relevance, including the social role of business, the concept of added value, and the role of the social report in the process of providing information for external purposes. Through an analytical-descriptive approach, our work will focus in particular on certain aspects of his life and works, which show beyond doubt the great value of his contribution to the advancement, at both national and international levels, of research into CSR. The main aim of what follows is to highlight not only the innovative nature of Cassandro＇s studies of the subject when compared with other research carried out in Italy in the second half of the 20th century but also how strikingly relevant they are to CSR as a topic for international scholars today.