In order to realize further stability of a stack-type thermoelectric power generating module (i.e. no electrical connections inside), flexible materials of metal springs and/or rods having restoring forces were instal...In order to realize further stability of a stack-type thermoelectric power generating module (i.e. no electrical connections inside), flexible materials of metal springs and/or rods having restoring forces were installed between lower-temperature-sides of thermoelectric elements. These flexible materials were expected to play three important roles of interpolating different thermal expansions of the module components, enlarging heat removal area and penetration of any media through themselves. Then, a low-boiling-point medium (i.e. NOVEC manufactured by 3M Japan Ltd.) was also applied for a high-speed direct heat removal via its phase change from the lower-temperature-sides of the thermoelectric elements in the proposing stack-type thermoelectric power generating module. No electrical disconnections inside the module were confirmed for more than 9 years of use, indicating further module stability. The power generating density was improved to about 120 mW·m-2 with SUS304 springs having 0.7 mm diameter. Increasing power generating density can be expected in terms of suitable selection of flexible metal with high Vickers hardness, cavities control on the spring surface, more vigorous multiphase flow with adding powders to the medium and optimization of the module configurations according to numerical simulations.展开更多
ResearchGate is a world wide web for scientists and researchers to share papers,ask and answer questions,and find collaborators.As one of the more than 15 million members,the author uploads research output and reads a...ResearchGate is a world wide web for scientists and researchers to share papers,ask and answer questions,and find collaborators.As one of the more than 15 million members,the author uploads research output and reads and responds to some of the questions raised,which are related to type 2 diabetes.In that way,he noticed a serious gap of knowledge of this disease among medical professionals over recent decades.The main aim of the current study is to remedy this situation through providing a comprehensive review on recent developments in biochemistry and molecular biology,which can be helpful for the scientific understanding of the molecular nature of type 2 diabetes.To fill up the shortcomings in the curricula of medical education,and to familiarize the medical community with a new concept of the onset of type 2 diabetes,items are discussed like:Insulin resistance,glucose effectiveness,insulin sensitivity,cell membranes,membrane flexibility,unsaturation index(UI;number of carboncarbon double bonds per 100 acyl chains of membrane phospholipids),slowdown principle,effects of temperature acclimation on phospholipid membrane composition,free fatty acids,energy transport,onset of type 2 diabetes,metformin,and exercise.Based on the reviewed data,a new model is presented with proposed steps in the development of type 2 diabetes,a disease arising as a result of a hypothetical hereditary anomaly,which causes hyperthermia in and around the mitochondria.Hyperthermia is counterbalanced by the slow-down principle,which lowers the amount of carbon-carbon double bonds of membrane phospholipid acyl chains.The accompanying reduction in the UI lowers membrane flexibility,promotes a redistribution of the lateral pressure in cell membranes,and thereby reduces the glucose transporter protein pore diameter of the transmembrane glucose transport channel of all Class I GLUT proteins.These events will set up a reduction in transmembrane glucose transport.So,a new blood glucose regulation system,effective in type 2 diabetes and its prediabetic phase,is based on variations in the acyl composition of phospholipids and operates independent of changes in insulin and glucose concentration.UI assessment is currently arising as a promising analytical technology for a membrane flexibility analysis.An increase in mitochondrial heat production plays a pivotal role in the existence of this regulation system.展开更多
Xu et al used the HOMA2 model to estimate theβ-cell function and insulin resistance levels in an individual from simultaneously measured fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin levels.This method is based o...Xu et al used the HOMA2 model to estimate theβ-cell function and insulin resistance levels in an individual from simultaneously measured fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin levels.This method is based on the assumption that the glucose-insulin axis is central for the metabolic activities,which led to type 2 diabetes.However,significant downregulation of both the NKX2-1 gene and the TPD52L3 gene force an increase in the release of free fatty acids(FFAs)into the blood circulation,which leads to a marked reduction in membrane flexibility.These data favor a FFA-glucose-insulin axis.The authors are invited to extend their study with the introduction of the saturation index(number of carbon-carbon double bonds per 100 fatty-acyl chains),as observed in erythrocytes.展开更多
文摘In order to realize further stability of a stack-type thermoelectric power generating module (i.e. no electrical connections inside), flexible materials of metal springs and/or rods having restoring forces were installed between lower-temperature-sides of thermoelectric elements. These flexible materials were expected to play three important roles of interpolating different thermal expansions of the module components, enlarging heat removal area and penetration of any media through themselves. Then, a low-boiling-point medium (i.e. NOVEC manufactured by 3M Japan Ltd.) was also applied for a high-speed direct heat removal via its phase change from the lower-temperature-sides of the thermoelectric elements in the proposing stack-type thermoelectric power generating module. No electrical disconnections inside the module were confirmed for more than 9 years of use, indicating further module stability. The power generating density was improved to about 120 mW·m-2 with SUS304 springs having 0.7 mm diameter. Increasing power generating density can be expected in terms of suitable selection of flexible metal with high Vickers hardness, cavities control on the spring surface, more vigorous multiphase flow with adding powders to the medium and optimization of the module configurations according to numerical simulations.
文摘ResearchGate is a world wide web for scientists and researchers to share papers,ask and answer questions,and find collaborators.As one of the more than 15 million members,the author uploads research output and reads and responds to some of the questions raised,which are related to type 2 diabetes.In that way,he noticed a serious gap of knowledge of this disease among medical professionals over recent decades.The main aim of the current study is to remedy this situation through providing a comprehensive review on recent developments in biochemistry and molecular biology,which can be helpful for the scientific understanding of the molecular nature of type 2 diabetes.To fill up the shortcomings in the curricula of medical education,and to familiarize the medical community with a new concept of the onset of type 2 diabetes,items are discussed like:Insulin resistance,glucose effectiveness,insulin sensitivity,cell membranes,membrane flexibility,unsaturation index(UI;number of carboncarbon double bonds per 100 acyl chains of membrane phospholipids),slowdown principle,effects of temperature acclimation on phospholipid membrane composition,free fatty acids,energy transport,onset of type 2 diabetes,metformin,and exercise.Based on the reviewed data,a new model is presented with proposed steps in the development of type 2 diabetes,a disease arising as a result of a hypothetical hereditary anomaly,which causes hyperthermia in and around the mitochondria.Hyperthermia is counterbalanced by the slow-down principle,which lowers the amount of carbon-carbon double bonds of membrane phospholipid acyl chains.The accompanying reduction in the UI lowers membrane flexibility,promotes a redistribution of the lateral pressure in cell membranes,and thereby reduces the glucose transporter protein pore diameter of the transmembrane glucose transport channel of all Class I GLUT proteins.These events will set up a reduction in transmembrane glucose transport.So,a new blood glucose regulation system,effective in type 2 diabetes and its prediabetic phase,is based on variations in the acyl composition of phospholipids and operates independent of changes in insulin and glucose concentration.UI assessment is currently arising as a promising analytical technology for a membrane flexibility analysis.An increase in mitochondrial heat production plays a pivotal role in the existence of this regulation system.
文摘Xu et al used the HOMA2 model to estimate theβ-cell function and insulin resistance levels in an individual from simultaneously measured fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin levels.This method is based on the assumption that the glucose-insulin axis is central for the metabolic activities,which led to type 2 diabetes.However,significant downregulation of both the NKX2-1 gene and the TPD52L3 gene force an increase in the release of free fatty acids(FFAs)into the blood circulation,which leads to a marked reduction in membrane flexibility.These data favor a FFA-glucose-insulin axis.The authors are invited to extend their study with the introduction of the saturation index(number of carbon-carbon double bonds per 100 fatty-acyl chains),as observed in erythrocytes.
