The joint-bolt-African Vulture optimization algorithm(AVOA)model is proposed for the design of building connections to improve the stability of steel beam-to-column connections.For this algorithm,the type of steel is ...The joint-bolt-African Vulture optimization algorithm(AVOA)model is proposed for the design of building connections to improve the stability of steel beam-to-column connections.For this algorithm,the type of steel is first determined,and the number of bolts needed by the corresponding steel type is referenced in Eurocode 3.Then,the bearing capacity of the joint can be calculated.The joint-bolt-AVOA model is established by substituting the bolt number required by the steel into the algorithm to obtain the optimal bolt number required while ensuring joint stability.The results show that the number of bolts required by the joint-bolt-AVOA model based on the stability of steel is lower than that calculated by Eurocode 3.Therefore,AVOA can effectively optimize the number of bolts needed in building connections and save resources.展开更多
Corrosion is a primary cause of the slippage of friction⁃type high⁃strength bolted(FHSB)T⁃stub connections.This paper attempts to quantify the residual capacity of FHSB T⁃stub connections with corroded nuts.Firstly,co...Corrosion is a primary cause of the slippage of friction⁃type high⁃strength bolted(FHSB)T⁃stub connections.This paper attempts to quantify the residual capacity of FHSB T⁃stub connections with corroded nuts.Firstly,corrosion simulation tests were conducted on 48 manually cut nuts to find out the relationship between the damage degree of nut section and the residual clamping force(RCF)of bolt.Then,static load tests were carried out on 24 FHSB T⁃stub connections with nuts of different degrees of damage to obtain the failure modes.By finite⁃element(FE)models,a comparative analysis was performed on the initial friction load(IFL)and ultimate strength(US)of each connection with corroded nuts.Finally,the parameters of 96 FE models for FHSB T⁃stub connections were analyzed and used to derive the calculation formulas for the degree of damage for each nut and the IFL and US of each connection.The results show that the RCF decay of a bolt is a quadratic function of the equivalent radius loss ratio and the shear failure after nut corrosion;the IFL of each connection had a clear linear correlation with the RCF of the corresponding bolts,and the correlation depends on the applied load and static friction on connecting plate interface induced by the clamping force;the static friction had little impact on the US of the connection;the proposed IFL and US formulas can effectively derive the residual anti⁃slip capacity of FHSB T⁃stub connections from the degree of damage of the corroded nut section.The research results provide a scientific basis for the replacement and maintenance of corroded bolts of FHSB T⁃stub connections.展开更多
Efficient bolted joint design is an essential part of designing the minimum weight aerospace structures, since structural failures usually occur at connections and interface. A comprehensive numerical study of three-d...Efficient bolted joint design is an essential part of designing the minimum weight aerospace structures, since structural failures usually occur at connections and interface. A comprehensive numerical study of three-dimensional(3D) stress variations is prohibitively expensive for a large-scale structure where hundreds of bolts can be present. In this work, the hybrid composite-to-metal bolted connections used in the upper stage of European Ariane 5ME rocket are analyzed using the global-local finite element(FE) approach which involves an approximate analysis of the whole structure followed by a detailed analysis of a significantly smaller region of interest. We calculate the Tsai-Wu failure index and the margin of safety using the stresses obtained from ABAQUS. We find that the composite part of a hybrid bolted connection is prone to failure compared to the metal part. We determine the bolt preload based on the clamp-up load calculated using a maximum preload to make the composite part safe. We conclude that the unsuitable bolt preload may cause the failure of the composite part due to the high stress concentration in the vicinity of the bolt. The global-local analysis provides an efficient computational tool for enhancing 3D stress analysis in the highly loaded region.展开更多
A cyclic plasticity model is used into finite element (FE) method to obtainthe details of elastic-plastic stress-strain in the bolts under cyclic axial loading. Two criteriain multiaxial fatigue are employed to predic...A cyclic plasticity model is used into finite element (FE) method to obtainthe details of elastic-plastic stress-strain in the bolts under cyclic axial loading. Two criteriain multiaxial fatigue are employed to predict fatigue lives of bolts. The predicted fatigue livesare in favorable agreement with the experimental results for machined bolts.展开更多
Different strategies can be used to perform reparations and reinforcements of ancient bolted and riveted metallic bridges. As the riveting process is not currently a common practice, it requires proper equipment and s...Different strategies can be used to perform reparations and reinforcements of ancient bolted and riveted metallic bridges. As the riveting process is not currently a common practice, it requires proper equipment and skilled workers. Another solution is the use of welding. However, the weldability of old steels is poor. Bolts are very attractive alternative solutions, and are most commonly used to repair old metallic bridges. Fitted bolts are expensive solutions; the alternative is the use of resin-injected bolts. The behavior of bolted joints with preloaded resin-injected bolts has been studied using quasi-static and creep tests; however, few studies on the slip and fatigue behavior of these joints can be found in the literature. This paper presents an overview of a few experimental programs that were carried out by several authors aiming at evaluating the fatigue behavior of single and double shear resin-injected bolted connections. A comparison between the experimental data of joints with preloaded standard bolts and preloaded resin- injected bolts shows a fatigue strength reduction in the latter. Since Eurocode 3 （EC3） suggests the same fatigue strength curve for joints made of resin-injected bolts and standard bolts, this may raise some con- cerns. Furthermore, research on the feasibility of using both bonded and bolted connections is shown. This last study was performed with high-strength low-alloy structural steel plates and an acrylic struc- tural adhesive for metal bonding. For both case studies, a statistical analysis is performed on fatigue experimental data using linearized boundaries and the Castillo and Fernandez-Canteli model. Fatigue design curves are proposed and compared with the design suggestions of several European and North American standards,展开更多
In order to explore a kind of high-strength,earthquake-resistant,eco-nomical and suitable connection,4 groups of cross-laminated timber wall-to-floor and wall-to-wall bolted connections were tested under monotonic and...In order to explore a kind of high-strength,earthquake-resistant,eco-nomical and suitable connection,4 groups of cross-laminated timber wall-to-floor and wall-to-wall bolted connections were tested under monotonic and cyclic load-ing.The defommation characteristics and failure modes of the cross-laminated tim-ber wall-to-floor and wall-to-wall bolted connections were exploited.Load-slip curves,bearing capacity,yielding point,stiffness and ductility of each group of specimens were analyzed.The test results indicate that the loading process of cross-laminated timber bolted connections under tension can be categorized as five stages,namely the elastic stage,the slip stage,the embedding stage,the yield-ing stage and the ultimate stage.The ultimate tensile capacity of cross-laminated timber bolted wall-to-floor connections is 2.67 times that of the wall-to-wall bolted connections.Compared with cross-laminated timber self-tapping screwed connections,the ultimate tensile capacity of the cross-laminated timber wall-to-floor bolted connections is 2.70 times that of the self-tapping screwed connec-tions,and the ultimate tensile capacity of the cross-laminated timber wall-to-wall bolted connections is 3.83 times that of the self-tapping screwed connections.The crosslaminated timber bolted connections have larger yielding displacement and wider plastic range,and they are more energy dissipative and more ductile.Furthermore,the cost of the cross-laminated timber wall-to-floor bolted connec-tions is 46%that of the self-tapping screwed connections,while the cost of cross-laminated wall-to-wall bolted connections is 53%that of the self-screwed connections.展开更多
Recent structural collapses caused by fire have focused attention on research concerning fire safety in building design. Steel connections are an important component of any structural steel building as they provide li...Recent structural collapses caused by fire have focused attention on research concerning fire safety in building design. Steel connections are an important component of any structural steel building as they provide links between the principal structural members. Considering the importance of this matter this paper describes a spring-stiffness model developed to predict the behavior of bolted angle connections bare-steel joints at elevated temperature. The joint components are considered as springs with predefined mechanical properties i.e. stiffness and strength. The elevated temperature joint’s response can be predicted by assem-bling the stiffness of the components which are assumed to degrade with increasing temperature based on the recommendations presented in the design parameters code. Comparison of the results from the model with existing experimental data showed good agreement. The proposed model can be easily modified to describe the elevated temperature behavior of other types of joint as well as joints under large rotations.展开更多
Poplar Laminated Veneer Lumber(Poplar LVL)is a new type of engineering materials with high strength,good reliability and small variability.Poplar LVL is manufactured from the fast-growing poplar,which is widely used i...Poplar Laminated Veneer Lumber(Poplar LVL)is a new type of engineering materials with high strength,good reliability and small variability.Poplar LVL is manufactured from the fast-growing poplar,which is widely used in packaging,furniture and others,however,is rarely adopted in construction.In order to explore the feasibility of poplar LVL trusses in construction of roof,four 4.5-m-span Fink-and-Howe trusses were designed and assembled,which were made of poplar LVL with bolted-and tooth-plated connections.Vertical static loading on the upper chord joints of a truss was imposed by self-balancing test device.The mechanical properties of trusses were examined.The ultimate load,deformation character and failure mode of each truss were measured,observed and analyzed.Furthermore,four types of analytical models with different joint connection assumptions were used to estimate the ultimate load and deflection.The results showed that the poplar LVL trusses were basically in elastic stage before the design load was reached,showing good working performance under the action of design load.The bearing capacity of the trusses of bolted connections was greater than that of the tooth-plated connections.As for the same joint connection type,the bearing capacity of Fink trusses exceeded that of Howe trusses.The poplar LVL light trusses of both types of connections showed good structural performance,which could be reasonably used for building roof systems.展开更多
Bolted joins allow for more efficient joining of parts(mechanical and structural components)when assembly and disassembly,called interchangeability,are concerned.Also and for this reason,they are the most widely used ...Bolted joins allow for more efficient joining of parts(mechanical and structural components)when assembly and disassembly,called interchangeability,are concerned.Also and for this reason,they are the most widely used in the final assembly,already in construction,in a state of final consolidation of the structure.This work began in a pedagogical action to compare the experimental results with those obtained by Eurocode 3(EN 1993-1-8)in simple joints with screws subject to cutting,the study evolved the analysis of the behavior of the screws themselves in the joint.Tests were carried out with great dimensional accuracy,for new bolted connections,with different bolt’s number,according to different arrangements and repeated in cases of simple and preloaded tightening.The experimental work,carried out on a uniaxial tensile testing machine,consisted in subjecting the connections to a growing effort so that the bolts,being subject to the cut,would break through the thread-free zone.The analysis of results and their comparison(in force—displacement diagrams)allow drawing conclusions regarding the true behavior of the bolted connections.The characterization of the thresholds of the initial zone of the force—displacement curves,in the cases of connections with preloading—was the objective of study.The transfer of forces and the influence of friction on the bonds without and with preloading were then characterized.The main objective of this project is to know the meaning of the calculated values in the preloaded and non-preloaded links by Eurocode 3.展开更多
文摘The joint-bolt-African Vulture optimization algorithm(AVOA)model is proposed for the design of building connections to improve the stability of steel beam-to-column connections.For this algorithm,the type of steel is first determined,and the number of bolts needed by the corresponding steel type is referenced in Eurocode 3.Then,the bearing capacity of the joint can be calculated.The joint-bolt-AVOA model is established by substituting the bolt number required by the steel into the algorithm to obtain the optimal bolt number required while ensuring joint stability.The results show that the number of bolts required by the joint-bolt-AVOA model based on the stability of steel is lower than that calculated by Eurocode 3.Therefore,AVOA can effectively optimize the number of bolts needed in building connections and save resources.
文摘Corrosion is a primary cause of the slippage of friction⁃type high⁃strength bolted(FHSB)T⁃stub connections.This paper attempts to quantify the residual capacity of FHSB T⁃stub connections with corroded nuts.Firstly,corrosion simulation tests were conducted on 48 manually cut nuts to find out the relationship between the damage degree of nut section and the residual clamping force(RCF)of bolt.Then,static load tests were carried out on 24 FHSB T⁃stub connections with nuts of different degrees of damage to obtain the failure modes.By finite⁃element(FE)models,a comparative analysis was performed on the initial friction load(IFL)and ultimate strength(US)of each connection with corroded nuts.Finally,the parameters of 96 FE models for FHSB T⁃stub connections were analyzed and used to derive the calculation formulas for the degree of damage for each nut and the IFL and US of each connection.The results show that the RCF decay of a bolt is a quadratic function of the equivalent radius loss ratio and the shear failure after nut corrosion;the IFL of each connection had a clear linear correlation with the RCF of the corresponding bolts,and the correlation depends on the applied load and static friction on connecting plate interface induced by the clamping force;the static friction had little impact on the US of the connection;the proposed IFL and US formulas can effectively derive the residual anti⁃slip capacity of FHSB T⁃stub connections from the degree of damage of the corroded nut section.The research results provide a scientific basis for the replacement and maintenance of corroded bolts of FHSB T⁃stub connections.
基金Project(282522)supported by the European Union's Research and Innovation Funding Programme
文摘Efficient bolted joint design is an essential part of designing the minimum weight aerospace structures, since structural failures usually occur at connections and interface. A comprehensive numerical study of three-dimensional(3D) stress variations is prohibitively expensive for a large-scale structure where hundreds of bolts can be present. In this work, the hybrid composite-to-metal bolted connections used in the upper stage of European Ariane 5ME rocket are analyzed using the global-local finite element(FE) approach which involves an approximate analysis of the whole structure followed by a detailed analysis of a significantly smaller region of interest. We calculate the Tsai-Wu failure index and the margin of safety using the stresses obtained from ABAQUS. We find that the composite part of a hybrid bolted connection is prone to failure compared to the metal part. We determine the bolt preload based on the clamp-up load calculated using a maximum preload to make the composite part safe. We conclude that the unsuitable bolt preload may cause the failure of the composite part due to the high stress concentration in the vicinity of the bolt. The global-local analysis provides an efficient computational tool for enhancing 3D stress analysis in the highly loaded region.
基金Provincial Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou,China (No. 3014,2000).
文摘A cyclic plasticity model is used into finite element (FE) method to obtainthe details of elastic-plastic stress-strain in the bolts under cyclic axial loading. Two criteriain multiaxial fatigue are employed to predict fatigue lives of bolts. The predicted fatigue livesare in favorable agreement with the experimental results for machined bolts.
基金the financial support of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the postdoctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/107825/2015)the funding of Pro-Life-Prolonging the Lifetime of Old Steel and Steel-Concrete Bridges (RFSR-CT-2015-00025) by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS)
文摘Different strategies can be used to perform reparations and reinforcements of ancient bolted and riveted metallic bridges. As the riveting process is not currently a common practice, it requires proper equipment and skilled workers. Another solution is the use of welding. However, the weldability of old steels is poor. Bolts are very attractive alternative solutions, and are most commonly used to repair old metallic bridges. Fitted bolts are expensive solutions; the alternative is the use of resin-injected bolts. The behavior of bolted joints with preloaded resin-injected bolts has been studied using quasi-static and creep tests; however, few studies on the slip and fatigue behavior of these joints can be found in the literature. This paper presents an overview of a few experimental programs that were carried out by several authors aiming at evaluating the fatigue behavior of single and double shear resin-injected bolted connections. A comparison between the experimental data of joints with preloaded standard bolts and preloaded resin- injected bolts shows a fatigue strength reduction in the latter. Since Eurocode 3 （EC3） suggests the same fatigue strength curve for joints made of resin-injected bolts and standard bolts, this may raise some con- cerns. Furthermore, research on the feasibility of using both bonded and bolted connections is shown. This last study was performed with high-strength low-alloy structural steel plates and an acrylic struc- tural adhesive for metal bonding. For both case studies, a statistical analysis is performed on fatigue experimental data using linearized boundaries and the Castillo and Fernandez-Canteli model. Fatigue design curves are proposed and compared with the design suggestions of several European and North American standards,
基金This study is funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Program No.22120180315).
文摘In order to explore a kind of high-strength,earthquake-resistant,eco-nomical and suitable connection,4 groups of cross-laminated timber wall-to-floor and wall-to-wall bolted connections were tested under monotonic and cyclic load-ing.The defommation characteristics and failure modes of the cross-laminated tim-ber wall-to-floor and wall-to-wall bolted connections were exploited.Load-slip curves,bearing capacity,yielding point,stiffness and ductility of each group of specimens were analyzed.The test results indicate that the loading process of cross-laminated timber bolted connections under tension can be categorized as five stages,namely the elastic stage,the slip stage,the embedding stage,the yield-ing stage and the ultimate stage.The ultimate tensile capacity of cross-laminated timber bolted wall-to-floor connections is 2.67 times that of the wall-to-wall bolted connections.Compared with cross-laminated timber self-tapping screwed connections,the ultimate tensile capacity of the cross-laminated timber wall-to-floor bolted connections is 2.70 times that of the self-tapping screwed connec-tions,and the ultimate tensile capacity of the cross-laminated timber wall-to-wall bolted connections is 3.83 times that of the self-tapping screwed connections.The crosslaminated timber bolted connections have larger yielding displacement and wider plastic range,and they are more energy dissipative and more ductile.Furthermore,the cost of the cross-laminated timber wall-to-floor bolted connec-tions is 46%that of the self-tapping screwed connections,while the cost of cross-laminated wall-to-wall bolted connections is 53%that of the self-screwed connections.
文摘Recent structural collapses caused by fire have focused attention on research concerning fire safety in building design. Steel connections are an important component of any structural steel building as they provide links between the principal structural members. Considering the importance of this matter this paper describes a spring-stiffness model developed to predict the behavior of bolted angle connections bare-steel joints at elevated temperature. The joint components are considered as springs with predefined mechanical properties i.e. stiffness and strength. The elevated temperature joint’s response can be predicted by assem-bling the stiffness of the components which are assumed to degrade with increasing temperature based on the recommendations presented in the design parameters code. Comparison of the results from the model with existing experimental data showed good agreement. The proposed model can be easily modified to describe the elevated temperature behavior of other types of joint as well as joints under large rotations.
基金funded by National Key Research and Development Plan“Green Building and Building Industrialization”Key Special Project in 2017(Grant No.2017YFC0703505)Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development Technology Project in 2015(Grant No.2015-K2-009).
文摘Poplar Laminated Veneer Lumber(Poplar LVL)is a new type of engineering materials with high strength,good reliability and small variability.Poplar LVL is manufactured from the fast-growing poplar,which is widely used in packaging,furniture and others,however,is rarely adopted in construction.In order to explore the feasibility of poplar LVL trusses in construction of roof,four 4.5-m-span Fink-and-Howe trusses were designed and assembled,which were made of poplar LVL with bolted-and tooth-plated connections.Vertical static loading on the upper chord joints of a truss was imposed by self-balancing test device.The mechanical properties of trusses were examined.The ultimate load,deformation character and failure mode of each truss were measured,observed and analyzed.Furthermore,four types of analytical models with different joint connection assumptions were used to estimate the ultimate load and deflection.The results showed that the poplar LVL trusses were basically in elastic stage before the design load was reached,showing good working performance under the action of design load.The bearing capacity of the trusses of bolted connections was greater than that of the tooth-plated connections.As for the same joint connection type,the bearing capacity of Fink trusses exceeded that of Howe trusses.The poplar LVL light trusses of both types of connections showed good structural performance,which could be reasonably used for building roof systems.
文摘Bolted joins allow for more efficient joining of parts(mechanical and structural components)when assembly and disassembly,called interchangeability,are concerned.Also and for this reason,they are the most widely used in the final assembly,already in construction,in a state of final consolidation of the structure.This work began in a pedagogical action to compare the experimental results with those obtained by Eurocode 3(EN 1993-1-8)in simple joints with screws subject to cutting,the study evolved the analysis of the behavior of the screws themselves in the joint.Tests were carried out with great dimensional accuracy,for new bolted connections,with different bolt’s number,according to different arrangements and repeated in cases of simple and preloaded tightening.The experimental work,carried out on a uniaxial tensile testing machine,consisted in subjecting the connections to a growing effort so that the bolts,being subject to the cut,would break through the thread-free zone.The analysis of results and their comparison(in force—displacement diagrams)allow drawing conclusions regarding the true behavior of the bolted connections.The characterization of the thresholds of the initial zone of the force—displacement curves,in the cases of connections with preloading—was the objective of study.The transfer of forces and the influence of friction on the bonds without and with preloading were then characterized.The main objective of this project is to know the meaning of the calculated values in the preloaded and non-preloaded links by Eurocode 3.
