FEM Simulation of Distortion and Residual Stress Generated by High Energy Beam Welding with Considering Phase Transformation

A series of experiments was carried out so as to elucidate the effect of the phase transformation in the cooling process on welding distortion and residual stress generated by laser beam welding (LBW) and laser-arc hybrid welding (HYBW) on the high strength steel (HT780). Then, the experiments were simulated by 3D thermal elasticplastic analysis with FEM (Finite Element Method) which was performed with using the idealized mechanical properties considering the transformation superplasticity. From the results, the effects of the phase transformation on welding distortion and residual stress generated by LBW and HYBW were elucidated. Furthermore, the generality of the idealization of the mechanical properties was verified.

SOLID-STATE PHASE TRANSFORMATION OF WELDED METAL IN CONTROL OF WELDING DISTORTION PROCESS

Based on the tests of a build-up welding at plate edge (BWPE) and amulti-layer build-up welding on plate (MBWP), the article studies on the solid-state phasetransformations which affect welding distortion process and on the influence rule of transformationstarting temperature (TST) of welded metal to the welding residual distortion. The weldingdistortion can be decreased or controlled by the transformation volume expansion caused bysolid-state phase transformation of welded metal during the cooling. The test results of BWPE showthat when TST is at about 190 deg C, the bending distortion of welded specimen is the smallest, andits displacements at free end are decreased to 58 percent and 67 percent compared with those ofconventional welding electrodes A102 and E5015, which TST are less than room temperature and equalto 758 deg C respectively. The test results of MBWP show that when TST were at 100 approx 250 deg C.the welded specimen would appear reversible bending distortion compared with those of A102 andE5015. The maximum deflection value of reversible bending distortion in 8 mm thick plate is -2.94 mmat about 170 deg C of TST. The test results provide a valuable method to decrease or to controlwelding residual distortion.

Dielectric Properties and Lattice Distortion in Rhombohedral Phase Region and Phase Coexistence Region of PZT Ceramics

In this paper, the relation between the dielectric properties and the lattice distortion in the phase coexistence region is discussed using a phase statistical distribution model, and in the rhombohedral phase region the two connection equations on the dielectric properties and the lattice distortion are established. Particularly, the relation between the dielectric properties and the lattice distortion is investigated in the phase coexistence region of PZT ceramics, and the fitting value of the volume fraction of the tetragonal phase VT to composition x in the equation is determined. Further,the fitting results are well consistent with the related experimental data. It involves more profound physical process than relation between the dielectric properties and composition x.

Phase stability and structural distortion of NiO under high pressure

The phase stability and structural distortion of NiO under high pressure were investigated using first-principles calculations based on density-functional theory. Different forms of exchange-correlation functional including LDA, GGA and GGA+U were used in the present calculations. All of the three methods predict NiO to be AFM II ordering with the cell slightly compressed along [111] direction and also indicate that there is no structural phase transition of NiO under pressure up to 140 GPa, which are in agreement with the experiment. However, both LDA and GGA incorrectly predict the structural distortion under pressure especially above 60 GPa. Only when strong correlations are included in form of GGA+U, structural distortion under high pressure can qualitatively agree with the experiment. The related mechanism was also analyzed and discussed. These results suggest that the strong electronic correlations still play a very important role in the properties of NiO under high pressure.

Analysis of electrical performances of planar active phased array antennas with distorted array plane

The influence of the distorted plane of the active phased array antenna on the electromagnetic performance is of great significance to the research on and development of the high-performance antennas. On the bent and bowl-shape distortion, the model is established of the relationship between the electromagnetic performance and the position error of the radiated elements. The method is presented of analyzing the far-field pattern of the distorted rectangular active phased array antenna. The analysis results of a planar phased array antenna with different distortions grades prove the validity of the model. Therefore, by the method, the antenna designers may set the reasonable requirement on the structural tolerance in manufacturing antenna.

Structural distortions and magnetisms in Fe-doped LaMn_(1-x) Fe_x O_3(0

X-ray absorption spectra （XAS） at Mn K-edge and Fe K-edge in LaMnl-xFexO3 show that with the increase of Fe substitution the chemical valence of Mn4＋ decreases, while the chemical valence of Fe3＋ remains unchanged. Structural distortions, such as the rotating and tilting for oxygen octahedron in the unit cell vary with iron content. A phase transition occurs at the Fe content values of 0.2~0.3. The evolutions of rotation and tilting angle of FeO6/MnO6 octahedral may be the vital factors to the structure and magnetism. We believe that the spin configuration of Fe3＋ may vary from the intermediate spin t2g4eg1 （S = 3/2） to the higher spin t2g3eg2 （S = 5/2） near the phase transition.

The stationary phase analysis of the Kirchhoff-type d emigrated field

In the literature,stationary phase analysis of Kirchhoff-type demigrated fields is carried out mainly under the following two conditions：（1） The considered isochrone and the target reflector are tangential to each other;（2） The spatial duration of the wavelet of the depthmigrated image is short.For the isochrones that are not tangential to the target reflector and for the depth-migrated images that have a large spatial duration,the published stationary phase equation for the demigrated field will become invalid.For performing the stationary phase analysis of the Kirchhoff-type demigrated field under the conditions that the considered isochrone and the target reflector are not tangential to each other and that the spatial duration of the wavelet of the depth-migrated image is not short（the general conditions）,I derive the formulas for the factors appearing in the stationary phase formula in two dimensions,from which I find that for different isochrones the horizontal coordinates of the stationary point of the depth difference function are different.Also,the equation for the Kirchhoff-type demigrated field consists of two parts.One is the true-amplitude demigrated signal and the other is the amplitude distortion factor.From these facts the following two conclusions can be drawn：（1） A demigrated signal is composed of many depth-migrated images and one depth-migrated image trace provides only one sample to the demigrated signal;and（2） The amplitude distortion effect is an effect inherent in the Kirchhoff-type demigration and cannot be eliminated during demigration.If this effect should be eliminated,one should do an amplitude correction after demigration.

Quantifying structural distortion manipulation for desired perovskite phase:PartⅡ.Three-step workflow to reveal phase evolution logic

Distortion manipulation emerges as an efficient approach to obtain desired perovskite phases for various applications.In part I of this study,we propose a paradigm to quantify the structural distortion manipulation,which enables us to obtain desired perovskite phases by translating relevant materials research into a single mathematical question.As part II of this continuous study,we construct normalized structures by introducing all possible couplings of dominant distortions into a cubic supercell and then compare them with variously shaped primitive/conventional cells known in the database.The structure comparison demonstrates that distortions are the only cause for phase and property variations.This confirms that our proposed distortion parameters can be directly used to construct phases,providing theoretical support for the paradigm in Part I.Given the limited number of distortion types,we identify that the positional relations involved in distortion arrangements and couplings are the keys to describe numerous phases.Furtherly,a three-step workflow is proposed with core contents related to the positional relation,distortion hierarchy,and distortion-component-generation ordering in spatial dimension,respectively.The definition basis and value changes of distortion/model parameters in this workflow illustration provide guidelines about how to reveal the logic behind the perovskite phase evolution.

基于鲸鱼算法的10 kV组合互感器失真电流校正

对于10 kV组合互感器而言,电流失真会使输出电流的数值水平异常增大,并且长时间不恢复至常规电流状态,从而影响互感器的正常运行。为解决上述问题,设计基于鲸鱼算法的10 kV组合互感器失真电流校正方法。构建10 kV组合互感器结构模型,完善鲸鱼算法流程,基于鲸鱼算法获取失真的电流计量数值,实现组合互感器的失真特性判定,完成基于鲸鱼算法的10 kV组合互感器失真电流校正算法的设计。实验结果表明,经过设计方法对互感器失真电流进行校正处理后,可在2 min之内将失真电流恢复至与常规电流完全相同的数值状态,校正效果较好。

A Synchronized Grid Integrated Three-Phase Inverter with a Renewable Source for Power Sharing

In this paper, a three-phase inverter with renewable source input is integrated into a grid in synchronization for power sharing by load. In previous topologies, the DC source connected inverter is not synchronized to the grid which causes harmonics and voltage distortions damaging the load and the source. In order to ensure power sharing by the load from the inverter and the grid, the inverter needs to be operated in synchronization to the grid with the same voltage mag-nitude, frequency and phase as that of the grid voltage. In this paper, the com-plete power from the load is shared by the three-phase grid and the three-phase inverter module reducing the consumption from the conventional grid. This is achieved using the PLL for the reference angular frequency generation with feedback from grid voltage and is connected to the sinusoidal PWM generator. The PLL is used to generate unit vector template reference signals for the signal generator operating the six-switch inverter. The inverter and grid are inter-connected through LC filter for the reduction of harmonics. The power sharing, voltage, and current graphs with THD analysis are analyzed with the help of the MATLAB software.

Configurational entropy-induced phase transition in spinel LiMn_(2)O_(4)

The spinel-type LiMn_(2)O_(4) is a promising candidate as cathode material for rechargeable Li-ion batteries due to its good thermal stability and safety.Experimentally,it is observed that in this compound there occur the structural phase transitions from cubic(Fd3m)to tetragonal(I4_(1)/amd)phase at slightly below room temperature.To understand the phase transition mechanism,we compare the Gibbs free energy between cubic phase and tetragonal phase by including the configurational entropy.Our results show that the configurational entropy contributes substantially to the stability of the cubic phase at room temperature due to the disordered Mn^(3+)/Mn^(4+)distribution as well as the orientation of the Jahn-Teller elongation of the Mn^(3+)O_(6) octahedron in the the spinel phase.Meanwhile,the phase transition temperature is predicted to be 267.8 K,which is comparable to the experimentally observed temperature.These results serve as a good complement to the experimental study,and are beneficial to the improving of the electrochemical performance of LiMn_(2)O_(4) cathode.

Multi-Level Inverter Linear Predictive Phase Composition Strategy for UPQC

The power system is facing numerous issues when the distributed gen-eration is added to the existing system.The existing power system has not been planned with flawless power quality control.These restrictions in the power trans-mission generation system are compensated by the use of devices such as the Static Synchronous Compensator(STATCOM),the Unified Power Quality Con-ditioner(UPQC)series/shunt compensators,etc.In this work,UPQC’s plan with the joint activity of photovoltaic(PV)exhibits is proposed.The proposed system is made out of series and shunt regulators and PV.A boost converter connects the DC link to the PV source,allowing it to compensate for voltage sags,swells,vol-tage interferences,harmonics,and reactive power issues.In this paper,the fea-tures of a seven-level Cascaded H-Bridge Multi-Level idea are applied to shunt and series active filter changeovers to reduce Total Harmonic Distortion and com-pensate for voltage issues.Despite its power quality capacity for common cou-pling,the proposed system can inject the grid’s dynamic power.During voltage interference,it can also provide a piece of delicate burden power.The simulation is carried out with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK programming,and the results are compared to those of other conventional methods.

A General Approach for Direct Conversion of Single Phase AC to AC Converter for Induction Heating System

This paper signifies the study of modeling and simulation of a single phase matrix converter for induction heating system. The working principle and the control method, using PID are revealing in detail. The performance of the system is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment with pulse width modulation switching strategy by varying the duty cycle. PID control is employed to obtain the better performance for a specified input supply for various output frequencies. The proposed control strategy of AC to AC converter has been discussed with a wide range of operating frequencies and results in low Total Harmonic Distortion.

Capacitor Pattern H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CPHMLI) Using Phase Diposition Pulse Width Modulation for Grid Applications

This work presents an implementation of an innovative single phase multilevel inverter using capacitors with reduced switches. The proposed Capacitor pattern H-bridge Multilevel Inverter (CPHMLI) topology consists of a proper number of Capacitor connected with switches and power sources. The advanced switching control supplied by Pulse Width Modulation (PDPWM) to attain mixed staircase switching state. The charging and discharging mode are achieved by calculating the voltage error at the load. Furthermore, to accomplish the higher voltage levels at the output with less number of semiconductors switches and simple commutation designed using CPHMLI topology. To prove the performance and effectiveness of the proposed approach, a set of experiments performed under various load conditions using MATLAB tool.

基于均匀相位采样提高阻抗谱测量精度的研究

周期性信号采样中,等效采样利用较低采样频率的A/D转换实现高频周期信号的采集,一定程度上弥补欠采样测量精度低的缺陷。为了有效地提高高频测量中阻抗谱测量精度与稳定性,提出一种基于等效采样思想的均匀相位采样的阻抗谱测量方法。利用单片机共时钟基准的模/数转换器(digital to analog convertor,DAC)与数/模转换器(analog to digital convertor,ADC)模块,在完成激励信号产生、输入输出信号同步采集的基础上,合理设计激励信号频率、采集频率与信号重构方法,实现高频信号单周期内均匀相位分布的等效高频采样,同时为克服常规A/D转换速度条件下难以准确实现高频阻抗谱测量的问题提供了新思路。从误差假设与拟合算法的角度,理论上分析证明了该方法降低误差的原因。并通过两种等效电路模型的阻抗谱测量对比实验,表明该方法在所设计的20~100 kHz高频段上,阻抗测量精度与稳定性得到了显著的提高。

一种低输入电流总谐波畸变率的三相Buck整流器不对称调制策略

传统空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)三相Buck整流器没有考虑直流链电流纹波对输入电流的影响,且在扇区切换点处输入电流存在严重畸变,导致输入电流总谐波畸变率(THD)升高。该文分析直流链电流纹波对三相Buck整流器输入电流的影响,分析输入电流扇区切换点畸变产生的原因,提出一种新型不对称SVPWM策略,显著降低了三相Buck整流器的输入电流THD。最后,通过仿真和1 kW的实验样机验证了理论分析的正确性以及所提调制策略的有效性。

光纤法珀传感器的改进型相位生成载波法解调

为解决相位生成载波-反正切解调算法(PGC-Atan)的非线性失真问题,搭建了基于改进型PGC-Atan算法的非本征型法珀传感器(EFPI)解调系统。首先,理论分析了载波相位调制深度(C)偏离最优值、伴生调幅、载波相位延迟等非线性因素对经典PGC-Atan算法中参与反正切运算的正弦与余弦两路信号的影响。然后,针对外调制或伴生调幅较小的情况,提出了一种基于系数补偿的改进型PGC-Atan算法(PGC-CC-Atan)。该算法通过构造与C值和载波相位延迟有关的系数,消除反正切运算中的非线性参数。针对内调制情况,提出了一种基于椭圆拟合的改进型PGC-Atan算法(PGCEF-Atan)。该算法通过基于分块矩阵的最小二乘法拟合椭圆并提取3个椭圆参数,进而将受非线性因素影响的正弦与余弦两路信号校正为正交信号。最后,通过仿真验证了改进型算法的正确性,并采用高调制特性的垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)和常规腔长的EFPI等搭建PGC解调系统,对比经典PGC-Atan算法与两种改进型算法的解调性能,证实了改进型算法非线性失真抑制的有效性。实验结果表明:一定C值范围内,两种改进型算法可在非线性因素影响下有效解调。PGC-EF-Atan算法相较于PGC-CC-Atan算法,解调信纳比提升了11.602 dB,总谐波失真降低了10.951%。两种改进型算法中,PGC-EF-Atan算法对非线性失真的抑制效果更好,且解调线性度良好,准确度高。

激光传输大气湍流效应复域仿真模拟方法研究

针对光场所受到的湍流畸变影响,提出了一种模拟激光传输大气湍流效应的新方法,利用大气湍流效应的统计学特性,实现了激光传输大气湍流效应在幅度域和相位域两个维度的联合模拟,且该方法适用于弱、中、强三种湍流情况。基于可描述不同湍流强度下光场幅度畸变的两种统计模型,采用随机微分方法得到光波幅度变化序列,光波幅度变化序列模拟结果与理论计算结果在不同湍流强度下均较好地吻合,拟合系数均大于0.9767;基于低频次谐波补偿的功率谱反演方法,采用三阶贝塞尔函数随机曲线设计生成时变相位屏对大气湍流效应中的相位畸变进行模拟。在不同湍流强度下,采用高斯光束作为光源,通过对时变相位屏移动过程中接收光斑强度进行归一化统计,模拟结果表明,所构建的大气湍流效应复域仿真模型模拟的效果与实际大气湍流畸变过程吻合。

面向激光测振应用的改进相位生成载波解调算法

为了解决相位生成载波解调方案应用于激光测振技术时,系统中存在的非线性失真问题,提出一种改进相位生成载波解调算法。该算法采用低频、大幅值的相位调制和迭代重加权椭圆特殊拟合对两路含有非线性误差的正交信号进行校正以抑制非线性失真。其中,低频相位调制由三角波信号驱动压电换能器生成,确保小信号情况下椭圆拟合结果的准确性。迭代重加权椭圆特殊拟合可以减小离群数据的影响并避免拟合结果退化为双曲线,具有精度高、鲁棒性好和计算效率高的优点。实验结果表明改进相位生成载波解调算法可以有效抑制激光测振实验系统的非线性失真,在不同相位调制深度(0.8~3.4 rad)下解调信号的信纳比和总谐波失真稳定,对应的标准差分别为0.55 dB和0.03%。系统的响应线性度优于99.99%,动态范围可达103.9 dB@500 Hz,总谐波失真为1%且工作频宽为20~8000 Hz。与传统相位生成载波解调方案相比,该算法不仅显著抑制了非线性失真,还克服了椭圆拟合算法在小信号下无法工作的缺点。