CsABF3-activated CsSUT1 pathway is implicated in pre-harvest water deficit inducing sucrose accumulation in citrus fruit

Pre-harvest water deficit(PHWD)plays an important role in sugar accumulation of citrus fruit.However,the mechanism is not known well.Here,it was confirmed that PHWD promoted sucrose accumulation of citrus fruit,but had limited effect on fructose,glucose and total acid.A sucrose transporter,Cs SUT1,which localizes to the plasma membrane,was demonstrated to function in sucrose transport induced by PHWD.Compared to wild-type,Cs SUT1 overexpression in citrus calli stimulated sucrose,fructose and glucose accumulation,while its silencing in juice sacs reduced sucrose accumulation.Increased sugar accumulation in transgenic lines enhanced plant drought tolerance,and resulted in decreased electrolyte leakage,malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents,as well as increased superoxide dismutase activity and proline contents.An abscisic acid(ABA)-responsive transcription factor,Cs ABF3,was found with a same expression pattern with Cs SUT1 under PHWD.Yeast one-hybrid,electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual-luciferase assays all revealed that Cs ABF3 directly bound with the Cs SUT1 promoter by ABA responsive elements.When Cs ABF3 was overexpressed in citrus calli,the sucrose,fructose and glucose concentration increased correspondingly.Further,transgenic studies demonstrated that Cs ABF3 could affect sucrose accumulation by regulating Cs SUT1.Overall,this study revealed a regulation of Cs ABF3 promoting Cs SUT1 expression and sucrose accumulation in response to PHWD.Our results provide a detail insight into the quality formation of citrus fruit.

Prediction of Minimum Spouting Velocity at Elevated Pressures and Temperatures

Minimum spouting velocity （Ums） is one of the most important flow characteristics for proper design and operation of spouted bed reactors. Many correlations for Ums have been published since spouted bed technology was initiated in 1955. In this paper, a new correlation is developed for Ums based on 767 published experimental data covering both high pressure and high temperature conditions. The calculated and the measured results of Ums are in better agreement than other published correlations.

Identification of KASP markers and putative genes for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is the most important crop in the world and a typical allopolyploid with a large and complex genome.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)leads to a significant reduction in grain quality worldwide.PHS is a complex trait with related QTL located on different chromosomes.However,the study of markers and genes related to PHS resistance is limited especially for whitegrained wheat.Four pairs of near isogenic lines(NILs)from a white-grained wheat cross of Chara
DM5637B*8 targeting a major QTL for PHS resistance(Qphs.ccsu-3A.1)on wheat chromosme 3AL were genotyped using the 90K SNP Illumina iSelect array.Ten SNPs were identified,with a 75%-100%consistency between genotype and phenotype in the resistant or susceptible isolines.The 10 SNPs were converted to cost-effective kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers.Screening of 48 wheat cultivars with different phenotypes of PHS identified four KASP markers with 81.3%-85.4%conformity between genotype and phenotype.Further investigation revealed that the four SNPs(BS00022245_51,Kukri_c49927_151,BS00022884_51 and BS00110550_51)corresponding to the four validated KASP markers are residing in three independent genes(TraesCS3A03G1072800,TraesCS3A03G1072400,TraesCS3A03G1071800)close to each other with a distance of 4.28-4.48 Mb to the targeted QTL.These three annotated genes have potential functions related to PHS resistance.Our study revealed that combined use of NILs and the 90K SNP chip is a powerful approach for developing KASP markers and mining functional genes in wheat.The KASP markers for PHS resistance on chromosome 3AL are useful for high-throughput evaluation and marker-assisted selection,and the three identified genes could lead to a better understanding of the genetic pathways controlling PHS.

Progress in research of process intensification of spouted beds:A comprehensive review

The development of intensification technology for spouted beds has become a current research focus,and an effective way to improve the efficiency of spouted beds is to reform their structure.Although numerous studies have been conducted on conventional beds,there are few reviews on the comprehensive application of intensification technology for spouted beds.In this paper,we comprehensively review the role of intensification technology in spouted beds for use in hydrodynamics,drying,desulfurization,pyrolysis,coating,biomass and waste gasification,and biomass drying from the perspective of experiment and simulation.Finally,potential problems and challenges in current spouted-bed research are summarized.

QTL mapping for pre-harvest sprouting in a recombinant inbred line population of elite wheat varieties Zhongmai 578 and Jimai 22

Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)is one of the serious global issues in wheat production.Identification of quantitative trait loci(QTL)and closely-linked markers is greatly helpful for wheat improvement.In the present study,a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from the cross of Zhongmai 578(ZM578)/Jimai 22(JM22)and parents were phenotyped in five environments and genotyped by the wheat 50 K single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)array.Two QTL of germination index(GI),QGI.caas-3A and QGI.caas-5A,were detected,explaining 4.33%–5.58%and 4.43%–8.02%of the phenotypic variances,respectively.The resistant effect of QGI.caas-3A was contributed by JM22,whereas that of QGI.caas.5A was from ZM578.The two QTL did not correspond to any previously identified genes or genetic loci for PHSrelated traits according to their locations in the Chinese Spring reference genome,indicating that they are likely to be new loci for PHS resistance.Four kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers K_AX-109605367and K_AX-179559687 flanking QGI.caas-3A,and K_AX-111258240 and K_AX-109402944flanking QGI.caas-5A,were developed and validated in a natural population of 100 wheat cultivars.The distribution frequency of resistance alleles at Qphs.caas-3A and Qphs.caas-5A loci were 82.7%and57.1%,respectively,in the natural population.These findings provide new QTL and tightly linked KASP markers for improvement of PHS resistance in wheat.

Evaluation of Pre-Harvest Sprouting(PHS)Resistance and Screening of High-Quality Varieties from Thirty-Seven Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Resources in Chengdu Plain

Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)will have a serious effect both on the yield and quality of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoaWilld.).It is crucial to select and breed quinoa varieties with PHS resistance and excellent agronomic traits for guidance production and utilization of quinoa.A comprehensive evaluation of the PHS resistance and agronomic traits of 37 species of quinoa resources was conducted in Chengdu Plain.The evaluation used various methods,including grain germination rate(GR),grain germination index(GI),total spike germination rate(SR),total grain germination index(SI),grey correlation analysis(GCA),cluster analysis and correlation analysis.Results showed significant differences in PHS resistance and agronomic traits amongst the 37 quinoa resources.CDU-23 was most resistant to PHS within 24 h,with a germination rate of 2.67%and 0%according to the GR and SR results,respectively.However,in the same time,CDU-31 showed the maximum susceptibility to PHS based on the SR of 31.07%,while CDU-34 was the most sensitive to PHS according to the GR of 100%.The comprehensive evaluation identified one and nine kinds of high resistance species for grain and whole spike germination,respectively.In both cases,the coefficients of variation(CV)for these parameters were 34.78%and 82.13%,respectively.GCA results showed that the magnitude of the association between each trait and yield in the thirty-seven quinoa resources was in the following order:thousand grain weight>seed length>seed area>seed width.Although the seed weight of CDU-18 reached 3.7010 g,the seed weight of CDU-5 was only 1.6030 g.However,the size of the seeds,their width and area did not correlate with their 1000-grain weight.There was a complex correlation between PHS resistance index and agronomic traits.Based on clustering analysis,thirty-seven quinoa resources were classified into three taxa.It was found that various taxa differed in PHS resistance and agronomic traits.Several comparisons of the aggregated data led to the selection of five varieties of quinoa,of which CDU-2 presented excellent agronomic qualities and strong PHS resistance.This study has provided a reference for breeding excellent quinoa varieties with PHS resistance.

Numerical Simulation of Pressurized Spouted Fluidized Bed for Coal Semi-Gasification

Numerical simulation study is conducted for a pressurized spouted fluidized bed coal carbonizer, in which hydrodynamics of pressurized spouted fluidized bed, chemical reactions and energy balance are taken into account. The effect of operating conditions such as bed pressure, air and steam mass flow ratio, temperature on product compositions in the bed is investigated. According to the calculated results, bed pressure and bed temperature have the key effects on coal semi gasification.

非球形湿颗粒导向管喷动流化床流动特性

实际工业生产中颗粒多为非球形颗粒,对颗粒形状效应和液相作用机制的研究不足,是导向管喷动流化床在颗粒涂层改性、包膜等工业应用的关键限制因素。选取粒径、密度相似的球形和圆柱形非球形颗粒为实验物料,对比两种颗粒在不同气速和雾滴引入量下的压力脉动信号频谱分析、信息熵分析,并结合床内气固流动对流型进行划分,绘制非球形湿颗粒流动相图,进而探究喷动流化过程中颗粒形状效应及液相作用机制。相比于球形颗粒,粒径、密度相似的非球形颗粒有较小的最小喷动速度,在喷动过程中有两个及以上较低的主频峰且信息熵较大,显示出非球形颗粒在系统内较高的混乱程度,颗粒之间摩擦、碰撞等降低了导向管内颗粒的固体循环速率。液体的引入增大了环形区颗粒间液桥力,使最小流化速度变大,但液体挥发引起喷动气量增大,使最小喷动速度与最小喷动流化速度减小。在喷动流化流型下引入液体,球形颗粒导向管两端压降ΔpDT的脉动主频降低,而非球形颗粒ΔpDT的主频升高。而且非球形颗粒黏附液体后频谱分析结果显示幅值较大的单一主频峰,表明非球形湿颗粒压力脉动规律性的增强。

咖啡豆红外喷动床干燥对其粉末物性品质、干燥能耗及挥发性成分的影响

为获得高品质干燥咖啡豆,采用红外喷动床组合干燥技术对咖啡豆进行干燥处理,研究不同进口温度和进口风速对咖啡粉色泽、堆积密度、休止角、得粉率、持水能力和水溶性指数、微观结构、干燥能耗及挥发性成分的影响。结果表明,提高进口温度和进口风速可以加快干燥速率,缩短干燥时间,降低干燥能耗。采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用共检测出7大类(酸类、酯类、醛类、醇类、酮类、杂环类及其他类)挥发性化合物,其中酸类、酯类、醇类、杂环类4类为咖啡豆主要挥发性化合物且含量较高。综合对比得出最佳干燥条件为进口温度75℃,进口风速7.5 m/s,在此条件下,L*值和堆积密度取得最大值,分别为106.59和0.65 g/mL,休止角取得最小值36.87°,得粉率、持水能力和水溶性指数取得最大值,分别为43.43%、5.4 g/g和41.27%,干燥能耗取得最小值336.53 kJ/g,形态结构保存较为完整,壁面光滑平整,检测到的挥发性成分种类最高达70种,含量为38 487.028 49 ng/g(以干基计),咖啡豆综合品质最佳。该研究可为红外喷动床干燥技术在咖啡豆干燥加工及工业化生产中的应用提供参考。

中试脉冲喷动床微波冻干山楂干燥特性与品质特性研究

该文针对传统冻干(conventional freeze-drying,CFD)存在的干燥周期长、能耗大及生产成本高等问题,探究中试脉冲喷动床微波冻干(pulse-spouted bed microwave freeze-drying,PSBMFD)山楂的干燥特性与品质特性,分析代替传统冻干进行商业化应用的可行性。以CFD山楂作为对比,研究了两者干燥时间、能耗、山楂品质及干燥均匀性等方面的差异。结果显示,和CFD相比,中试PSBMFD能耗降低72.49%,干燥周期减少62.39%,较好地保留山楂原有风味,所得山楂产品具有多孔结构和较高质构(硬度20.83 N);在水分含量、色差、收缩率方面,中试PSBMFD实现了山楂产品较高的均匀性(>90%);在营养保留方面,中试PSBMFD山楂具有较高的总酚含量[37.03 mg/g干基,以没食子酸当量(gallic acid equivalent,GAE)计]与抗氧化能力。该中试实验结果为PSBMFD商业化提供了有效的理论基础和技术支持。

肛肠熏洗剂在混合痔术后的应用

目的 探讨自拟中药方肛肠熏洗剂对混合痔患者术后疼痛及创面愈合的影响。方法 选取宁夏医科大学附属中医医院收治的肛肠科混合痔外剥内扎术后患者60例,随机分为2组,每组30例。对照组予以常规术后换药以及药物止痛,试验组在对照组的基础上联合肛肠熏洗剂熏洗治疗。2组患者治疗7 d后比较创面疼痛情况、肛缘水肿情况、创面渗液情况及临床疗效判定。结果 治疗后,试验组临床有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,试验组术后创面水肿及渗液积分小于对照组,且术后1、3、5、7 d疼痛积分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 混合痔术后常规换药以及药物止痛治疗联合肛肠熏洗剂熏洗坐浴临床效果确切,对于术后创口的分泌物有减少作用,能够缓解术后创面水肿和疼痛,促进伤口愈合,使患者症状体征得到有效缓解,加速患者康复。

某污水处理厂尾水排海工程设计探讨

介绍了尾水排海工程的设计方案,包括排放方案、扩散器设计、警戒装置及标识设计,探讨了排海管管材选取、防腐设计及排海管的施工方式。设计采用I型+T型组合式扩散器、上升管顶部设置多个喷口、管道外防腐采用3PE防腐涂层加阴极保护等技术措施,对水保护的环境起到重要作用。

碱回收炉溜槽冷却系统工艺安全研究

通过对碱回收炉溜槽冷却系统工艺安全的研究,分别从正常运行、非正常状态下,对溜槽存在的安全风险进行分析,重点探讨了多工况时,溜槽冷却系统的工艺安全设计,从而能够最大可能避免因溜槽冷却系统故障而造成的安全事故。

基于“相火在位”理论探讨藏肾疏肝法治疗溃疡性结肠炎

溃疡性结肠炎属于炎症性肠病,其发病机制与肠道免疫紊乱相关。近年来有学者根据相火生理病理特点提出“相火免疫”学说。通过梳理“相火在位”的理论内涵,认为相火在位与肾精封藏、肝气疏泄具有生理相关性,结合溃疡性结肠炎临床症状及病理基础,认为“肾失封藏、相火妄动”是溃疡性结肠炎发病的根本病机,并提出藏肾疏肝的治疗大法,以填补下焦,封髓藏肾固其根本,配合清遏余邪、疏肝敛阳以治其标,分予清热疏肝、利湿化浊、散瘀解毒以“消、敛、降”妄火,标本兼治,为中医辨治溃疡性结肠炎提供新思路。

浅谈鸡首壶兴起与衰落的原因

鸡首壶是魏晋南北朝时期常见且独有的器物,代表着一个时代的风貌,它的兴起与衰落受到政治、经济、文化等多种因素的影响。通过结合魏晋南北朝时期社会的政治、经济和文化的发展,分析鸡首壶的时代特征,从时代背景中寻找鸡首壶兴起和衰落的答案。

四角切圆锅炉的二次风喷口结构优化及应用

300 MW发电机组配备的四角切圆锅炉在深度调峰工况下存在脱硝入口NOx值居高不下、锅炉两侧汽温偏差大、在高负荷工况下水冷壁存在较严重的高温腐蚀等一系列问题,经分析四角切圆锅炉结构特点及左右两侧屏式过热器、屏式再热器的壁温偏差及低负荷时二次风与炉膛压差等运行参数,判断为锅炉二次风配风性能差导致锅炉燃烧动力场偏离设计值。将部分二次风喷口面积局部缩小且辅助风喷口沿炉膛切圆方向偏转7.5°后,锅炉在深度调峰工况下主热、再热汽温分别提升13℃、9℃,左右两侧脱硝入口NOx值平均下降162 mg/m^(3),空预器入口氧量未发生降低,这表明优化的二次风喷口结构可有效提升锅炉性能。

Pre-harvest spraying of oxalic acid improves postharvest quality associated with increase in ascorbic acid and regulation of ethanol fermentation in kiwifruit cv. Bruno during storage

The kiwifruit trees(Actinidia deliciosa cv.Bruno)were sprayed with 5 mmol L-1 oxalic acid(OA)or water(as control)at 130,137 or 144 d after full-blossom,and then the fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and stored at room temperature(20±1)℃ for 13 d.The effect of pre-harvest spraying of OA on postharvest quality of kiwifruit was evaluated during storage.The OA spraying slowed the increase in soluble solids content(SSC)and decrease in titratable acid(TA),as well as increased contents of ascorbic acid(AsA)and total-AsA accompanied with higher AsA/DHA ratio in kiwifruit during storage.Moreover,the OA spraying significantly reduced the contents of acetaldehyde and ethanol in kiwifruit,along with significant decrease in activities of enzymes involved in ethanol fermentation metabolism during the later period of storage,which was beneficial to control off-flavor associated with over accumulation of ethanol during postharvest.It was suggested that pre-harvest spraying of OA might maintain the postharvest quality of kiwifruit in relation to delay in fruit ripening,AsA maintenance and regulation of ethanol fermentation.

Analysis of Gas-Solid Flow Characteristics in a Spouted Fluidized Bed Dryer by Means of Computational Particle Fluid Dynamics

In order to grasp the particle flow characteristics and energy consumption of industrial fluidized spouted beds,we conduct numerical simulations on the basis of a Computational Particle Fluid Dynamics(CPFD)approach.In particular,the traction model of Wen-Yu-Ergun is used and different inlet conditions are considered.Using a low-speed fluidizing gas,the flow state of the particles is better and the amount of particles accumulated at the bottom of the bed wall becomes smaller.For the same air intake,the energy loss of a circular nozzle is larger than that of a square nozzle.

Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Methane with Air to Syngas in a Pilot-Plant-Scale Spouted Bed Reactor

On the basis of hydrodynamic and scaling-up studies, a pilot-plant-scale thermal spouted bed reactor (50 mm in ID and 1500 mm in height) was designed and fabricated by scaling-down cold simulators. It was tested for making syngas via catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of methane by air. The effects of various operating conditions such as operating pressure and temperature, feed composition, and gas flowrate etc. on the CPO process were investigated. CH4 conversion of 92.2% and selectivity of 92.3% and 83.3% to CO and H2, respectively, were achieved at the pressure of 2.1 MPa. It was found that when the spouted bed reactor was operated within the stable spouting flow regime, the temperature profiles along the bed axis were much more uniform than those operated within the fixed-bed regime. The CH4 conversion and syngas selectivity were found to be close to thermodynamic equilibrium limits. The results of the present investigation showed that spouted bed could be considered as a potential type of chemical reactor for the CPO process of methane.

Comparison of numerical simulations and experiments in conical gas–solid spouted bed

Flow behavior of gas and particles in conical spouted beds is experimentally studied and simulated using the twofluid gas-solid model with the kinetic theory of granular flow.The bed pressure drop and fountain height are measured in a conical spouted bed of 100 mm I.D.at different gas velocities.The simulation results are compared with measurements of bed pressure drop and fountain height.The comparison shows that the drag coefficient model used in cylindrical beds under-predicted bed pressure drop and fountain height in conical spouted beds due to the partial weight of particles supported by the inclined side walls.It is found that the numerical results using the drag coefficient model proposed based on the conical spouted bed in this study are in good agreement with experimental data.The present study provides a useful basis for further works on the CFD simulation of conical spouted bed.