Production of Yam Tubers Using Seed Tubers from Vitroplants Regenerated from Aerial Stems in the Yam Species Dioscorea alata (L.) and Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata (L. & P.) in Côte d’Ivoire

The aim of this study is to produce large quantities of yam tubers in the field from seed tubers derived from vitroplants regenerated from aerial stem cuttings and farmers’ tuber seeds. Seed tubers from ten yam cultivars, including five from Dioscorea alata (cDa083, cDa053, cDa115, cDa150 and cDa266) and five from Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata (cDr015, cDr027, cDr150, cDr206 and cDr148) with distinct agro-morphological characteristics, were used as material. A completely randomized block design with 3 replications was used. In each block, all cultivars and seed types were represented. When put into cultivation, the tubers produced by the vitroplants all germinated and gave 100% healthy plants, compared with 86% to 100% healthy plants for the seed tubers produced by the farmers. Yields per hectare ranged from 10 to 25 tonnes for seed tubers produced by in vitro plants, and from 4 to 9 tons for seed tubers produced by farmers. Seed tubers from vitroplants can therefore be recommended to farmers as a solution to the problem of seed tuber unavailability.

The metabolic profiling of Chinese yam fermented by Saccharomyces boulardii and the biological activities of its ethanol extract in vitro

Chinese yam(Dioscorea opposita Thunb.),as one of the medicinal and edible homologous plants,is rich in various nutrients and functional factors.In this study,Chinese yam fermented by Saccharomyces boulardii was performed to investigate its bioactive components and metabolic profile.And then,the main bioactive components and biological activities of fermented Chinese yam ethanol extract(FCYE)were evaluated.Results showed that there were 49 up-regulated metabolites and 52 down-regulated metabolites in fermented Chinese yam compared to unfermented Chinese yam.Besides,corresponding metabolic pathways analysis initially revealed that the distribution of bioactive substances was concentrated on alcoholsoluble small molecular substances.Ulteriorly,the total polyphenol content and the total flavonoid content in FCYE were significantly increased,and the corresponding antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities in vitro were also significantly enhanced.Our study provided a new reference for the comprehensive utilization of Chinese yam and laid a theoretical foundation for the development and application of natural probiotic-fermented products.

Efficiency of Legumes in Increasing Yam Yield under Sandy Ferrasol in the Forest Zone of Southwestern Côte d’Ivoire

The cropping system is based on traditional farming in rural areas. In this way, yields of some food crops like yam are very low considering their high need for nutrients. The nutrient-rich land is under high land pressure as it is occupied by cash crops such as oil palm and rubber at the expense of food crops and soil fertility is declining. The study was conducted in Grand-Lahou to assess the effect of organic matter provided by legumes in increasing yam yield. The randomized complete block design included four (4) treatments: Arachis hypogaea + yam association (T1), Acacia mangium + yam association (T2), Arachis + Acacia mangium + yam association (T3) and pure yam crop (T0). The parameters measured were: the soil nutrients content, the rate of mineralization of organic matter through the C/N ratio as well as the yield of yam through different techniques that allowed the objective of the study to be achieved. It was noted a slight improvement of nitrogen and organic carbon in all treatments with a higher value recorded in the T2 treatment. The C/N ratio decreased to 12 in all treatments compared to the control, which reflects a normal decomposition of the organic matter. Treatment T1 increased yam yield (8.4 t/ha) in contrast to treatments T2 (4.1 t/ha) and T3 (2.8 t/ha). Legume-based treatments T2 and T3 were associated with a significant decrease in yam yield, resulting in losses of −46.34% to −25.09%, while treatment T1 resulted in a gain of 28.57%. As a result, the treatments involving legumes contributed to normalizing the organic matter content of the soil. The simultaneous association of these two legumes led to a decrease in yam production, contrary to the treatment associating only groundnut.

基于荧光光谱和拉曼光谱技术的中药检测研究

中医药是中华文化的瑰宝和中华文明的结晶,在全民健康中发挥着重要作用。由于中药生长环境受限及市场需求量的增大,市场上出现了许多以次充好、以假乱真的中药,这对中药发展及质量保障都极为不利。因此,对中药的检测和鉴定非常重要。为了探究中药的荧光光谱和拉曼光谱特性,选取白芷、苏木、山药、地榆四种中药进行分类检测研究。一方面,从化学成分和结构的角度分析中药白芷和苏木产生荧光的可能性,采用F-4600型荧光光谱仪(200~750 nm)分别在不同激发波长和不同浓度下测试了白芷和苏木水浸液的荧光光谱,探究了白芷和苏木水浸液的荧光光谱特性,并对荧光强度与不同浓度、激发波长的关系进行了探讨。另一方面,采用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪(100~4000 cm^(-1))对4种不同产地的山药和2种不同产地的地榆中药饮片的拉曼光谱分别进行测试研究。结果表明,白芷水浸液在波长260~350 nm的光激发下,产生较强荧光,最佳激发波长是340 nm,荧光峰值波长为420 nm,其荧光强度随浓度的增大而增强,且样品浓度较低时,荧光强度与浓度成线性关系;苏木水浸液在200~290 nm的光激发下,产生较强荧光,最佳激发波长为220 nm,荧光峰值波长为345 nm,随浓度的增加,荧光强度先增强后减弱,在浓度为0.175 mg·mL^(-1)时荧光强度达到最大。白芷水浸液和苏木水浸液的荧光强度都与激发波长的关系呈现高斯分布,符合荧光规律。分析山药和地榆的拉曼光谱,发现不同产地的拉曼特征基本一致,确认山药的拉曼特征峰主要集中在477、862、939、1080、1258、1337和1457 cm^(-1)处;地榆的拉曼特征峰主要集中在862和1337 cm^(-1)处,主要归属与已有的化学成分研究结果相符。部分特征峰处拉曼活性出现差异,可以作为区分不同产地中药的依据。该研究结果不仅为荧光光谱在中药鉴定及质量分析中的应用提供了实验数据和方法参考,也为利用拉曼光谱技术实现中药的快速准确检测及产地归属奠定了基础。

不同干燥方式山药粉对希腊式酸奶冷藏中品质及抗氧化活性的影响

为研究不同干燥工艺(热风干燥、微波干燥及冷冻干燥)制得的山药粉对希腊式酸奶贮藏期间的品质稳定性和抗氧化活性的影响,采用这三种山药粉分别替代2%的全脂乳粉制作希腊式酸奶,测定其在4℃贮藏21 d过程中的各项指标变化情况。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的增加,山药希腊式酸奶的酸度、硬度、内聚性、黏度、乳酸菌活菌数和多酚含量均有所提高,固形物含量和持水性略有下降,铁还原能力和DPPH自由基清除率基本处于平稳不变状态。与空白对照组相比,三种山药粉均显著提高了希腊式酸奶的酸度、内聚性、黏度、多酚含量、铁还原能力和DPPH自由基清除率(P<0.05),持水力和乳酸菌活菌数量有所提高,总固形物含量显著降低(P<0.05),而硬度值在贮藏14 d前相对较高,在21 d时山药希腊式酸奶的硬度均低于空白对照组。冷藏过程中三种山药酸奶的固形物含量、硬度、内聚性、黏度等指标存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中Y3组(冷冻干燥)固形物含量显著高于Y1(热风干燥)、Y2组(微波干燥)(P<0.05),硬度显著低于Y1、Y2组(P<0.05),酸度、铁还原能力和DPPH自由基清除率略高于Y1、Y2组;Y3、Y2组的内聚性和黏度显著高于Y1组(P<0.05)。综合分析可知,三种山药粉中冷冻干燥山药粉更有利于改善希腊式酸奶品质和抗氧化性能。本研究为山药粉在希腊式酸奶中的应用提供了理论依据。

Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides in Yam Bulbils and Their Hypoglycemic Effect in Diabetic Mice

The polysaccharides in yam bulbils were extracted, and their antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice were discussed. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides in yam bulbils was signifi- cantly enhanced with the increase of concentration; they showed a strong scaveng- ing ability against DPPH. and .OH, and the scavenging ability was dose dependent to some extent; the scavenging rates reached 91.15% and 89.06% respectively when the dose reached 4.0 mg/ml; the polysaccharides in yam bulbils significantly educed the blood glucose in model rice, and the hypoglycemic effect of large-dose polysaccharides was more obvious. The polysaccharides in yam bulbils has good antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect, which provides a new source for devel- opment of safe and natural food antioxidants and blood sugar-lowering agents.

Effect of Purple Yam(Dioscorea alata L.) on Nutritional and Physiological Functions of Growing Rats

[Objective] This study was to explore the effect of purple yam on the nutritional and physiological functions of rats.[Method] Forty SD rats were randomly divided into four groups with ten rats in each group which were reared with artificial semisynthetic feed added with 10% steamed yam powder.The four groups,the casein（CK） group which was used as the control,the purple yam（PY） group,the Tiegun yam（TY） group and common Huai yam（HY） group,were supplied with feed of equal content of energy,protein and fat.The rats were pair-fed for 56 days to observe changes of relevant nutritional and physiological indices.[Result] There were no significant differences of body weight,food conversion rate and organ indices between rats in PY group and CK group.Mean corpuscular hemoglobin in PY group was significantly lower than that in CK group;hemoglobin showed no significant difference with that in CK group;eosnophils was lower than that in CK group.Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,total cholesterol and atherogenic index in PY group were lower than that in the other three groups;anti-atherogenic index was the highest among the four groups,while showing no significant difference;triglyceride content was lower than that in CK group.Among the antioxidant indices,the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase were higher than that in CK group,while malondialdehyde content was lower than that in CK group.[Conclusion] Purple yam showed the trend of reducing the content of blood glucose,total cholesterol,low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,triglyceride,malondialdehyde,and raising the activity of glutathione peroxidase,superoxide dismutase and catalase,thus having certain antioxidative function.

山药零余子化学诱变体系探索及突变体库构建

开展山药零余子甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)化学诱变技术研究,不仅可以获得丰富的突变体材料,而且对丰富山药育种技术和方法具有重要意义。以白玉、晋山药1号、汾阳冀村山药、平遥岳壁山药、山东细毛山药的零余子为材料,采用0(CK)、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%、1.2%浓度的EMS处理,研究EMS对不同材料的敏感性,筛选EMS最敏感材料;选用对EMS最敏感的山药进行处理,调查诱变处理后表型的变异情况,并构建该材料的突变体库。结果表明:随着EMS浓度的增加,5种山药的出苗数和成活数均受到不同程度的抑制;山药零余子对EMS的敏感性存在差异,诱变适宜浓度为0.81%~1.20%,平遥岳壁山药为诱变最敏感材料;平遥岳壁山药突变体库中,总变异率为9.36%。代表型变异以主茎变异率最高,为3.86%,占总变异率的41.24%;以叶形变异最为丰富,有12个变异类型,变异率为3.46%,占总变异率的36.97%。由此可知,诱变浓度在0.81%~1.20%,零余子可以产生丰富的表型变异。

新型有机螯合捕收剂YAM2的选矿特性研究

通过一系列浮选数据介绍了由云南大学矿产研究所最新开发的代号为YAM2的n-辛基-异羟肟酸钾有机螯合捕收剂在浮选复杂难选氧化铜矿的显著优势和此药剂与常规捕收剂组合使用时的协同增效作用。对人工硅孔雀石富矿试样的试验结果表明，当调整矿浆的pH值为7．5～10．5时，YAM2是硅孔雀石矿物的有效捕收剂。对实际难选氧化铜矿的试验结果表明，YAM2可单独使用，也可与其他硫化矿捕收剂组合使用，当YAM2与常规硫化矿捕收剂组合使用时，明显加强了其协同增效作用，在精矿品位略有提高的基础上，精矿回收率提高了15—20个百分点。

ZrB_2复合材料表面YAM涂层制备

以硝酸铝和硝酸钇摩尔配比混合溶液为前躯体,采用共沉淀法及随后热处理在ZrB_2复合材料表面制备YAM涂层。研究了基体材料表面处理状态、浸涂次数和煅烧温度对涂层结构的影响。借助X射线衍射仪和扫面电镜分析了涂层热处理后的物相、形貌和涂层与基体之间的结合情况。研究结构表明:经过1750℃真空煅烧,基体表面形成YAM涂层,涂层厚度随浸涂次数增加而增加,浸涂两次的涂层表面光滑程度最好,而经过粗化能够提高涂层与基体间良好结合。

Breeding and Mechanized Cultivation of the New Bulk Purple Yam Variety Suyu 2

The new bulk purple yam variety Suyu 2,which had high quality,efficiency and was suitable for production in a highly mechanized cultivation,was bred by special and was suitable for whole-course mechanized cultivation.Integrated with agricultural machinery and agricultural trait,four kinds of machines produced by two factories from Jiangsu and Shandong could complete 10 kinds of main production processes,including rotary tillage,ridging,sowing,intertillage,topdressing,drug delivery,weeding,hilling,vine cutting and harvest.The work efficiency of single machine was 4-5 hm^2/d,and the production pattern got the cost saving and effectiveness increasing in the main yam producing area.The benefit reached over RMB 37500 yuan/hm^2 in special vegetable area.It was simple,feasible and easy to popularize the mechanization cultivation technique.

Chinese yam(Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) Notillage Ecological Cultivation Technique

For traditional cultivation of Chinese yam, it is necessary to dig a deep trench duringsowing and harvest, wasting labor and time, and Chinese yam requires good quality of cultivated land, causing serious impact on the development of yam industry due to the competition with food production. Yam no-tillage ecological cul- ture techniques, combined with advantage of yam directional tuberization, could en- able the cultivation of yam inlow-production field, barren hills and sloping field, forest land and other non-staple food land and thus could promote farmers＇ income as well as improving the ecological environment.

山药在糖尿病及其并发症治疗中的作用机制研究进展

糖尿病是由胰岛素绝对或相对分泌不足以及利用障碍引发的,以高血糖为标志的慢性疾病。长期有糖尿病的患者,由于高血糖对身体各系统和器官的慢性损害,可能会出现糖尿病肾病、糖尿病周围神经病变、糖尿病性骨质疏松症、糖尿病心肌病、糖尿病性勃起功能障碍等多种糖尿病并发症。中医药在糖尿病及其并发症的预防和治疗中有着独特的优势,可以作为传统口服降糖药治疗的重要补充和替代选择,在缓解糖尿病患者临床症状、减少胰岛素及降糖药用量及控制并发症方面发挥作用。山药作为一种中医传统药材,具有气阴双补的功效,是治疗糖尿病(中医称为消渴病)及其并发症的常用药。现代药理研究发现,山药可通过调节糖脂代谢紊乱、改善胰岛素抵抗、减轻氧化应激、抑制炎症反应、调节免疫、调节肠道微生物等机制发挥对糖尿病及其并发症的治疗作用,其相关活性成分具有被开发为糖尿病及其并发症治疗药物的潜力。

魔芋胶提高挤压山药淀粉中抗性淀粉含量的工艺研究

抗性淀粉作为一种健康成分,对人体健康有着诸多积极影响,包括控制血糖和胰岛素水平、促进肠道健康、控制体重。挤压技术作为一种高温、短时、连续的多功能热机械技术,集混合、搅拌、剪切、加热、熟化和成型于一体,且具有高效环保的特点。水分含量、挤压温度和螺杆转速是影响挤压效果的重要因素。该研究以抗性淀粉(RS)含量为响应值,采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法,通过单因素实验和响应面实验确定了水分含量、挤压温度和螺杆转速的最佳组合。研究结果显示,在山药淀粉和魔芋胶的挤压过程中,水分含量为30%、挤压温度为90℃、螺杆转速为180 r/min时,抗性淀粉含量高达42.58%。该研究为山药淀粉的利用和产品开发提供了重要的理论依据。

薯蓣丸组方及临床加减应用医案心得总结

薯蓣丸出自《金匮要略》,是治疗虚劳病、气血阴阳俱不足兼风邪的经典名方,具有补虚、祛风、调和阴阳的功效,在现代临床广泛应用于心脑血管疾病、免疫系统疾病及肿瘤疾病等治疗。该文主要介绍薯蓣丸的来源及作用,并依据患者具体证候、病机进行化裁加减,通过临床案例分析薯蓣丸加减的应用效果,为中医慢性病及疑难病症治疗提供了重要的用药思路与实践参考。

Comprehensive characterization of yam tuber nutrition and medicinal quality of Dioscorea opposita and D.alata from different geographic groups in China

China is an important domestication center of yams,and two main yam species of Dioscorea opposita and D.alata are commonly cultivated in China.However,the differences of nutritional and medicinal characteristics between the two species and their subgroups remain unclear,which would greatly affect the resource conservation and commercial utilization of yams.In this study,typical yam resources including the species of D.opposita(wild and cultivated Ruichang yam from southern China,and Tiegun yam from northern China)and two landraces of D.alata(Longyan yam and Anyuan yam from southern China)were selected as materials.Nutritional traits and medicinal characteristics were determined and analyzed respectively.The results showed that there was no significant differences in the content of most nutrients between D.opposita and D.alata,but most cultivated Ruichang yam of D.opposita showed higher levels of starch,soluble sugar,sucrose,and ascorbate in tuber than that in yam from D.alata.Moreover,an UPLC-MS method was developed for identification and determination of medicinal characteristics in the two species.The results showed that allantoin can be detected in all selected samples.Cultivated Ruichang yam of D.opposita possessed the highest allantoin content among the tested materials,and was significantly different with that in Tiegun yam and D.alata.Dioscin was not detected in D.alata.Overall,there was little difference in nutritional composition between D.opposita and D.alata,but the medicinal quality of D.opposita was better than that of D.alata.Due to the outstanding comprehensive quality,the local variety of cultivated Ruichang yam can be further developed and utilized.

Isolation of Nine Microorganisms from Rotten <i>Dioscorea rotundata</i>(White Yam) and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test with Five Plant Extracts

Five yam tuber varieties were investigated for microorganisms that cause yam tuber rot from five local government areas of Benue State, Nigeria, between the months of March 2014 to March 2015. Five fungi species: Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifera, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium marnessei and four bacteria species: Serratia marcescens, Erwinia caro-tovora, Klebsiella oxytoca and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were consistently isolated. Pathogenicity test carried out confirmed these organisms as the pathological agent of the rot. Antimicrobial activity of five plant aqueous extracts: Terminalia catapa (common name fruit), Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), Daniella oliveri (Chiha-Tiv), Ceiba pentandra (Vambe-Tiv), Jatropha tanjorensis (Catholic plant) was carried out on the isolated microorganims and they showed varing degrees of inhibition, the aqueous extract from Passiflora edulis, Ceiba pentandra and Jatropha tanjorensis were able to inhibit all the fungi completely.

Effect of Incorporation of Yam Flour and Moringa Powder in Wheat Bread on Glycemic Response

This study aimed to investigate the effect of yam flour substitution (Dioscorea alata L.) and moringa powder in wheat bread on glycemic response. Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of pieces of bread were determined. A mixture plan design was used to determine the optimal formulation of bread made of yam flour, wheat flour and moringa powder. The mixture of 79.4% soft wheat flour, 20% yam flour and 0.6% moringa leaves powder has a good potential in bread preparation and was used in this study. 100% wheat bread was used as control. Postprandial blood glucose response (glycemic response) was evaluated with the glucose used as a reference food. Blood glucose responses were measured at different intervals for 2 hours. The results indicated that composite bread had low GI and GL values than wheat bread. Values are GI = 80 and GL = 61.2 for wheat bread and GI = 37.78 and GL = 29.65 for the composite bread. This study demonstrated that the inclusion of yam flour of moringa leaves powder in bread production might not pose a threat to blood glucose response compared to wheat bread. These pieces of bread could be included easily in diabetics’ and non-diabetics diet.

DPPH Radical Scavenging Capacity of Phenolic Extracts from African Yam Bean (<i>Sphenostylis stenocarpa</i>)

The phenolic extracts of the seeds of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) were studied using different extraction solvents (70% ethanol, 80% acetone and acidic 70% acetone) and two heat treatment methods (dry heating on a hot plate with acid-washed sea sand at 135℃ for 25 min and wet heating in an autoclave at 120℃ for 20 min). The study examined the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and condensed tannin content (CTC) of the seed extracts, as well as their free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. The raw African yam bean seed was dry heated in air oven at 100℃ for 5 min (control). Heat treatments application affected the phenolic contents of the seeds significantly (p < 0.05). The free radical scavenging activity of the phenolics were done using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The effectiveness of the extract was determined using DPPH at 50 mg/g, 10 mg/g and 5 mg/g of the extracts. At 5 mg/g, the extract was most effective indicating that higher concentration of extract gave higher antioxidant activity. The seed has high antioxidant capacity and an appreciable amount of phenolic extracts.

Identification of Polysaccharides from Chinese Yam(Dioscoreae opposite “Qi”) by Infrared Spectroscopy

In this study, the structure of polysaccharides from Chinese yam （Dioscoreae opposite ＂Qi＂） was analyzed and identified by infrared spectroscopy within an infrared spectral range of 400-4 000 cm^-1, Characteristic absorption peaks were observed at 840 cm^-1 （α-glucosidic bond）, 759.21 cm^-1 （xylose）, 830.87 cm^-1 （rhamnose）, 812.81 cm^-1, 876.60 cm^-1 （mannose） and 842.64 cm^-1 （arabinose） in infrared spectra of polysaccharides from D. opposite ＂Qi＂, indicating that D. opposite ＂Qi＂ polysaccharides exist mainly in the form of α-glucosidic bonds, including xylose, rhamnose, mannose and arabinose. The experimental results could provide the basis for quantitative analysis, development and application of polysaccharides from D. opposite ＂Qi＂.