Deformation mechanism and roof pre-splitting control technology of gob-side entry in thick hard main roof full-mechanized longwall caving panel

This paper explores the deformation mechanism and control technology of roof pre-splitting for gob-side entries in hard roof full-mechanized longwall caving panel(LTCC).The investigation utilizes a comprehensive approach that integrates field monitoring,theoretical analysis,and numerical simulation.Theoretical analysis has illuminated the influence of the length of the lateral cantilever beam of the main roof(LCBM)above the roadway on the stability of the gob-side entry behind the panel.Numerical simulations have further revealed that the longer LCBM results in heightened vertical stress within the coal pillar,developed cracks around the roadway,and more pronounced damage to the roadway.Moreover,numerical simulations also demonstrate the potential of roof pre-splitting technology in optimizing the fracture position of the hard roof.This technology significantly reduces the length of the LCBM,thereby alleviating stress concentration in the coal pillars and integrated coal rib while minimizing the destruction of the gob-side entry.Therefore,this manuscript first proposes the use of roof pre-splitting technology to control roadway deformation,and automatically retain the entry within a hard roof LTCC panel.Field implementation has demonstrated that the proposed automatically retained entry by roof pre-splitting technology effectively reduces gob-side entry deformation and achieves automatically retained entry.

Combined blasting for protection of gob-side roadway with thick and hard roof

The deformation control of surrounding rock in gobside roadway with thick and hard roof poses a significant challenge to the safety and efficiency of coal mining.To address this issue,a novel approach combining directional and non-directional blasting techniques,known as combined blasting,was proposed.This study focuses on the experimental investigation of the proposed method in the 122108 working face in Caojiatan Coal Mine as the engineering background.The initial phase of the study involves physical model experiments to reveal the underlying mechanisms of combined blasting for protecting gob-side roadway with thick and hard roof.The results demonstrate that this approach effectively accelerates the collapse of thick and hard roofs,enhances the fragmentation and expansion coefficient of gangue,facilitates the filling of the goaf with gangue,and provides support to the overlying strata,thus reducing the subsidence of the overlying strata above the goaf.Additionally,the method involves cutting the main roof into shorter beams to decrease the stress and disrupt stress transmission pathways.Subsequent numerical simulations were conducted to corroborate the findings of the physical model experiments,thus validating the accuracy of the experimental results.Furthermore,field engineering experiments were performed,affirming the efficacy of the combined blasting method in mitigating the deformation of surrounding rock and achieving the desired protection of the gob-side roadway.

Effectiveness analysis of methane-drainage by deep-hole controlled pre-splitting blasting for preventing coal and gas outburst

In the study of the application effectiveness of deep-hole controlled pre-splittingblasting technology,it was found through laboratory micro test and field study on a mine insouth China that under the technology,coal masses produce many irreversible cracks.Afterblasting,the nearer the distance from blasting hole,the larger the BET surface areaand volume ratio of the infiltration pore are;they increased by 11.47%and 5.73%,respectively.The coefficient of air permeability is increased 4 times.After 3 months,the gasdrainage rate was increased by 66%.In the first 15 days,the cumulative pumped gas was1.93 times of blasting before.The average absolute gas emission decreased by 63.46%.Experimental results show that deep-hole controlled pre-splitting blasting not only preventscoal and gas outburst,but also gives good economic results.

Application of deep borehole blasting on fully mechanized hard top-coal pre-splitting and gas extraction in the special thick seam

In order to solve the problems of top-coal inadequate destruction and large amounts of gas emission in mining extra thick and hard coal seam,this study investigated the pre-splitting for deep borehole blasting and gas pre-draining technologies on top coal.The mechanism of the technologies was systematically expounded based on hard top-coal cracks development obtained by numerical simulation and theoretical analysis.The results show that explosive blasting in the hard rock results in a large number of cracks and large displacement in the rock mass due to the effect of explosion stress.Meanwhile,the thick top-coal caves,and desorbing gas flows along the cracks improve gas extraction.Finally,the pre-splitting for deep borehole blasting and gas pre-draining technologies was applied in No.3802 working face of Shui Liandong Coal Mine,which increases monthly output in the face to 67.34 kt and the drained gas concentration to 86.2%.The drained gas average concentration from each borehole reaches 40%,and the effect is remarkable.

Roof pre-blasting to prevent support crushing and water inrush accidents

Support crushing and water inrush when mining under an unconsolidated confined aquifer in the Qidong Coal Mine was prevented by roof pre-blasting. The mechanism and applicable conditions for this method have been studied. The results show that when an overburden structure that may cause support crushing and a water inrush accident exists the weakening of the primary key stratum, which thereby reduces its weighting step, roof pre-blasting is both feasible and effective. If the position of the primary key stratum can be moved upward to exceed 10 times the mining height the possibility of support crushing and water inrush disaster caused by key stratum compound breakage will be lowered. The overburden structure of the number 7121 working face was considered during the design of a technical proposal involving roof pre-blasting. After comprehensively analyzing the applicability of roof pre-blasting the resulting design prevented support crushing and water inrush disasters from happening at the number 7121 working face and laid a solid foundation for mining safely.

Instability mechanism of mining roadway passing through fault at different angles in kilometre-deep mine and control measures of roof cutting and NPR cables

The angle α between the fault strike and the axial direction of the roadway produces different damage characteristics. In this paper, the research methodology includes theoretical analyses, numerical simulations and field experiments in the context of the Daqiang coal mine located in Shenyang, China. The stability control countermeasure of "pre-splitting cutting roof + NPR anchor cable"(PSCR-NPR) is simultaneously proposed. According to the different deformation characteristics of the roadway, the faults are innovatively classified into three types, with α of type I being 0°-30°, α of type II being 30°-60°, and α of type III being 60°-90°. The full-cycle stress evolution paths during mining roadway traverses across different types of faults are investigated by numerical simulation. Different pinch angles α lead to high stress concentration areas at different locations in the surrounding rock. The non-uniform stress field formed in the shallow surrounding rock is an important reason for the instability of the roadway. The pre-cracked cut top shifted the high stress region to the deep rock mass and formed a low stress region in the shallow rock mass. The high prestressing NPR anchor cable transforms the non-uniform stress field of the shallow surrounding rock into a uniform stress field. PSCR-NPR is applied in the fault-through roadway of Daqiang mine. The low stress area of the surrounding rock was enlarged by 3-7 times, and the cumulative convergence was reduced by 45%-50%. It provides a reference for the stability control of the deep fault-through mining roadway.

综采工作面过大落差逆断层回采技术研究与应用

落差较大的断层,严重影响采煤工作面的安全生产。逆断层在永夏矿区较为罕见,车集煤矿2902工作面切眼为矿井首次揭露大落差逆断层,通过对大落差逆断层回采技术难题研究分析,对工作面爆破机理及效果反向分析总结,对综采工作面爆破规律摸索,优化了爆破参数及爆破防崩措施;合理控制回采层位,减少了破岩量;制定了托顶煤控制措施,有效实现了安全快速通过逆断层,对类似构造煤层开采具有较强的参考价值。

切顶卸压沿空留巷技术在厚煤层综采工作面的应用

切顶卸压沿空留巷作为一种无煤柱开采工艺,在一定程度上可以提升煤炭资源的回收利用率、提升矿井生产的连续性、增加煤矿企业的经济效益。为解决工作面交替紧张及煤炭资源回采率低等问题,以山西西山煤电股份有限公司马兰矿18505综采工作面运输顺槽为研究对象,通过理论计算和工程实践相结合的研究方式,进行了切顶卸压沿空留巷工艺方案的设计及巷道围岩控制措施的相关研究,并提出采用“预裂爆破切顶+恒阻大变形锚索补强支护”的沿空留巷技术方案。根据现场实际监测效果可知,在留巷30天后,巷道围岩的变形基本趋于稳定,顶底板最大变形量为178.26 mm,巷道两帮的最大移近量为85.34 mm,完全符合沿空留巷的实际应用标准,保障了工作面的安全回采。

Controlling roof with potential rock burst risk through different pre-crack length:Mechanism and effect research

Roof pre-splitting is an effective method to control the roof with potential rock burst risk.In this study,three-point bending tests were carried out by using fine sandstone specimens with different pre-cracked lengths as test objects,and digital speckle correlation method(DSCM)and acoustic emission(AE)technology were used to track the entire process of crack propagation.The effect of pre-cracks on the fracture of rock beams was evaluated,and the mechanical mechanism of the rock beam fracture process was analyzed.The rock beam pre-splitting design method was developed,and the application effect of the method was proved by the microseismic monitoring data obtained from the 10303 working face of Jining No.2 coal mine in China.The results show that the loading time history curve of pre-cracked beams exhibits obvious residual characteristics.Compared with the intact rock beam,the tensile strength,and maximum tensile strain of 35 mm pre-cracked rock beam are decreased by 32.4% and 33.1%,respectively and the acoustic emission b value is increased by 30.2%.According to the pre-splitting design method of rock beam,the maximum and average microseismic energy of the 10303 working face after pre-splitting construction are reduced by 25.6% and 6.4%,respectively,with excellent prevention and control effect of thick roof.

Stability control measures for roof cutting and NPR supporting of mining roadways in fault areas of kilometre-deep coal mine

The study focuses on the stability control measures for mining roadways in fault zones of deep mines,using Daqiang Coal Mine as a case study.The control system under consideration,referred to as"pre-splitting cutting roof+NPR anchor cable"(PSCR-NPR),is subjected to scrutiny through theoretical analysis,numerical modelling,and field trials.Furthermore,a comprehensive analysis is undertaken to evaluate the stability control mechanism of this particular technology.The study provides evidence that the utilization of deep-hole directional energy-concentrated blasting facilitates the attainment of directional roof cutting in roadways.The aforementioned procedure leads to the formation of a uniform structural surface on the roof of the roadway and causes modifications in the surrounding geological formation.The examination of the lateral abutment pressure and shear stress distribution,both prior to and subsequent to roof cutting,indicates that the implementation of pre-splitting techniques leads to a noteworthy reduction in pressure.The proposition of incorporating the safety factor Q for roof cutting height is suggested as a method to augment comprehension of the pressure relief phenomenon in the field of engineering.The analysis of numerical simulation has indicated that the optimal pressure relief effect of a mining roadway in a fault area is attained when the value of Q is 1.8.The NPR anchor cable exhibits noteworthy characteristics,including a high level of prestress,continuous resistance,and substantial deformation.After the excavation of the roadway,a notable reduction in radial stress occurs,leading to the reinstatement of the three-phase stress state in the surrounding rock.This restoration is attributed to the substantial prestress exerted on the radial stress.The termination point of the NPR anchor cable is strategically positioned within a stable rock formation,allowing for the utilization of the mechanical characteristics of the deep stable rock mass.This positioning serves to improve the load-bearing capacity of the surrounding rock.The mining roadway within the fault region of Daqiang Coal Mine is outfitted with the PSCR-NPR technology.The drop in shear stress experienced by the rock surrounding the roadway is estimated to be around 30%,whilst the low-stress region of the mining roadway extends by a factor of approximately 5.5.The magnitude of surface displacement convergence experiences a decrease of approximately 45%-50%.The study’s findings provide useful insights regarding the stable of mining roadway in characterized by fault zones.

Study on influencing factors and prediction of peak particle velocity induced by roof pre-split blasting in underground

Blasting technology is widely used to prevent coal bursts by presplitting the overburden in underground coal mines.The control of blasting intensity is important in achieving the optimal pre-split effectiveness and reducing the damage to roadway structures that are subjected to blasting vibrations.As a critical parameter to measure the blasting intensity,the peak particle velocity(PPV)of vibration induced by blasting,should be accurately predicted,and can provide a useful guideline for the design of blasting parameters and the evaluation of the damage.In this paper,various factors that influence PPV,induced by roof pre-split blasting,were analyzed using engineering blasting experiments and numerical simulations.The results showed that PPV was affected by many factors,including charge distribution design(total charge and maximum charge per hole),spacing of explosive centers,as well as propagation distance and path.Two parameters,average charge coefficient and spatial discretization coefficient were used to quantitatively characterize the influences of charge distribution and spacing of explosive centers on the PPV induced by roof pre-split blasting.Then,a model consisting of the combination of artificial neural network(ANN)and genetic algorithm(GA)was adopted to predict the PPV that was induced by roof presplit blasting.A total of 24 rounds of roof pre-split blasting experiments were carried out in a coal mine,and vibration signals were collected using a microseismic(MS)monitoring system to construct the neural network datasets.To verify the efficiency of the proposed GA-ANN model,empirical correlations were applied to predict PPV for the same datasets.The results showed that the GA-ANN model had superiority in predicting PPV compared to empirical correlations.Finally,sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the impacts of input parameters on PPV.The research results are of great significance to improve the prediction accuracy of PPV induced by roof pre-splitting blasting.

赵官矿切顶卸压沿空留巷爆破参数研究

以赵官矿2707W工作面为工程背景,对切顶卸压沿空留巷爆破参数进行研究。结合现场工程地质条件,选用双向聚能拉伸爆破技术对试验段顶板进行预裂。综合运用理论分析计算、现场爆破试验等手段,得到了合理的爆破参数:爆破钻孔深度8.0 m,切顶角度10°,炮孔间距600 mm,装药结构为5+4+3。通过现场钻孔窥视和矿压监测等手段验证了切顶爆破效果良好,在丰富切顶卸压沿空留巷爆破技术理论的同时,也为类似工况提供一定的工程借鉴意义。

三轴分级循环加卸载下爆破损伤顶板砂岩能量耗散试验研究

为探究不同围压环境爆破荷载损伤砂岩在循环加卸载作用下能量耗散演化规律,利用三轴试验加载装置系统对三种不同损伤度的砂岩试件开展不同围压下的分级循环加卸载试验,并结合电子数码显微镜获取不同损伤度试件细观结构,分析爆破荷载损伤、围压及加载级数对试件能量耗散及破裂破碎形态的影响规律。结果表明:(1)爆破荷载作用会对岩体造成损伤,单轴压缩荷载下振动损伤、爆破损伤试件峰值强度降幅分别为5.53%、18.87%,单轴分级循环加卸载作用对未损伤、振动损伤试件产生劣化,对爆破损伤试件产生强化作用;(2)爆源近端岩体损伤程度较高,在外荷载作用下率先发生破坏,围压的存在显著降低试件的破裂破碎程度,试件呈剪切、拉伸及压碎破坏多种模式共存;(3)循环加卸载过程中第1次循环加载试件所获取总能量及塑性变形能最大,循环次数的增加使试件塑性变形能及耗散能整体均呈现减小趋势,围压及循环加载级数的增大使试件在循环加载过程中各能量均随之增加;(4)分级循环加卸载过程中Ⅱ级循环加卸载试件耗能比要低于Ⅰ级与Ⅲ级,爆破损伤、振动损伤及未损伤试件在Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级循环加卸载过程中耗能比均值分别为15.73%、12.47%、13.95%,13.49%、12.44%、13.46%,12.07%、8.69%、11.56%,爆破荷载损伤改变岩体内部结构使得试件在循环加卸载作用下耗能占比更加显著。

综采面坚硬顶板超深孔预裂爆破远场解危控制技术

工程实践表明,顶板事故在煤矿各类事故中占首要位置,已严重制约了我国现代化矿井安全高效开采。为了实现煤矿综采面坚硬顶板的安全治理,亟需形成综采面坚硬顶板超深孔预裂爆破远场解危控制技术以有效解决因工作面大空间坚硬顶板垮落而影响安全生产的重大难题。基于此,通过自主创新和联合攻关,面向深部矿井坚硬顶板,开展了综采面坚硬顶板超深孔预裂爆破远场解危技术研究;研发了高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药、填塞材料等技术与装备,形成了成熟的深孔爆破工艺,突破了厚硬顶板爆破中煤矿许用炸药威力与安全度的矛盾,解决了超深孔爆破中炸药可靠起爆等技术瓶颈问题;通过构建大空间采场覆岩-支架-围岩系统力学模型,揭示了采场大小周期来压及强矿压作用机理,提出了大空间采场厚硬覆岩多层位精准定位爆破弱化控制原理和基于爆破损伤的综采工作面厚硬顶板深孔爆破参数设计方法,形成了综采工作面厚硬顶板超前深孔卸压控制技术。研究成果在全国近百个综采面进行工程应用,未发生一起顶板事故,避免了综采面厚硬顶板发生压架、形成飓风、矿震等重大安全事故的风险,保障了综采面的安全高效生产,为综采面坚硬顶板远场解危的设计提供了理论依据并为现场施工提供了指导作用。

工作面单双巷顶板爆破应力演化规律研究

坚硬顶板是影响工作面冲击危险的重要因素,实践中常采用爆破技术对工作面顶板进行预裂和卸压。以田陈煤矿3煤层上方存在坚硬顶板的7202工作面为对象,采用理论分析、数值模拟、工业试验等方法,研究了不同爆破高度、工作面单巷和双巷顶板爆破下围岩应力演化及微震规律。结果表明:针对低位亚关键层采用单巷和双巷爆破时,爆破高度越大,巷道围岩峰值应力越低,卸压效果与爆破高度呈正相关关系;但采用双巷爆破时,当爆破高度增加至6倍采高(亚关键层中部位置)以上时,工作面中部区域会出现应力升高现象,且工作面越短应力升高越明显;在7202工作面初采阶段进行高度为3倍采高的单巷顶板爆破时,微震多集中在巷道区域,卸压效果一般,改为双巷顶板爆破并提高爆破高度至6倍采高后,微震多集中到工作面中部区域,无大能量微震事件发生,应力监测预警次数也大幅降低,巷道区域卸压效果较好。

倾斜工作面面向断层开采煤柱失稳机制及稳定性控制

以某矿面向断层开采的5302工作面为工程背景,模拟了工作面回采过程中断层及断层周围煤岩体垂直应力、塑性区及断层滑移演化规律,提出了断层煤柱的合理尺寸,并制定了卸压方案。研究结果表明:工作面回采期间断层及断层周围煤岩体受构造应力与采动应力叠加作用下应力高度集中,容易诱发冲击地压;微震、应力在线监测结果对比分析表明,制定的爆破断顶、钻孔卸压技术方案能够有效降低应力集中程度,避免工作面面向断层开采时诱发冲击危险。

深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压机理与应用

为解决悬顶导致的煤柱及邻近巷道高应力和大变形问题,结合工作面顶板地质条件,提出深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压专项方案,采用数值模拟及现场试验对卸压效果开展综合研究。研究结果表明,煤层顶板在切顶后垂直应力减幅为21.62%,预裂切顶措施可显著降低煤柱及邻近巷道围岩应力水平。试验发现,炮孔内轴向贯穿裂缝明显,可实现采空区顶板及时垮落。顶底板在切顶后累计位移量减幅达59.27%,巷道两帮及顶底板移近变形得到有效控制,煤柱垂直应力增量显著降低。实践证明,采用深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压效果显著,可大幅提高作业效率,为类似矿压防治工程提供借鉴。

深部留底煤巷道冲击地压破坏机理与卸压实践

深部矿井留底煤巷道在回采过程中,存在工作面超前区域巷道底板冲击地压显现的问题。为探究此类条件下巷道底板冲击机理及有效防治手段,以孟村煤矿401102回风巷为工程背景,利用UDEC数值模拟软件建立深部留底煤巷道模型,开展巷道底板冲击区域的应力分布特征研究,研究顶、底板岩层强度弱化对底板应力分布的影响规律,并验证巷道顶板预裂爆破及底板爆破针对底板冲击的防治效果。结果表明:(1)巷道煤层底板中部下方3~5 m煤体内水平应力集中,最大值43.39 MPa,巷道底板水平应力集中是留底煤巷道冲击地压显现的主要诱因;(2)巷道围岩弱化模拟,水平应力差峰值分别降低了22.59、22.91 MPa,有效降低了底板水平应力集中程度。针对巷道底板冲击问题,提出了顶板预裂爆破降低静载集中的防治策略。根据现场实测数据,401102回风巷采取以上措施后,安全回采至工作面结束,顶板预裂爆破有效提高了巷道安全性,可为类似条件下冲击地压防治提供工程借鉴。

东欢坨矿切顶卸压沿空留巷聚能爆破关键参数研究

为确定切顶卸压沿空留巷合理的聚能爆破参数,实现成功留巷的目的,以东欢坨矿20221工作面倾斜中厚煤层为工程背景,采用理论分析、工程经验和现场试验研究相结合的方法,对双向聚能张拉爆破参数进行了研究,对不同爆破参数下单位长度爆破孔成缝率进行了分析。结果表明,在爆破孔深7.5 m、炮孔间距500 mm的情况下,“4-4-1”的装药结构爆破成缝效果明显,成缝率达到90%以上,在工作面回采过后顶板垮落及时,现场应用效果良好。

防隔水煤柱切顶卸压定向爆破参数设计及工程应用

针对煤矿井下紧邻断层的防隔水煤柱稳定性保护问题,以鹤壁中泰矿业3309工作面防隔水煤柱为工程背景,对防隔水煤柱切顶卸压定向爆破参数设计及工程应用进行研究。通过对切顶卸压前后防隔水煤柱支撑压力分布进行对比分析,揭示了切顶卸压定向爆破作用机理,采空区顶板垮断时大悬臂结构被切断进而迅速垮落,防隔水煤柱上方侧向支撑压力缓慢上升然后延伸至深处缓慢下降到原岩应力。利用FLAC3D和ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立不同不耦合系数定向聚能爆破模型,数值模拟结果显示,切顶卸压后应力峰值降低了约27.8%,且峰值位置与3309工作面煤柱帮的距离明显增大,改善了3309工作面回风巷道附近区域应力环境;综合考虑切缝效果和炸药利用率,确定了不耦合系数1.7为正常段最优装药结构;根据数值分析结果和断层分布情况对3309工作面回风巷道进行系统性差异化爆破参数设计,现场应用表明切顶卸压定向爆破效果良好,对防隔水煤柱的保护起到了有效的作用。