Pre-stack inversion for caved carbonate reservoir prediction:A case study from Tarim Basin,China

The major storage space types in the carbonate reservoir in the Ordovician in the TZ45 area are secondary dissolution caves.For the prediction of caved carbonate reservoir,post-stack methods are commonly used in the oilfield at present since pre-stack inversion is always limited by poor seismic data quality and insufficient logging data.In this paper,based on amplitude preserved seismic data processing and rock-physics analysis,pre-stack inversion is employed to predict the caved carbonate reservoir in TZ45 area by seriously controlling the quality of inversion procedures.These procedures mainly include angle-gather conversion,partial stack,wavelet estimation,low-frequency model building and inversion residual analysis.The amplitude-preserved data processing method can achieve high quality data based on the principle that they are very consistent with the synthetics.Besides,the foundation of pre-stack inversion and reservoir prediction criterion can be established by the connection between reservoir property and seismic reflection through rock-physics analysis.Finally,the inversion result is consistent with drilling wells in most cases.It is concluded that integrated with amplitude-preserved processing and rock-physics,pre-stack inversion can be effectively applied in the caved carbonate reservoir prediction.

Elastic modulus extraction based on generalized pre-stack PP–PS wave joint linear inversion

Joint PP–PS inversion offers better accuracy and resolution than conventional P-wave inversion. P-and S-wave elastic moduli determined through data inversions are key parameters for reservoir evaluation and fluid characterization. In this paper, starting with the exact Zoeppritz equation that relates P-and S-wave moduli, a coefficient that describes the reflections of P-and converted waves is established. This method effectively avoids error introduced by approximations or indirect calculations, thus improving the accuracy of the inversion results. Considering that the inversion problem is ill-posed and that the forward operator is nonlinear, prior constraints on the model parameters and modified low-frequency constraints are also introduced to the objective function to make the problem more tractable. This modified objective function is solved over many iterations to continuously optimize the background values of the velocity ratio, which increases the stability of the inversion process. Tests of various models show that the method effectively improves the accuracy and stability of extracting P and S-wave moduli from underdetermined data. This method can be applied to provide inferences for reservoir exploration and fluid extraction.

Impedance inversion of pre-stack seismic data in the depth domain

The extensive application of pre-stack depth migration has produced huge volumes of seismic data,which allows for the possibility of developing seismic inversions of reservoir properties from seismic data in the depth domain.It is difficult to estimate seismic wavelets directly from seismic data due to the nonstationarity of the data in the depth domain.We conduct a velocity transformation of seismic data to make the seismic data stationary and then apply the ridge regression method to estimate a constant seismic wavelet.The estimated constant seismic wavelet is constructed as a set of space-variant seismic wavelets dominated by velocities at different spatial locations.Incorporating the weighted superposition principle,a synthetic seismogram is generated by directly employing the space-variant seismic wavelets in the depth domain.An inversion workflow based on the model-driven method is developed in the depth domain by incorporating the nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithm,which avoids additional data conversions between the time and depth domains.The impedance inversions of the synthetic and field seismic data in the depth domain show good results,which demonstrates that seismic inversion in the depth domain is feasible.The approach provides an alternative for forward numerical analyses and elastic property inversions of depth-domain seismic data.It is advantageous for further studies concerning the stability,accuracy,and efficiency of seismic inversions in the depth domain.

Fast pre-stack multi-channel inversion constrained by seismic reflection features

Classical multi-channel technology can significantly reduce the pre-stack seismic inversion uncertainty, especially for complex geology such as high dipping structures. However, due to the consideration of complex structure or reflection features, the existing multi-channel inversion methods have to adopt the highly time-consuming strategy of arranging seismic data trace-by-trace, limiting its wide application in pre-stack inversion. A fast pre-stack multi-channel inversion constrained by seismic reflection features has been proposed to address this issue. The key to our method is to re-characterize the reflection features to directly constrain the pre-stack inversion through a Hadamard product operator without rearranging the seismic data. The seismic reflection features can reflect the distribution of the stratum reflection interface, and we obtained them from the post-stack profile by searching the shortest local Euclidean distance between adjacent seismic traces. Instead of directly constructing a large-size reflection features constraint operator advocated by the conventional methods, through decomposing the reflection features along the vertical and horizontal direction at a particular sampling point, we have constructed a computationally well-behaved constraint operator represented by the vertical and horizontal partial derivatives. Based on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) optimization, we have derived a fast algorithm for solving the objective function, including Hadamard product operators. Compared with the conventional reflection features constrained inversion, the proposed method is more efficient and accurate, proved on the Overthrust model and a field data set.

Pre-stack AVO inversion with adaptive edge preserving smooth filter regularization based on Aki-Richard approximation

With the development of exploration of oil and gas resources,the requirements for seismic inversion results are getting more accurate.In particular,it is hoped that the distribution patterns of oil and gas reservoirs can be finely characterized,and the seismic inversion results can clearly characterize the location of stratigraphic boundaries and meet the needs of accurate geological description.Specifically,for pre-stack AVO inversion,it is required to be able to distinguish smaller geological targets in the depth or time domain,and clearly depict the vertical boundaries of the geological objects.In response to the above requirements,we introduce the preprocessing regularization of the adaptive edge-preserving smooth filter into the pre-stack AVO elastic parameter inversion to clearly invert the position of layer boundary and improve the accuracy of the inversion results.

Petrophysical parameters inversion for heavy oil reservoir based on a laboratory-calibrated frequency-variant rock-physics model

Heavy oil has high density and viscosity, and exhibits viscoelasticity. Gassmann's theory is not suitable for materials saturated with viscoelastic fluids. Directly applying such model leads to unreliable results for seismic inversion of heavy oil reservoir. To describe the viscoelastic behavior of heavy oil, we modeled the elastic properties of heavy oil with varying viscosity and frequency using the Cole-Cole-Maxwell (CCM) model. Then, we used a CCoherent Potential Approximation (CPA) instead of the Gassmann equations to account for the fluid effect, by extending the single-phase fluid condition to two-phase fluid (heavy oil and water) condition, so that partial saturation of heavy oil can be considered. This rock physics model establishes the relationship between the elastic modulus of reservoir rock and viscosity, frequency and saturation. The viscosity of the heavy oil and the elastic moduli and porosity of typical reservoir rock samples were measured in laboratory, which were used for calibration of the rock physics model. The well-calibrated frequency-variant CPA model was applied to the prediction of the P- and S-wave velocities in the seismic frequency range (1–100 Hz) and the inversion of petrophysical parameters for a heavy oil reservoir. The pre-stack inversion results of elastic parameters are improved compared with those results using the CPA model in the sonic logging frequency (∼10 kHz), or conventional rock physics model such as the Xu-Payne model. In addition, the inversion of the porosity of the reservoir was conducted with the simulated annealing method, and the result fits reasonably well with the logging curve and depicts the location of the heavy oil reservoir on the time slice. The application of the laboratory-calibrated CPA model provides better results with the velocity dispersion correction, suggesting the important role of accurate frequency dependent rock physics models in the seismic prediction of heavy oil reservoirs.

Inverse full state hybrid projective synchronization for chaotic maps with different dimensions

A new synchronization scheme for chaotic（hyperchaotic） maps with different dimensions is presented.Specifically,given a drive system map with dimension n and a response system with dimension m,the proposed approach enables each drive system state to be synchronized with a linear response combination of the response system states.The method,based on the Lyapunov stability theory and the pole placement technique,presents some useful features：（i） it enables synchronization to be achieved for both cases of n 〈 m and n 〉 m;（ii） it is rigorous,being based on theorems;（iii） it can be readily applied to any chaotic（hyperchaotic） maps defined to date.Finally,the capability of the approach is illustrated by synchronization examples between the two-dimensional H′enon map（as the drive system） and the three-dimensional hyperchaotic Wang map（as the response system）,and the three-dimensional H′enon-like map（as the drive system） and the two-dimensional Lorenz discrete-time system（as the response system）.

Fluid discrimination incorporating amplitude variation with angle inversion and squirt flow of the fluid

Pre-stack seismic inversion is an important method for fluid identification and reservoir characterization in exploration geophysics. In this study, an effective fluid factor is initially established based on Biot poroelastic theory, and a pre-stack seismic inversion method based on Bayesian framework is used to implement the fluid identification. Compared with conventional elastic parameters, fluid factors are more sensitive to oil and gas. However, the coupling effect between rock porosity and fluid content is not considered in conventional fluid factors, which may lead to fuzzy fluid identification results. In addition,existing fluid factors do not adequately consider the physical mechanisms of fluid content, such as squirt flow between cracks and pores. Therefore, we propose a squirt fluid factor(SFF) that minimizes the fluid and pore mixing effects and takes into account the squirt flow. On this basis, a novel P-wave reflection coefficient equation is derived, and the squirt fluid factor is estimated by amplitude variation with offset(AVO) inversion method. The new reflection coefficient equation has sufficient accuracy and can be utilized to estimate the parameters. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method in fluid identification are verified by the synthetic and field examples.

A Quadratic precision generalized nonlinear global optimization migration velocity inversion method

An important research topic for prospecting seismology is to provide a fast accurate velocity model from pre-stack depth migration. Aiming at such a problem, we propose a quadratic precision generalized nonlinear global optimization migration velocity inversion. First we discard the assumption that there is a linear relationship between residual depth and residual velocity and propose a velocity model correction equation with quadratic precision which enables the velocity model from each iteration to approach the real model as quickly as possible. Second, we use a generalized nonlinear inversion to get the global optimal velocity perturbation model to all traces. This method can expedite the convergence speed and also can decrease the probability of falling into a local minimum during inversion. The synthetic data and Mamlousi data examples show that our method has a higher precision and needs only a few iterations and consequently enhances the practicability and accuracy of migration velocity analysis （MVA） in complex areas.

Multi-well wavelet-synchronized inversion based on particle swarm optimization

Wavelet estimation is an important part of high-resolution seismic data processing.However,itis diffi cult to preserve the lateral continuity of geological structures and eff ectively recover weak geologicalbodies using conventional deterministic wavelet inversion methods,which are based on the joint inversionof wells with seismic data.In this study,starting from a single well,on the basis of the theory of single-welland multi-trace convolution,we propose a steady-state seismic wavelet extraction method for synchronizedinversion using spatial multi-well and multi-well-side seismic data.The proposed method uses a spatiallyvariable weighting function and wavelet invariant constraint conditions with particle swarm optimization toextract the optimal spatial seismic wavelet from multi-well and multi-well-side seismic data to improve thespatial adaptability of the extracted wavelet and inversion stability.The simulated data demonstrate that thewavelet extracted using the proposed method is very stable and accurate.Even at a low signal-to-noise ratio,the proposed method can extract satisfactory seismic wavelets that refl ect lateral changes in structures andweak eff ective geological bodies.The processing results for the fi eld data show that the deconvolution resultsimprove the vertical resolution and distinguish between weak oil and water thin layers and that the horizontaldistribution characteristics are consistent with the log response characteristics.

Reservoir prediction using pre-stack inverted elastic parameters

This is a case study of the application of pre-stack inverted elastic parameters to tight-sand reservoir prediction. With the development of oil and gas exploration, pre-stack data and inversion results are increasingly used for production objectives. The pre-stack seismic property studies include not only amplitude verse offset （AVO） but also the characteristics of other elastic property changes. In this paper, we analyze the elastic property parameters characteristics of gas- and wet-sands using data from four gas-sand core types. We found that some special elastic property parameters or combinations can be used to identify gas sands from water saturated sand. Thus, we can do reservoir interpretation and description using different elastic property data from the pre-stack seismic inversion processing. The pre- stack inversion method is based on the simplified Aki-Richard linear equation. The initial model can be generated from well log data and seismic and geologic interpreted horizons in the study area. The input seismic data is angle gathers generated from the common reflection gathers used in pre-stack time or depth migration. The inversion results are elastic property parameters or their combinations. We use a field data example to examine which elastic property parameters or combinations of parameters can most easily discriminate gas sands from background geology and which are most sensitive to pore-fluid content. Comparing the inversion results to well data, we found that it is useful to predict gas reservoirs using λ, λρ, λ/μ, and K/μ properties, which indicate the gas characteristics in the study reservoir.

A new method--the inverse strain method(ISM)for preventing welding hot cracking of high strength aluminium alloy LY12CZ

In this paper a new method for preventing welding hot cracking—the inverse strain method(ISM)is developed on the principle of welding mechan- ics.Effectiveness and feasiblity of method in preventing welding hot cracking of high strength aluminum alloy LY12CZ by synchronous rolling during welding (SRDW)along both sides of the weld at a suitable distance behind the welding arc are examined.Experimental resulte indicate that welding hot cracking of LY12CY can be effectively prevented and the mechanical properties of welded joint can also be improved by the method.It is an important new solution for preventing hot cracking in welding of sheet metal.

采用改进遗传算法优化LS-SVM逆系统的外转子无铁心无轴承永磁同步发电机解耦控制

为了实现外转子无铁心无轴承永磁同步发电机(outer rotor coreless bearingless permanent magnet synchronous generator,ORC-BPMSG)的精确控制,提出一种基于改进遗传算法(improved genetic algorithm,IGA)优化最小二乘支持向量机(least square support vector machine,LS-SVM)逆系统的解耦控制策略。首先,基于ORC-BPMSG的结构及工作原理,推导其数学模型,并分析其可逆性。其次,建立LS-SVM回归方程,并采用IGA优化LS-SVM的性能参数,从而训练得到逆系统。然后,将逆系统与原系统串接,形成伪线性系统,实现了ORC-BPMSG的线性化和解耦。最后,将提出的控制方法与传统LS-SVM逆系统控制方法进行对比仿真和实验。仿真和实验结果表明:所提出的控制策略可以较好地实现ORC-BPMSG输出电压和悬浮力、以及悬浮力之间的解耦控制。

基于同步电荷提取和翻转的可扩展异质能量俘获电路

为了提供更加稳定可靠的能量,针对异质能的混合能量俘获问题,提出了一种基于同步电荷提取和翻转的可扩展异质能量俘获(Extensible Synchronous Charge Extraction and Inversion for Heterogeneous Energy Harvesting,EH-SCEI)电路。所提出的EH-SCEI电路,利用无源的峰值检测电路和RC微分电路在压电电压峰值时实现异质能源同步提取,并提出将部分电荷提取到储能端而另一部分电荷进行翻转以提高俘能效率的方法。仿真和实验结果均表明,所提出的电路可以对多个具有任意相位差的压电换能器进行能量采集并可根据实际的应用场景进行扩展;与现有电路相比,在输入输出范围、负载相关性、俘获效率等性能上,均有较大改善。

基于改进布谷鸟算法的永磁同步电机参数辨识

针对永磁同步电机中参数辨识精度不足以及速度较慢的问题,文章提出一种改进的布谷鸟算法实现对永磁同步电机的参数辨识。首先,采用Tent映射初始化种群;其次,采用动态发现概率调整布谷鸟蛋被发现的概率;最后,引入逐维反向学习策略,增强了算法的局部和全局寻优能力,同时加快了收敛速度。仿真分析表明,改进的布谷鸟算法相比于原算法,能更加有效地辨识永磁同步电机的电机参数。

基于同步压缩匹配追踪的砂体尖灭点识别研究

砂体尖灭的刻画是构造岩性复合圈闭有效性评价的关键,而受地震资料带限影响难以准确识别砂体的尖灭位置。为了有效解决地震剖面上尖灭识别不准的问题,本文创新引入同步压缩匹配追踪时频分辨率和能量聚焦性双重优势开展砂体尖灭识别研究。首先利用时频域褶积算子与初始模型约束构建匹配追踪的冗余字典,在时频域内筛选出所有可能的匹配原子构成备选原子库;将初始模型约束与时频域联合反演方法引入反演框架,可获得更精确的反演结果;再利用同步压缩匹配追踪变换,通过逐道分析提取优势频率,筛选时频瞬时谱,得到具有最优频率的单频谱剖面。对所提方法进行的二维模型及实际资料的测试,结果表明,基于同步压缩匹配追踪的高分辨率地震谱分解砂体尖灭点识别方法能够获得更丰富的时频域信息,得到最优频率的单频谱剖面,进而精确识别地下地质体尖灭位置。该方法对超覆型及削蚀型岩性圈闭尖灭线的刻画具有重要的借鉴意义。

自升式海工平台升降系统改进优化设计

以自升式钻井平台改造为自升式风机作业平台为研究对象,以提升升降系统抬升能力及安全性为目标,通过对升降系统的抬升齿轮、驱动电机、动力系统、控制与检测系统进行选型计算,选择满足平台需要的合适的设备替换旧系统,使升降系统满足预定用途,同时满足规范及安全性要求。通过抬升试验及FMEA验证了改造后的系统的稳定性。

基于改进蜉蝣算法的永磁同步电机参数辨识

针对当前主流的永磁同步电机参数辨识算法存在易陷入局部最优、辨识精度差等问题,提出一种基于逆交配机制及变异交配策略的蜉蝣优化算法.在蜉蝣算法的基础上,分别在雄性蜉蝣速度更新和雌性蜉蝣速度更新阶段引入逆交配机制,并在交配阶段采用变异交配策略,增强了算法的局部开发能力.仿真结果表明,逆交配机制能有效避免算法后期容量易陷入局部最优的缺点;变异交配策略大大提高了算法的种群多样性、收敛速度和精度.

基于交叉梯度约束的时间域激发极化法二维同步反演

时间域激发极化法(Time-domain induced polarization method,简称为TDIP)已有的反演算法采用的是分步反演的思路,即先由视电阻率资料反演电阻率,固定电阻率再由视极化率资料反演极化率,这样就存在极化率结果严重依赖于电阻率反演结果的问题.为了有效解决这一问题,本文实现了TDIP二维数据空间分步反演算法,提出了基于交叉梯度约束的TDIP二维同步反演策略,实现了交叉梯度约束的电阻率和极化率二维同步反演算法.分别用电阻率和极化率结构一致和不一致的二维模型合成数据进行了分步和同步反演试算,对不同模型试算结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:对于电阻率和极化率结构一致和不一致模型,同步反演结果比分步反演结果能更好地确定异常体的空间分布范围,反演得到的电阻率和极化率值更接近真值.理论模型算例表明本文提出的同步反演算法有效解决了分步反演的问题,优于分步反演算法,具有更好的实用性.

STATCOM的自适应逆控制方法

为了研究静止同步补偿器STATCOM运行过程中存在的非线性特性对补偿特性的影响,在考虑了电压源型逆变桥中IGBT的通态损耗、开关损耗以及直流侧的电容损耗基础上,建立了基于该逆变桥的STATCOM数学模型,并根据其数学模型的非线性特性,提出了STATCOM的自适应逆控制方法和逆系统模型。根据该模型对STATCOM进行直接控制,并根据系统参数的不可预知以及其时变的特点,对系统模型中的参数在运行过程进行在线识别,并进行了仿真。结果表明,自适应逆控制能够有效地克服运行过程中系统参数的变化对补偿效果的影响,从而提高了控制系统的鲁棒性和装置的控制精确度;给定系统参数的初值准确与否,对装置最终的控制精确度没有影响。该控制方法具有实用性,而且随着处理器计算能力的不断增强该方法存在广泛的应用前景。