A Statistical Analysis of the Modulus of Elasticity and Compressive Strength of Concrete C45/55 for Pre-stressed Precast Beams

Random behavior of concrete C45/55 XF2 used for prefabricated pre-stressed bridge beams is described on the basis of evaluating a vast set of measurements. A detailed statistical analysis is carried out on 133 test results of cylinders 150 ~ 300 mm in size. The tests have been running in laboratories of the Klokner Institute. A single worker took all specimens throughout the period, and the subsequent measurements of the static modulus of elasticity and the compressive strength of the concrete were performed. The measurements were made at the age of 28 days after specimens casting, and only one testing machine with the same capping method was used. Suitable theoretical models of division are determined on the basis of tests in good congruence, with the use of Z2 and the Bernstein criterion. A set of concrete compressive strength （carried out on 133 test results of cylinders 150 ~ 300 mm after test of static modulus of elasticity） shows relatively high skewness in this specific case. This cause that limited beta distribution is better than generally recommended theoretical distribution for strength the normal or lognormal. The modulus of elasticity is not significantly affected due to skewness because the design value is based on mean value.

Approach for analyzing the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel tubular arch bridges with stiffening girder

A convenient approach is proposed for analyzing the ultimate load carrying capacity of concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge with stiffening girders. A fiber model beam element is specially used to simulate the stiffening girder and CFST arch rib. The geometric nonlinearity, material nonlinearity, influence of the construction process and the contribution of prestressing reinforcement are all taken into consideration. The accuracy of this method is validated by comparing its results with experimental results. Finally, the ultimate strength of an abnormal CFST arch bridge with stiffening girders is investigated and the effect of construction method is discussed. It is concluded that the construction process has little effect on the ultimate strength of the bridge.

Effect of concrete creep on pre-camber of continuous rigid-frame bridge

The effect of concrete creep on the pre-camber of a long-span pre-stressed concrete continuous rigid-frame bridge constructed by cantilever casting method was investigated.The difference of creep coefficients calculated with two Chinese codes was discussed.Based on the calculations,the pre-camber of a pre-stressed concrete continuous rigid-frame box bridge was computed for construction control purpose.The results show that the short-term creep coefficient and long-term creep coefficient calculated with the CC-1985 are larger than those calculated with the CC-2004,while the medium-term creep coefficient calculated with the CC-1985 is smaller than that calculated with the CC-2004.The difference of creep deformation calculated with these two codes is small,and the influences of concrete creep on the pre-camber for most of the segments are negligible.The deflections and stresses of the box girder measured during the construction stages agree very well with the predictions.

Identification of Connection Flexibility Effects Based on Load Testing of a Steel-Concrete Bridge

In the case of composite girders, an effective cooperation of both parts of the section is influenced by deformability of connectors. Limited flexural stiffness of welded studs, used commonly in bridge structures, does not provide full interaction of a steel beam and a concrete slab. This changes strain distribution in cross-sections of a composite girder and results in redistribution of internal forces in steel and concrete element. In the paper partial interaction index defined on the basis of a neutral axis position, which can be used for verification of steel-concrete interaction in real bridge structures rather than in specimens is proposed. The range of the index value changes, obtained during load testing of a typical steel-concrete composite beam bridge, is presented. The investigation was carried out on a motorway viaduct, consisting of two parallel structures. During the testing values of strains in girders under static and quasi-static loads were measured. The readings from the gauges were used to determine the index, characterizing composite action of the girders. Results of bridge testing under movable load, changing position along the bridge span is presented and obtained in-situ influence functions of strains and index values are commented in the paper.

Inspection and Assessment of Highway Bridges in Jordan along the Desert Highway: A Case Study

Bridges, especially highway bridges, are a key factor in nations’ development and flourish. Thus, great care should be taken to maintain and inspect their safety and serviceability. An immediate repair will prevent the loss of life and vehicles damage while crossing underpass and overpassing the heavy deteriorated bridges. Reinforced or pre-stressed concrete bridge girders become structurally deficient because of severed reasons including, increasing in the load requirements, corrosion of pre-stressing strands or reinforcement bars and collision of over-height trucks with the bulb of the concrete girders. The purpose of this case study is to evaluate and assess the damages of the highway bridges in Jordan. Since there is no mandatory program in Jordan for inspection of bridges and evaluating their conditions, this paper presents an inspection and assessment of two highway bridges along the desert highway which is the essential nerve connecting Jordan cities, and it also serves as an international road between many middle east countries. These two Bridges have never been investigated or checked since their construction in the late 1980s. The study results showed that the main factor causing the deterioration of these bridges is the collision of the over-height trucks with their elements. Relying on the collected data, solutions and repair methods were introduced to rehabilitate these bridges and assure their structural safety.

大跨度钢混组合梁斜拉桥钢锚梁制造关键技术

结合公司近几年生产制造的大跨度钢混组合梁斜拉桥钢锚梁结构,以禹门口黄河大桥为例,介绍了钢锚梁结构组成,分析了大跨度钢混组合梁斜拉桥钢锚梁制造重难点,针对该项目钢锚梁结构复杂、熔透焊缝多的特点,论述了大跨度钢混组合梁斜拉桥钢锚梁的制造关键技术,解决了加工制造过程中焊接变形及尺寸精度控制等诸多技术难题。

Strengthening an in-service reinforcement concrete bridge with prestressed CFRP bars

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars were prestressed for the structural strengthening of 8 T-shaped rein-forced concrete (RC) beams of a 21-year-old bridge in China. The ultimate bearing capacity of the existing bridge after retrofit was discussed on the basis of concrete structures theory. The flexural strengths of RC beams strengthened with CFRP bars were controlled by the failure of concrete in compression and a prestressing method was applied in the retrofit. The field construction processes of strengthening with CFRP bars-including grouting cracks, cutting groove, grouting epoxy and embedding CFRP bars, surface treating, banding with the U-type CFRP sheets, releasing external prestressed steel tendons-were introduced in detail. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this strengthening method, field tests using vehicles as live load were applied before and after the retrofit. The test results of deflection and concrete strain of the T-shaped beams with and without strengthening show that the capacity of the repaired bridge, including the bending strength and stiffness, is enhanced. The measurements of crack width also indicate that this strengthening method can enhance the durability of bridges. Therefore, the proposed strengthening technology is feasible and effective.

Field validation of UHPC layer in negative moment region of steel-concrete composite continuous girder bridge

Improving the cracking resistance of steel-normal concrete(NC)composite beams in the negative moment region is one of the main tasks in designing continuous composite beam(CCB)bridges due to the low tensile strength of the NC deck at pier supports.This study proposed an innovative structural configuration for the negative bending moment region in a steel-concrete CCB bridge with the aid of ultrahigh performance concrete(UHPC)layer.In order to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of this new UHPC jointed structure in the negative bending moment region,field load testing was conducted on a newly built full-scale bridge.The newly designed structural configuration was described in detail regarding the structural characteristics(cracking resistance,economy,durability,and constructability).In the field investigation,strains on the surface of the concrete bridge deck,rebar,and steel beam in the negative bending moment region,as well as mid-span deflection,were measured under different load cases.Also,a finite element model for the four-span superstructure of the full-scale bridge was established and validated by the field test results.The simulated results in terms of strains and mid-span deflection showed moderate consistency with the test results.This field test and the finite element model results demonstrated that the new configuration with the UHPC layer provided an effective alternative for the negative bending moment region of the composite beam.

重载铁路桥梁体外预应力筋加固性能研究

运营提载会导致重载铁路桥梁损伤累积和刚度退化加剧,对重载铁路预应力混凝土桥梁进行加固可以改善桥梁的受力状况,提高桥梁承载能力。为了研究重载铁路桥梁体外预应力筋加固的性能,分别制作重载铁路24 m超低高度预应力混凝土梁的未加固足尺试验模型与体外预应力筋加固足尺试验模型,并开展200万次疲劳试验与疲劳后静力试验。建立未加固预应力混凝土梁与体外预应力筋加固预应力混凝土梁的精细化有限元模型,通过试验与有限元分析,研究加固前后重载铁路预应力混凝土梁的静力与疲劳性能,揭示加固前后梁体挠度和应力变化规律,并分析不同轴重列车作用下加固预应力混凝土梁的力学性能。研究结果表明:重载铁路桥梁外加预应力筋的加固效果良好,疲劳试验中加固梁刚度退化幅度、跨中挠度、梁内预应力筋应力、梁底及下翼缘混凝土应力显著比未加固梁的小;在33 t轴重列车与1.2倍中等荷载(ZH)轴重作用下,外加预应力筋加固的24 m超低高度预应力混凝土梁的适应性良好,预应力混凝土梁挠度与应力响应均符合规范要求。研究结果可为重载铁路桥梁的设计、养护、维护与加固提供基础与参考。

横向贯通式中低速磁浮一体轨道梁钢-混结合部试验研究

为解决中低速磁浮分离式轨道梁存在的养护难、构件多,以及无法考虑F轨刚度贡献等问题,提出一种横向贯通式梁轨一体轨道梁结构,针对其钢-混结合部的静力性能开展有限元分析和足尺模型试验研究,并对关键设计参数进行参数分析。结果表明,在5倍设计荷载内,钢-混结合部基本处于弹性状态,承载力满足设计要求,且具备较高富裕量;竖向荷载主要通过钢板承压作用传递至混凝土梁体,焊钉对竖向荷载的传递作用较小;设计参数分析表明,适量提高钢连接件钢板厚度有利于竖向荷载的平顺传递。研究结果可以为梁轨一体轨道梁设计提供参考。

爆炸载荷作用下钢筋混凝土预应力T梁桥毁伤模式研究

目的研究不同打击模式下钢筋混凝土预应力T梁桥的毁伤效应,为钢筋混凝土预应力T梁桥的毁伤评估及打击决策提供参考。方法通过数值仿真研究某弹药装药空中爆炸、接触爆炸和内爆炸3种打击模式下,钢筋混凝土预应力T梁桥的毁伤效应。结果不同打击模式下钢筋混凝土预应力T梁桥的毁伤模式差异较大:空中爆炸和接触爆炸桥梁主要发生桥面破孔及塑性变形;内爆炸桥梁除桥面发生层裂破碎外,T梁腹板及横隔梁也发生外凸变形、混凝土崩塌破坏等。结论半密闭空间内爆炸T梁桥的毁伤效果要优于桥面接触爆炸和空中爆炸。

钢-混凝土组合简支桥面连续结构横向应力分析

针对钢-混组合简支梁桥的桥面连续结构开裂等病害,围绕桥面连接板的横桥向应力问题,采用线弹性理论和板的偏微分方程进行分析,得出了桥面连接板挠度和应力的分布函数,建立非线性有限元模型,并进行实桥荷载试验.通过比较理论解、有限元解和实测试验结果,证实了理论解和有限元的有效性.根据得到的分布函数,发现横桥向和纵桥向上的最大拉应力出现在钢梁端部位置的连接板的上缘.此外,还分析了连接板区域尺寸变化对横桥向应力峰值的影响,包括纵梁端部距支座的长度、纵梁的间距以及连接板区域整体尺寸变化.结果表明:较小的纵梁间距和较长的纵梁端部与支撑之间的距离会导致连接板中的横向拉应力峰值增加,并提高横向拉应力在总应力中的占比,从而导致桥面连接板早于设计荷载开裂.因此对于纵梁间距较小、梁端长度较长的钢-混组合简支梁桥桥面连续结构,仅计算其纵桥向受力性能会导致计算结果偏危险,建议按照本文方法考虑横桥向应力对桥面连接板的影响.

体外预应力节段式UHPC无腹筋梁抗剪性能试验研究

体外预应力节段式超高性能混凝土(UHPC)无腹筋桥梁由于其施工工业化水平高且构造简单,得到广泛地关注,但其抗剪性能研究尚不成熟,相关规范也相对滞后。为了研究体外预应力节段式UHPC无腹筋梁的抗剪性能,开展了静力破坏试验,共制作了5根体外预应力节段式UHPC无腹筋梁、2根体外预应力节段式UHPC有腹筋梁和1根体外预应力整体式UHPC无腹筋梁,选取了剪跨比、钢纤维掺量、箍筋间距为研究参数进行试验。结果表明:接缝张开后梁刚度明显下降;添加钢纤维的试验梁的裂缝多而密;钢纤维的掺入可以提高梁的开裂强度、极限强度和裂后性能,2%钢纤维掺量的梁开裂强度比1.5%和0%掺量的增大8.20%和1.16倍;配箍筋的梁在钢纤维失效后箍筋开始受力,并且很快达到屈服,箍筋的存在可以提高梁极限承载力,无腹筋梁的极限承载力比箍筋间距为150 mm和75 mm的梁低15.9%和19.6%。采用AASHTO GSCB INTERIM-2003标准中计算干接缝节段式梁的折减系数0.85。在不考虑安全系数的情况下,法国规范NF P 18-710中UHPC梁抗剪承载力计算公式可以准确地预测含钢纤维体外预应力节段式UHPC无腹筋梁的抗剪强度,其试验值和预测值比值的平均值为1.04,标准差为0.28。

车辆荷载作用下钢-混凝土组合梁疲劳应力分析

【目的】随着桥梁服役期延长和车辆荷载增加等多种因素的影响,结构承载力会变得越来越弱,疲劳寿命不断降低,最终可能导致低应力疲劳破坏。因此有必要对车辆荷载下拱桥钢混组合梁的疲劳细节应力进行研究。【方法】采用数值模拟的方法,利用Midas FEA NX软件建立3个标准长度的三维实体精细有限元模型,分析钢混组合梁易损疲劳关键点的位置,并研究车辆荷载横向最不利加载位置和纵向加载下的疲劳细节应力变化规律。【结果】结果表明,组合梁次横梁与中纵梁交点处有三处疲劳关键点;靠近桥梁中线位置是车辆荷载下钢梁疲劳最不利的横向加载位置;四种不同标准的纵向车辆加载时,三个疲劳关键点均出现两次应力峰值,且最大应力幅值均低于常幅疲劳强度的极限值。【结论】研究成果可为钢-混凝土组合梁试验和相关研究提供参考。

挪威贝特斯塔德大桥钢箱梁吊装施工技术

贝特斯塔德大桥为挪威新建地方公路Fv.17/720(迪雷斯塔德至马尔姆项目)的一部分,位于挪威中部斯泰恩谢尔市,跨越贝斯塔德峡湾。该桥上部结构为钢混凝土叠合梁桥,全长580m,桥宽11m,共6跨,主跨为112m×2,建成时,为中国施工企业建造的最大跨度钢箱混凝土叠合梁桥,基础采用钢管外壳钢筋混凝土斜桩,水中承台采用薄壁圆角承台,墩柱采用实心钢筋混凝土。

曲线条件大跨度拱加劲连续梁设计

贵南高铁二塘双线特大桥采用90m+180m+90m拱加劲连续梁结构。大桥位于曲线上,梁体采用分段直线布置,悬灌施工;主拱采用哑铃形钢管混凝土拱肋,钢管直径1 m,拱肋全高3 m;采用整束挤压钢绞线吊杆,全桥拱设置36组吊杆;纵向活动主墩通过构造措施,形成半刚构结构体系,限制部分梁体问题伸缩变形;大桥采用先悬灌主梁,后在主梁上搭设支架原位拼装拱肋方式施工。经论文研究计算结果表明,该桥刚度、受力等均满足规范要求。

温度变化对CPⅢ平面测量结果的影响

目前我国高速铁路建设里程已达3万余公里,在全球首屈一指。在高铁建设过程中,轨道控制网(CPⅢ)测量是一项必不可少的工作。某高铁CPⅢ建网测量过程中,相同点位搭接时两次测量结果坐标较差较大,不满足规范搭接要求,需进行外业补测。本文对搭接不成功处的数据进行了分析,认为两次测量温差较大可能是导致搭接不成功的原因之一,温度变化会对CPⅢ测量结果产生影响。同时,梁体宽度确定时引入混凝土膨胀系数计算得到的梁体宽度变化值与实测值互差较小,均未超过0.7 mm,验证了本文的观点。根据气温变化调整补测时间后,数据成果满足规范要求。最后通过定量分析得出,若将梁体宽度变化阈值设置为±2 mm,梁体宽度为9.25 m时,两次测量温差不应超过-21.6℃~21.6℃;梁体宽度为12.20 m时,两次测量温差不应超过-16.4℃~16.4℃。

翼缘尺寸对地聚物混凝土T形梁抗弯性能的影响

通过对5根不同翼缘尺寸的地聚物混凝土T形梁和1根普通混凝土T形梁进行四点弯曲试验,研究了翼缘宽度和厚度对地聚物混凝土T形梁抗弯性能的影响,以及与普通混凝土T形梁的差异。研究结果表明:地聚物混凝土T形梁的抗弯极限荷载、屈服荷载、裂缝行为及失效模式与普通混凝土T形梁相似,且延性更优,但其跨中受拉纵筋应变较大,刚度、开裂荷载和最大裂缝宽度限值下的承载力较低。随着翼缘宽度从200 mm增大到500 mm,地聚物混凝土T形梁的刚度、屈服荷载、抗弯极限荷载、延性和在最大裂缝宽度限值下的承载力均增大,跨中受拉纵筋应变减小,开裂荷载无明显变化,但越宽的翼缘宽度能有效承担荷载的也只是靠近腹板的一部分宽度。增大翼缘厚度对地聚物混凝土T形梁抗弯性能的影响与增大翼缘宽度基本一致,但其对最大裂缝宽度限值下的承载力提高效果显著。规范GB 50010—2010和ACI 318—19的正截面受弯承载力设计公式适用地聚物混凝土T形梁,GB 50010—2010的预测更精确,ACI 318—19的安全储备更高。

UHPC-RC节段组合梁的抗弯性能分析

为研究低预应力度条件下,不同节段接缝的超高性能混凝土-钢筋混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete-reinforced concrete,UHPC-RC)组合梁的抗弯性能,文章基于ABAQUS有限元软件,建立UHPC-RC节段组合梁的基准有限元模型,并利用已有的试验数据验证该模型的合理性。节段接缝分别为平面干接缝、平面胶接缝、齿键干接缝和齿键胶接缝,在基准有限元模型的基础上,进一步研究节段接缝类型对组合梁抗弯性能的影响。研究发现,在四点受弯加载方式下,接缝的几何特征(平面或齿键)对组合梁的极限荷载和开裂荷载影响较小,环氧树脂胶的使用对组合梁的抗弯性能影响较大。

基于最小二乘的AHP-CRITIC组合赋权的砼梁桥技术状况指标权重确定

为了得到符合实际情况的桥梁技术状况评估指标权重,将层次分析法(AHP)与CRITIC赋权法相结合,采用基于最小二乘的AHP-CRITIC组合赋权法求解组合权重。该方法选取0.1~0.9标度法替代传统的1~9标度法确定指标主观权重,采用CRITIC法确定指标客观权重,同时引入欧氏距离函数确定桥梁技术状况的主客观综合评估分数,最后利用最小二乘法经过合理运算得出理想的组合权重。结果显示:与其他组合赋权方法所确定的权重进行比较时,采用最小二乘的AHP-CRITIC组合赋权法所确定的指标权重与《公路桥梁技术状况评定标准》(JTG/T H21—2011)中的权重最为相近,同时由于引入了各指标实际评估分数得出组合权重,使得采用最小二乘的AHP-CRITIC组合赋权法所确定的指标权重更加符合实际情况。