Approach for analyzing the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel tubular arch bridges with stiffening girder

A convenient approach is proposed for analyzing the ultimate load carrying capacity of concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge with stiffening girders. A fiber model beam element is specially used to simulate the stiffening girder and CFST arch rib. The geometric nonlinearity, material nonlinearity, influence of the construction process and the contribution of prestressing reinforcement are all taken into consideration. The accuracy of this method is validated by comparing its results with experimental results. Finally, the ultimate strength of an abnormal CFST arch bridge with stiffening girders is investigated and the effect of construction method is discussed. It is concluded that the construction process has little effect on the ultimate strength of the bridge.

Health monitoring and comparative analysis of time-dependent effect using different prediction models for self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder

The structural health status of Hunan Road Bridge during its two-year service period from April 2015 to April 2017 was studied based on monitored data.The Hunan Road Bridge is the widest concrete self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present.Its structural changes and safety were evaluated using the health monitoring data,which included deformations,detailed stresses,and vibration characteristics.The influences of the single and dual effects comprising the ambient temperature changes and concrete shrinkage and creep(S&C)were analyzed based on the measured data.The ANSYS beam finite element model was established and validated by the measured bridge completion state.The comparative analyses of the prediction results of long-term concrete S&C effects were conducted using CEB-FIP 90 and B3 prediction models.The age-adjusted effective modulus method was adopted to simulate the aging behavior of concrete.Prestress relaxation was considered in the stepwise calculation.The results show that the transverse deviations of the towers are noteworthy.The spatial effect of the extra-wide girder is significant,as the compressive stress variations at the girder were uneven along the transverse direction.General increase and decrease in the girder compressive stresses were caused by seasonal ambient warming and cooling,respectively.The temperature gradient effects in the main girder were significant.Comparisons with the measured data showed that more accurate prediction results were obtained with the B3 prediction model,which can consider the concrete material parameters,than with the CEB-FIP 90 model.Significant deflection of the midspan girder in the middle region will be caused by the deviations of the cable anchoring positions at the girder ends and tower tops toward the midspan due to concrete S&C.The increase in the compressive stresses at the top plate and decrease in the stresses at the bottom plate at the middle midspan will be significant.The pre-deviations of the towers toward the sidespan and pre-lift of the midspan girder can reduce the adverse influences of concrete S&C on the structural health of the self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder.

Strengthening of Concrete Box Girder Bridges under Close-in Detonations

The response of a bridge superstructure under blast loading might depend largely on the extent of the local damage experienced due to close-in explosion threats. This paper investigates the local and structural response of box girder bridge decks strengthened using CFRP （carbon fiber reinforced polymers） under close-in detonations. Due to the lack of experimental research on this topic, the study is conducted using the explicit finite element computer program LS-DY-NA. The numerical study will be verified using the results of strengthened reinforced concrete slabs under field detonations. The blast load was assumed to be detonated above the bridge deck. The key parameters investigated are the charge size, and the strengthening location on the deck. This paper will present the results of this investigation and provides recommendations for predicting the local damage level based on the CFRP strengthening design under blast threat.

Dynamic finite element model updating of prestressed concrete continuous box-girder bridge

The dynamic finite element model （FEM） of a prestressed concrete continuous box-girder bridge, called the Tongyang Canal Bridge, is built and updated based on the results of ambient vibration testing （AVT） using a real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm （RAGA）. The objective functions are defined based on natural frequency and modal assurance criterion （MAC） metrics to evaluate the updated FEM. Two objective functions are defined to fully account for the relative errors and standard deviations of the natural frequencies and MAC between the AVT results and the updated FEM predictions. The dynamically updated FEM of the bridge can better represent its structural dynamics and serve as a baseline in long-term health monitoring, condition assessment and damage identification over the service life of the bridge .

Weakening effect of vertical prestress ducts on web sections in prestressed concrete box girder bridges

Based on experimental study result of two simply supported beams,which were prestressed by vertical tendons,the research on the weakening effect of vertical prestress ducts on web sections of prestressed concrete box girder was carried out. The test result shows that in the condition without grouting into the ducts,the cracking load is evidently lower than that with full grouting,and stirrup stress and principal tension stress at the surface of concrete will increase obviously. Meanwhile,the finite element analysis has been done to the test beams. The research is consistent with the analysis of finite element. The research tells that strengthening the detection and management for the vertical prestress grouting quality have an important meaning to prevent cracking of the prestressed concrete box girder bridge and provide one theoretical and testing basis for analyzing the cracking reason of such bridges.

Simulation of Temperature Field in Original Segment of Concrete Box-Girder Bridge

Temperature field and its variation with time are necessary for analyzing the thermo-mechanical performance of mass concrete structures at their early ages. This paper carries out a temperature field simulation analysis for an original segment of a real box girder bridge with the finite element software ANSYS. Two representative exothermic rate models are used to describe the heat- releasing process caused by the cement hydration in concrete. The exothermic rate model that conforms to reality more closely is recognized by comparing the simulation results with the data gathered from the optical fiber temperature sensors pre-embedded in the original segment. The air temperature and wind velocity that constitute thermal boundary conditions are determined in the light of the local meteorological department and correlative research achievements of recent years. Moreover, the consideration for the steel formwork acting as a barrier to heat loss is also proved to be beneficial to improve the simulation effect.

Influence of concrete differential aging time on the construction phases analysis of the Fenghua River Bridge

The Fenghua River Bridge is a major structure on the highway between Hengzhang and Guojiachi, which is to be built with a four-span prestress concrete (PC) box girder and symmetrical cantilever castings. In this paper, a finite element method (FEM) model is set up to study the effects of concrete differential aging time on the construction phases of the Fenghua River Bridge by calculating the vertical displacement of the folding segment of the middle span and the longitudinal bending moment of Pier 12#. In the model, the girders are classified into 150 changing sections based on the desgn scheme, and their construction is to be carried in 16 phases respectively to build 12 blocks connected by a side folding segment and a middle folding segment, covered with a second dead load and in completion for 20 years. It is found that the internal forces and deformations of the concrete structures at the aging time of 60 d are quite different from those of 0 d aging time while the behaviors of the structures of 120 d aging time is nearly the same as those of 60 d aging time― the differences are so small that can be neglected, suggesting that the creep develops obviously about one month after the cement is hardened and the development fades later on.

A Statistical Analysis of the Modulus of Elasticity and Compressive Strength of Concrete C45/55 for Pre-stressed Precast Beams

Random behavior of concrete C45/55 XF2 used for prefabricated pre-stressed bridge beams is described on the basis of evaluating a vast set of measurements. A detailed statistical analysis is carried out on 133 test results of cylinders 150 ~ 300 mm in size. The tests have been running in laboratories of the Klokner Institute. A single worker took all specimens throughout the period, and the subsequent measurements of the static modulus of elasticity and the compressive strength of the concrete were performed. The measurements were made at the age of 28 days after specimens casting, and only one testing machine with the same capping method was used. Suitable theoretical models of division are determined on the basis of tests in good congruence, with the use of Z2 and the Bernstein criterion. A set of concrete compressive strength （carried out on 133 test results of cylinders 150 ~ 300 mm after test of static modulus of elasticity） shows relatively high skewness in this specific case. This cause that limited beta distribution is better than generally recommended theoretical distribution for strength the normal or lognormal. The modulus of elasticity is not significantly affected due to skewness because the design value is based on mean value.

Effect of concrete creep on pre-camber of continuous rigid-frame bridge

The effect of concrete creep on the pre-camber of a long-span pre-stressed concrete continuous rigid-frame bridge constructed by cantilever casting method was investigated.The difference of creep coefficients calculated with two Chinese codes was discussed.Based on the calculations,the pre-camber of a pre-stressed concrete continuous rigid-frame box bridge was computed for construction control purpose.The results show that the short-term creep coefficient and long-term creep coefficient calculated with the CC-1985 are larger than those calculated with the CC-2004,while the medium-term creep coefficient calculated with the CC-1985 is smaller than that calculated with the CC-2004.The difference of creep deformation calculated with these two codes is small,and the influences of concrete creep on the pre-camber for most of the segments are negligible.The deflections and stresses of the box girder measured during the construction stages agree very well with the predictions.

Identification of Connection Flexibility Effects Based on Load Testing of a Steel-Concrete Bridge

In the case of composite girders, an effective cooperation of both parts of the section is influenced by deformability of connectors. Limited flexural stiffness of welded studs, used commonly in bridge structures, does not provide full interaction of a steel beam and a concrete slab. This changes strain distribution in cross-sections of a composite girder and results in redistribution of internal forces in steel and concrete element. In the paper partial interaction index defined on the basis of a neutral axis position, which can be used for verification of steel-concrete interaction in real bridge structures rather than in specimens is proposed. The range of the index value changes, obtained during load testing of a typical steel-concrete composite beam bridge, is presented. The investigation was carried out on a motorway viaduct, consisting of two parallel structures. During the testing values of strains in girders under static and quasi-static loads were measured. The readings from the gauges were used to determine the index, characterizing composite action of the girders. Results of bridge testing under movable load, changing position along the bridge span is presented and obtained in-situ influence functions of strains and index values are commented in the paper.

Temperature distributions in concrete box girders due to heat of concrete hydration

Based on heat transfer theory,a two-dimensional complex exponential function was used to compute heat of concrete hydration.A concrete box girder consisting of a single box with two cells used on Harbin Songpu Bridge was measured on site.The two coefficients in the complex exponential function were determined to best fit the field measured data.ABAQUS program was used to simulate the heat transfer and determine the temperature distribution in the concrete box girders during concrete setting.The calculated temperature distribution in the box girders were compared with the field measured data and good agreement was observed.The temperature distribution and gradient in the entire box section,webs and bottom slab were analyzed using the measured and calculated results during the course of concrete hydration.

Inspection and Assessment of Highway Bridges in Jordan along the Desert Highway: A Case Study

Bridges, especially highway bridges, are a key factor in nations’ development and flourish. Thus, great care should be taken to maintain and inspect their safety and serviceability. An immediate repair will prevent the loss of life and vehicles damage while crossing underpass and overpassing the heavy deteriorated bridges. Reinforced or pre-stressed concrete bridge girders become structurally deficient because of severed reasons including, increasing in the load requirements, corrosion of pre-stressing strands or reinforcement bars and collision of over-height trucks with the bulb of the concrete girders. The purpose of this case study is to evaluate and assess the damages of the highway bridges in Jordan. Since there is no mandatory program in Jordan for inspection of bridges and evaluating their conditions, this paper presents an inspection and assessment of two highway bridges along the desert highway which is the essential nerve connecting Jordan cities, and it also serves as an international road between many middle east countries. These two Bridges have never been investigated or checked since their construction in the late 1980s. The study results showed that the main factor causing the deterioration of these bridges is the collision of the over-height trucks with their elements. Relying on the collected data, solutions and repair methods were introduced to rehabilitate these bridges and assure their structural safety.

开口断面钢-混结合梁悬索桥颤振特性及颤振形态研究

为准确评估开口断面双边箱钢-混结合梁悬索桥颤振性能和多模态参与效应,以典型的钢-混结合梁悬索桥——怀化洞庭溪沅水特大桥为背景,开展风洞模型试验及数值分析。制作加劲梁节段缩尺模型并进行风洞试验,测试原桥梁结构的颤振性能,分析调整阻尼比、采用气动措施及结构措施对结构颤振特性的影响,采用三维和二维两种颤振分析方法分析设置中央扣结构的颤振模态及多模态参与效应。结果表明:该钢-混结合梁悬索桥存在较明显的颤振起振点,且颤振是以扭转为主的弯扭耦合振动,同时其扭转和竖向振动存在较大的相位差(相差近180°);节段模型风洞试验与三维和二维颤振分析一致得到设置中央扣后,频率较高的正对称扭转模态先于反对称模态发生颤振,且三维与二维颤振分析结果相差不大。

简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区UHPC-NC组合桥面板抗裂性研究

针对当前简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区钢束易堵孔、运营中桥面开裂病害等问题,提出一种无负弯矩钢束的UHPC-NC组合桥面板结构。以一座3×30 m简支变结构连续小箱梁桥为研究对象,以正常使用极限状态梁体不开裂为控制准则确定UHPC合理构造尺寸,对所提出的负弯矩组合桥面板结构进行1∶2的缩尺模型试验。试验显示:裂缝首先出现于UHPC-NC交界面处的普通混凝土部分,随后逐渐向UHPC层沿伸,且C50混凝土开裂、梁体破坏对应的截面弯矩分别为3 520,9 152 kN·m(考虑1∶8弯矩缩尺比),大于正常使用极限状态、承载能力极限状态梁体截面弯矩3 300,5 838 kN·m,即该组合桥面板结构满足小箱梁的抗裂与承载能力要求。基于试验结果建立精细化有限元模型,采用参数分析法研究UHPC厚度对梁体开裂荷载、极限承载力等方面的影响。结果表明:梁体开裂弯矩主要由UHPC上覆层厚度决定,相较于普通钢筋混凝土梁,5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高28.9%,7.5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高41.6%;在配筋率不变的情况下,增大UHPC层厚度对梁体承载力无显著提升。综合考虑梁体受力性能以及施工便利性,建议背景工程UHPC厚度取10 cm。

斜拉桥施工阶段π型混凝土梁翼缘板裂缝成因分析与防裂措施研究

为了解斜拉桥施工阶段π型混凝土梁翼缘板斜向裂缝成因并制定合理的防裂措施,以某主跨120 m的π型预应力混凝土梁斜拉桥为背景,针对其悬臂施工阶段主梁翼缘板下表面出现斜向裂缝的现象进行分析。采用ANSYS软件建立该桥施工阶段杆系模型与混凝土梁实体模型,分析梁体自重、斜拉索张拉、预应力张拉、混凝土收缩、混凝土水化热作用下主梁翼缘板下表面应力情况。结果表明:梁体自重及斜拉索张拉作用下,翼缘板下表面未出现拉应力;横向及纵向预应力张拉作用下,翼缘板下表面产生一定的拉应力,但未超过混凝土抗拉强度标准值;混凝土收缩作用下,翼缘板下表面产生极小的拉应力,不会引起裂缝;混凝土养护过程中水化热作用下,翼缘板下表面混凝土与周边混凝土存在一定温差,部分测点第一主应力超过混凝土抗拉强度标准值,是开裂的主要原因。针对混凝土水化热作用影响,提出主肋布置冷却水管与翼缘板下方火炉加热并用的防裂措施,建立热流耦合模型分析防裂效果。结果表明:所采用的措施能够改善主梁养护过程中水化热温度场分布,各测点第一主应力均未超过混凝土抗拉强度标准值。

深江铁路洪奇沥公铁两用大桥主桥方案构思与总体设计

深江铁路洪奇沥公铁两用大桥主桥采用(3×100+808+3×100)m超短边跨钢-混组合混合梁斜拉桥,一跨跨越通航水域。该桥公铁分层布置,上层布置8车道城市快速路,下层布置4线铁路。主梁采用倒梯形双主桁截面,桥面布置紧凑、受力明确、经济性好。中跨主梁采用板桁-箱桁组合结构钢梁,桥面结构参与主桁受力,具有高效综合性能。边跨主梁采用矩形钢管混凝土叠合板-桁组合梁,融结构受力和锚固压重于一体,叠合板采用32 cm厚预制板+40 cm厚现浇层。钢-混结合段采用“钢格室+承压板”构造,钢-混结合面位于桥塔向中跨侧4.6 m。桥塔采用H形混凝土塔,基础采用35根直径4.0 m的大直径钻孔灌注桩。斜拉索采用标准抗拉强度2000 MPa的平行钢丝成品索,最大规格为PES(C)7-547。索梁锚固采用副桁弦杆节点兜底钢锚箱结构,传力可靠、抗疲劳性能好。索塔锚固创新地采用自平衡交叉混合锚固技术,以适应大规格斜拉索锚固。钢桁梁采用“纵向分段、横向分区”制造、运输、现场吊装的施工方案。

简支波形腹板钢箱组合截面与传统截面箱梁桥抗震性能对比分析

为研究波形腹板钢箱-混凝土组合梁桥(CW-SBCCGB)与传统箱梁桥抗震性能的异同,基于截面等效原理,根据某实际工程CW-SBCCGB的单箱截面,等效出波形腹板混凝土箱梁桥(CW-CBGB)和混凝土箱梁桥(CBGB)的单箱截面,再结合动力分析理论和ABAQUS有限元模型对比分析3种截面简支梁桥动力特性和抗震性能的不同。结果表明:3种截面简支梁桥前五阶振型不变,CW-CBGB和CBGB前三阶频率相比于CW-SBCCGB有所下降,但相差不超过1Hz,第四阶及以后频率差异逐渐变大;剪滞效应对CW-SBCCGB和CW-CBGB动力特性影响较大,对CBGB影响较小;在纵桥向+竖桥向和横桥向+竖桥向地震作用下,CW-SBCCGB和CBGB的墩顶位移和跨中位移均大于CW-CBGB结构,CW-SBCCGB主梁跨中截面剪力最小,CW-CBGB跨中截面弯矩最小,说明CW-SBCCGB和CW-CBGB的抗震性能均优于CBGB的抗震性能。

大跨度钢-混结合梁悬索桥涡激振动控制指标体系研究

为保证已建桥梁发生涡激振动后桥梁结构的安全以及桥上行车和行人安全,提出综合考虑人员舒适性、结构受力和停车线形三方面的大跨度钢-混结合梁悬索桥涡激振动控制指标体系。该体系包含9项指标,分别为驾乘人员舒适度、驾乘人员晕动症、行人舒适度(狄克曼指标)、加劲梁强度、加劲梁应力、加劲梁挠度、桥面纵坡、竖曲线半径和停车视距。以武汉鹦鹉洲长江大桥为背景,分别计算了“限速”和“封桥”2个交通管制措施下9项指标对应的涡激振动振幅限值。在此基础上,将9项指标对应的涡激振动振幅限值的最小值作为涡激振动限值建议取值。结果表明:当该桥发生低阶竖弯涡激振动(VS1、VAS1)时,涡激振动的控制因素为加劲梁挠度指标;当大桥发生VAS2模态的竖弯涡激振动时,涡激振动由驾乘人员晕动症指标和行人舒适度指标共同控制;当大桥发生高阶竖弯涡激振动(VAS3、VAS4)时,涡激振动由行人舒适度指标控制。涡激振动控制指标体系及限值标准的计算框架可适用于不同桥型涡激振动限值的计算。

公铁合建斜拉桥钢桁-混凝土板组合梁受力特性

以某主跨808 m的公铁合建新型钢桁-混凝土板组合梁斜拉桥为背景,采用ANSYS软件建立局部组合梁细化的全桥多尺度有限元模型,分析其在不同工况下双层组合梁的受力传力特性和混凝土桥面板荷载分配比,并讨论混凝土桥面板厚度t_(b)、横梁刚度变化系数λ_(K)和钢与混凝土弹性模量比λ_(E)对组合梁受力传力的影响规律。结果表明:最不利组合工况下,钢桁架最不利Von Mises应力为183.6 MPa,混凝土桥面板最大拉应力为5.3 MPa,均满足结构受力要求;沿纵向路径,钢桁架和混凝土桥面应力在节间横梁间均呈“波形”分布;上下层混凝土桥面板顶、底面应力沿横向近似呈“W”和“M”状分布,表明桥面板承受一定沿横向不均匀分布弯矩;公路及铁路混凝土桥面最大剪力滞系数分别为1.45、1.36,更宽的公路混凝土桥面剪力滞效应更显著;公路及铁路混凝土桥面分别承担上、下层结构57.46%~79.99%和33.21%~62.81%的轴向荷载,为组合梁的主要传力构件;混凝土桥面板的应力随t_(b)及λ_(K)的增大而增大,随λ_(E)的增大而逐渐减小;混凝土桥面每层平均荷载分配比ξ与t_(b)成正比,与λ_(K)及λ_(E)成反比;当t_(b)、λ_(K)和λ_(E)参数的取值范围分别为0.8~1.4、0.4~1.6以及4~10时,组合梁混凝土桥面应力及荷载分配比ξ较为合理。

双工字钢板组合梁桥的时变体系冗余性评估

为评估双工字钢板组合梁桥应对非对称极端作用的时变体系冗余性,采用数值增量算法,开展了双工字钢板组合梁桥非对称荷载下的弹塑性全过程分析.提出了基于弹塑性累积应变能的构件承载贡献率指标,研究了双工字钢板组合梁桥时变体系冗余性的影响因素及变化规律,揭示了双工字钢板组合梁桥冗余性不足的内在原因.结果表明:横向刚度和主梁延性是影响钢板组合梁桥体系冗余性的主要因素,横向传力刚度越大,主梁延性越高,则结构体系冗余性越强;与典型多主梁体系相比,双工字钢板组合梁桥的横向传力刚度降低约24%,导致结构冗余度降低约55%;材料劣化引起的主梁延性退化会导致冗余度在寿命周期最大下降约25%.