Seismic stability of expansive soil slopes reinforced by anchor cables using a modified horizontal slice method

Earthquake-induced slope failures are common occurrences in engineering practice and pre-stressed anchor cables are an effective technique in maintaining slope stability,especially in areas that are prone to earthquakes.Furthermore,the soil at typical engineering sites also exhibit unsaturated features.Explicit considerations of these factors in slope stability estimations are crucial in producing accurate results.In this study,the seismic responses of expansive soil slopes stabilized by anchor cables is studied in the realm of kinematic limit analysis.A modified horizontal slice method is proposed to semi-analytically formulate the energy balance equation.An illustrative slope is studied to demonstrate the influences of suction,seismic excitations and anchor cables on the slope stability.The results indicate that the stabilizing effect of soil suction relates strongly to the seismic excitation and presents a sine shape as the seismic wave propagates.In higher and steeper slopes,the stabilizing effect of suction is more evident.The critical slip surface tends to be much more shallow as the seismic wave approaches the peak and vice versa.

Stress Analysis of New Type Pre-Stressed Anchor Bearing Plate Combining Stamping with Welding Forming and Its Anchorage Zone

An anchor bearing plate transfers the anchoring force from anchor plate to the concrete and the pre-stress is formed in the concrete structure. Currently, the main type of anchor bearing plate is cast iron. It is brittle during transportation and tension process. This paper presents a new type of anchor bearing plate combined stamping with welding forming. The structure of the new type anchor bearing plate is introduced. The stress states of the anchor bearing plate and anchorage zone under work are studied. Various specifications of anchor bearing plate are studied by ANSYS finite element analysis software following the AASHTO specification. The analysis results are compared with the results of the same type of OVM round-shaped anchor plate. The study results show that the new pre-stressed anchor plates combined stamping with welding forming are feasible and more sturdy which can meet the engineering demand.

Penetration Depth of Torpedo Anchor in Two-Layered Cohesive Soil Bed by Free Fall

The penetration depth of torpedo anchor in two-layered soil bed was experimentally investigated. A total of 177 experimental data were obtained in laboratory by varying the undrained shear strength of the two-layered soil and the thickness of the top soil layer. The geometric parameters of the anchor and the soil properties(the liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity, undrained shear strength, density, and water content) were measured. Based on the energy analysis and present test data, an empirical formula to predict the penetration depth of torpedo anchor in two-layered soil bed was proposed. The proposed formula was extensively validated by laboratory and field data of previous researchers. The results were in good agreement with those obtained for two-layered and single-layered soil bed.Finally, a sensitivity analysis on the parameters in the formula was performed.

Monotonic, cyclic and post-cyclic performances of single-helix anchor in residual soil of sandstone

Helical anchors are commonly used in Brazil for guyed transmission towers subjected to static and cyclic wind loads.In most cases,these anchors are installed in tropical residual soil,a micro-structured material in which the shear strength is provided by soil bonding.During installation of a helical anchor,as the helical plate moves downward into the ground,the soil penetrated is sheared and displaced.Consequently,in this type of soil,anchor installation affects the soil shear strength significantly associated with a bonded structure.However,the cyclic responses of helical anchors in this type of structured soils are rarely reported.To address this problem,tests were conducted in a Brazilian residual soil to investigate the monotonic,cyclic and post-cyclic performances of single-helix anchors.Field tests used two instrumented single-helix anchors installed in this typical residual soil of sandstone,which is frequently observed in large areas in the southern Brazil.The testing results indicate that the disturbance caused by the anchor installation affected the monotonic uplift performance markedly.The results of cyclic loading tests also show no significant degradation of helix bearing resistance and reduced displacement accumulation with increasing load cycles.This is perhaps due to the soil improvement caused by previous loading,which then increases the stiffness response of the anchor.

Influence of spiral anchor composite foundation on seismic vulnerability of raw soil structure

A typical single-layer raw soil structure in villages and towns in China is taken as the research object.In the probabilistic seismic demand analysis,the seismic demand model is obtained by the incremental dynamic time history analysis method.The seismic vulnerability analysis is carried out for the raw soil structure of nonfoundation,strip foundation,and spiral anchor composite foundation,respectively.The spiral anchor composite foundation can reduce the seismic response and failure state of raw soil structure,and the performance level of the structure is significantly improved.Structural requirements sample data with the same ground motion intensity are analyzed by linear regression statistics.Compared with the probabilistic seismic demand model under various working conditions,the seismic demand increases gradually with the increase of intensity.The seismic vulnerability curve is summarized for comparative analysis.With the gradual deepening of the limit state,the reduction effect of spiral anchor composite foundation on the exceedance probability becomes more and more obvious,which can reduce the probability of structural failure to a certain extent.

季冻黄土地区框锚边坡预应力锚杆内力计算方法

冻融土体与锚杆之间相互作用机理研究的不足,导致工程实践中未能充分考虑土体冻融对锚杆内力的影响。针对该问题,基于西宁市季冻湿陷性黄土冻融循环三轴剪切试验,建立考虑冻融次数影响的湿陷性黄土黏聚力经验关系式;根据锚固体与周围土层的变形协调关系,推导冻融条件下框架预应力锚杆锚固段轴力和剪应力的解析式,将理论计算结果与现场试验结果进行对比验证,并分析冻融次数对锚固段轴力和剪应力的影响。结果表明:随冻融次数的增加,土体黏聚力呈指数型下降,锚固段轴力和剪应力在前3次冻融循环中急剧增大,冻融次数达到7次后趋于稳定;相较锚固段末端,锚固段始端轴力受冻融次数的影响更大,但锚固段始端至末端的剪应力随冻融次数的变化规律基本相同;现场试验结果验证了计算方法的合理性。

杂填土地层深基坑微型桩-锚-撑组合支护体系受力特性原位试验

为深入研究杂填土地层深基坑桩-锚-撑组合支护体系受力特性,依托青岛市某深基坑工程开展微型桩-锚-撑原位试验,分析不同开挖工况下双排微型钢管桩桩身弯矩与预应力锚索轴力的演化规律,揭示该支护体系下前、后排桩的受力性状、预应力锚索应力分布特征,探讨邻近建筑物、基坑暴露时间及钢支撑拆除对该支护体系内力的影响。研究结果表明:1)在基坑开挖过程中,前排桩在受力中起主导作用;当开挖至基底时,桩身最大正、负弯矩极值呈现增大趋势,且极值点不断下移,开挖面以上桩身弯矩均呈正“S”型分布。2)开挖深度增加引起开挖面上、下1.0 m范围内桩身弯矩显著增大,前排桩桩身的反弯点分别位于钢支撑下方0.5 m、开挖面位置。3)在开挖过程中,锚索轴力沿埋深方向呈现减小趋势,锚固段前端1.5 m之后的轴力基本不变或呈微小波动。4)锚索锚固段应力高度集中在锚固段前端4.0 m以内的区域,约为锚固段长度的44%,锚固段末端基本未产生轴力,可对该段长度进行优化处理。5)邻近建筑物对微型钢管桩桩身受力影响较小;随着基坑暴露时间增加,桩身弯矩呈微小增长趋势;钢支撑拆除后,前排桩的弯矩变化集中在0.38H~0.96H(H为基坑开挖深度)。6)桩-锚-撑组合支护体系能够较好地限制基坑变形,选择合理的支撑预应力是该类基坑设计的关键。

土岩二元基坑不同材质腰梁对锚索预应力损失的影响规律研究

为研究土岩二元基坑不同材质腰梁对锚索预应力损失影响的时变规律,本文依托青岛某土岩基坑工程,开展了GFRP腰梁和双背槽钢腰梁作用下的锚索预应力损失监测的现场试验。研究结果表明:两种材质的腰梁各具优势,GFRP腰梁对锚索短期预应力损失更有利,而双背槽钢腰梁长期损失率更低;双背槽钢腰梁作用下锚索预应力变化趋势更加平缓,浮动范围更小;GFRP腰梁可以有效减少锚索预应力在快速下降阶段的预应力损失量。研究成果可为类似地质条件下基坑支护设计、施工和监测提供参考和借鉴。

Instability mechanism of mining roadway passing through fault at different angles in kilometre-deep mine and control measures of roof cutting and NPR cables

The angle α between the fault strike and the axial direction of the roadway produces different damage characteristics. In this paper, the research methodology includes theoretical analyses, numerical simulations and field experiments in the context of the Daqiang coal mine located in Shenyang, China. The stability control countermeasure of "pre-splitting cutting roof + NPR anchor cable"(PSCR-NPR) is simultaneously proposed. According to the different deformation characteristics of the roadway, the faults are innovatively classified into three types, with α of type I being 0°-30°, α of type II being 30°-60°, and α of type III being 60°-90°. The full-cycle stress evolution paths during mining roadway traverses across different types of faults are investigated by numerical simulation. Different pinch angles α lead to high stress concentration areas at different locations in the surrounding rock. The non-uniform stress field formed in the shallow surrounding rock is an important reason for the instability of the roadway. The pre-cracked cut top shifted the high stress region to the deep rock mass and formed a low stress region in the shallow rock mass. The high prestressing NPR anchor cable transforms the non-uniform stress field of the shallow surrounding rock into a uniform stress field. PSCR-NPR is applied in the fault-through roadway of Daqiang mine. The low stress area of the surrounding rock was enlarged by 3-7 times, and the cumulative convergence was reduced by 45%-50%. It provides a reference for the stability control of the deep fault-through mining roadway.

渐进式滑坡锚索抗滑桩预应力张拉值计算

依据渐进式滑坡蠕变特点,现有锚索抗滑桩计算模型针对渐进式滑坡桩–锚–土三者相互作用过程考虑较少。针对这一问题,将渐进式滑坡缓慢失稳的变形特征和预应力锚索抗滑桩从空载到满载动态工作过程相结合,利用Winkler弹性地基梁理论,优化了锚索抗滑桩桩–锚变形协调条件,考虑桩后土压力渐进变化过程,构建不同工况桩–锚–土协同工作的计算模型,推导了预应力锚索抗滑桩施工阶段初张拉值的计算方法。结合工程算例和有限元软件数值模拟结果,为获取较高精度的计算数值,采用MATLAB软件编译程序进行计算分析。结果表明:1)渐进式滑坡“稳定–蠕动–失稳”阶段性变形特点决定了预应力锚索抗滑桩“空载–加载–满载”三阶段桩–锚动态内力变形过程,明确了各阶段桩后可能存在的土压力模型,单纯进行满载阶段锚索拉力设计不符合渐进式滑坡实际作用机理,进一步证明施工阶段锚索预应力张拉值设计的重要性;2)渐进式滑坡推力由尚未产生的初始空载阶段至完全作用的满载阶段,两阶段并非互相独立存在,二者通过桩–锚变形协调条件相互作用,表明了施工阶段抗滑桩预应力张拉力值大小受满载阶段桩锚内力及变形大小的影响;3)依据渐进式滑坡锚索抗滑桩动态内力变形过程,保证抗滑桩受荷段和锚固段内力大小均衡相等,优化了满载阶段全桩弯矩平衡设计原则,确立了以静止土压力作为施工阶段预应力张拉值设计标准,对比表明,此计算方法优于其余4种现有算法,同时有限元数值模拟结果与本文算法贴合度较高,进一步验证了此计算方法的合理性和可靠性。研究成果可为渐进式滑坡中预应力锚索抗滑桩的设计计算和施工提供技术指导。

裂隙封护土遗址压力型锚固系统界面应力传递与承载性能解析方法

土遗址锚固工程中,压力型锚杆相比于全长黏结拉力型锚杆而言具有高承载力和耐易溶盐侵蚀的优势,但由于此类锚固系统传力机理尚不明确,导致其在实际工程中的应用受到严重制约.本文将遗址稳定体内锚固段分为弹性压缩段和黏结-滑移段两部分,分别基于线性弹簧和浆体/土体界面黏结-滑移强化型本构建立简化力学模型,对界面黏结-滑移全过程,即弹性阶段、弹性-强化阶段和强化阶段进行理论解析,推导了各阶段对应的位移、应变以及剪应力分布等计算公式,给出了压力型锚杆极限抗拔承载力解析解.结果表明,峰值载荷前载荷-位移曲线理论值与试验值吻合较好;弹性压缩段占比与锚固长度对载荷-位移关系的影响主要体现在弹性-强化阶段.参数敏感度分析表明,忽略弹性压缩段影响时,锚固长度与极限承载力线性相关;浆体弹性模量主要影响界面应力随载荷增加时的传递进程,对承载力影响有限;黏结-滑移模型的剪应力峰值对承载力有显著影响.该解析方法对土遗址压力型锚杆锚固系统传力过程分析具有良好适用性.

Field Study of HPTRM Combined with Vegetation and Anchor to Protect Newly Excavated Expansive Soil Slope

Anchor reinforced vegetation system(ARVS)comprises high performance turf reinforcement mats(HPTRM),vegetation and anchors.It is a new attempt to apply the system in expansive soil slope protection.The goal of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of ARVS in protecting newly excavated expansive soil slopes.The field tests on the bare slope,grassed slope and ARVS protective slope were carried out,including natural and artificial rainfall.During the test,the soil water content,soil deformation,and anchor axial force were monitored,and then the slope protection mechanism of ARVS was analyzed.It was found that ARVS can effectively protect expansive soil slopes compared with bare slopes and grassed slopes.The vegetation and HPTRM form a reinforced turf,and the anchors fix it to the slope surface,thus restraining the expansion deformation.The axial force on the anchor of ARVS includes frictional resistance and tensile force transmitted by HPTRM,which is maximum at the early stage of support.The neutral point of the anchor of ARVS moves deeper under atmospheric action,but the vegetation and HPTRM on the slope surface can limit this movement.

土钉墙+桩锚式组合的深基坑支护技术研究

以石家庄市某深基坑项目为案例背景,通过研究土钉墙+预应力锚索组合的支护形式,将理论与施工现场实际相结合,同时对常见的施工质量问题进行分析并提出相应的解决措施,以期为相关工程提供参考经验。

土岩组合地层异形深基坑支护体系优化研究

某明挖隧道基坑位于土岩组合地层,基坑大面深度约17.1 m,深挖部位约27.9 m,原设计整体基坑采用地下连续墙+4道钢筋混凝土支撑,坑中坑内侧壁采用钻孔灌注桩作为竖向支护结构,深坑部位加设2道钢管支撑。为节约工期和工程造价,综合考虑地层分布及地质条件,对原设计方案进行了系列优化。运用数值模拟对比分析了优化前后基坑支护体系和周边环境的变形特性,结果表明优化后的支护方案满足设计和规范要求。基坑按优化方案施工,并开展了现场监测工作,基坑监测结果表明:(1)基坑连续墙水平位移、地表沉降、支撑轴力、周边建筑物变形及坑底隆起等指标均小于控制要求;(2)连续墙最大水平位移发生在土岩分界面以上一定高度,最大值约为浅基坑深度的0.025%;(3)异形基坑两侧变形不对称,最大地表沉降发生在浅基坑侧,基坑外地表影响范围约为1.0H;(4)下部基岩段基坑开挖侧向变形量小,且对地表沉降槽范围影响不大。优化方案节约了工期和造价,可为类似基坑工程提供参考。

非饱和边坡中锚托板锚固尺寸的新算法

锚托板支护结构因为其安全稳定、经济和安装简便等优点在填方加固边坡中得到推广应用。然而目前在锚托板支护结构设计过程中,锚托板尺寸仍没有成熟的计算方法,设计过于保守。利用对数螺旋线滑移面结合极限平衡法计算得到非饱和土的主动土压力。根据土体内部平衡求出每层锚托板所需承担的拉力,得到了锚托板尺寸的计算方法,根据滑移面的位置得到了锚托板自由段拉杆的最小设计长度。将主动土压力计算结果与现有的经典文献进行了对比分析,发现主动土压力系数变化趋势与现有结论一致。分析了降雨工况和地震工况对锚托板尺寸的影响,结果表明,在降雨强度较小时对锚托板锚固尺寸的影响可以忽略,但在同时考虑强降雨和地震时,会显著增加所需的锚托板锚固尺寸,最大增大幅度可达136.71%。分析结果可为锚托板锚固尺寸的设计提供参考。

考虑锚胫作用下拖曳锚在成层土中的嵌入机制

深水系泊系统及其系泊基础的开发已成为发展清洁能源“海上风电”项目的关键课题。拖曳锚由于其较大的承载力和易安装等诸多优势而具有较好的发展前景。基于极限塑性上限分析法,建立了考虑锚胫作用的拖曳锚在成层土中的嵌入轨迹、姿态以及承载力预测模型。利用已有模型试验对本模型进行验证,结果表明:考虑锚胫作用模型轨迹预测误差控制在13.5%,轨迹和角度预测误差相比于未考虑锚胫作用的模型分别降低了78.32%和36.9%。硬土层的强度、厚度和深度共同制约着拖曳锚的嵌入能力。首先,强度比影响最明显,强度比越大,嵌入深度越小,直至无法穿透硬土层;其次,是深度影响,深度越大,承载力越大。能够穿透硬土层的条件下深度对轨迹和角度影响不明显,不能够穿透硬土层条件下深度越大,嵌入深度越大,最终角度越小;最后,是厚度影响,硬土层厚度越大,嵌入过程中承载力越大。

预留土和桩锚结构联合支护下基坑的力学性状

桩锚结构在基坑支护中应用广泛,但在其设计计算时往往以经验为准,存在一定的盲目性和不确定性。依托在建工程,通过数值模拟分析了预留土作用下桩锚结构设计参数的变化对基坑力学性状的影响。结果表明:基坑支护桩的最大水平位移发生在桩顶,桩底的位移非常小;基坑周边地表沉降呈槽形分布,最大沉降在距离基坑边缘5 m左右的位置;弯矩分布曲线沿桩身有2个峰值点,峰值点大概位于桩顶以下3 m和10 m处;当锚索锚固角为15°时,桩身水平位移和弯矩、基坑周边地表沉降都比较小;锚索锚固点距离桩顶越远,桩身水平位移、基坑周边地表沉降越大;当预应力大于200 kN后,桩身水平位移和弯矩、基坑周边地表沉降几乎不再减小。

循环荷载作用下抗浮多铃型扩体锚杆拔出模型试验

为研究地下水位变动导致锚杆抗拔性能劣化的原因,提高扩体锚杆在抗浮过程中的锚固性能,首先,通过单次拉拔试验,得出不同埋深情况下多铃型扩体锚杆拔出过程中承载性能的变化情况;然后,根据单次拉拔试验得出的抗拔极限承载力进行循环试验,在不同循环荷载比、循环次数和循环频率下,探索多铃型扩体锚杆承载性能演化机制;最后,利用图像粒子测速法(PIV)分析周围土体变形机制,得出单次拉拔及循环荷载作用下周围土体位移的变化特性。结果表明:铃型扩体锚杆拔出过程中轴力-位移曲线大致分为弹性、震荡和破坏3个阶段,且随着埋深增加,锚杆的抗拔极限承载力和土体位移逐步递增;在循环荷载作用下,增加循环荷载比、循环次数以及循环频率均会降低锚杆锚固性能。

地铁车站附属结构工程中的清障施工技术

[目的]随着城市地铁建设施工技术的不断提高,地铁车站附属结构距离既有建(构)筑物越来越近,既有建(构)筑物用于边坡支护的土钉及锚杆不可避免地与附属围护结构在空间上存在冲突。因此,需选择合理清障施工技术方案,清除现有障碍物,确保附属围护结构顺利施工。[方法]根据城市地铁车站附属结构施工中清障工程经验及现状调查研究,总结了土钉及锚杆的常用清障技术,结合土钉及锚杆的主要清障技术提出了4种地铁车站附属结构施工的清障施工技术方案,并结合工程实际从清障施工技术方案的优缺点、造价、工期、成桩质量及安全等方面对附属结构施工的清障施工技术方案进行了对比分析。[结果及结论]经工程现场实施,全回转清障技术的施工功效高,其采用钢套筒护壁时的成桩质量好,基坑开挖后SMW(型钢水泥土搅拌)桩止水效果较好,基坑变形均在监测可控范围。因此,地铁附属结构工程中清障施工采用全回转清障+SMW桩的施工技术方案,可取得较好的工程实施及经济效果。

软土深基坑支护工程设计实例分析

某核电厂地处软土地区,深基坑支护设计方案根据场地地质条件及周边环境选用了放坡、桩锚等综合支护体系,确保了基坑的安全、稳定,为该建筑物结构的施工奠定了基础。经现场监测,基坑变形各项指标均在设计的控制标准之内,证明该综合支护结构方案是成功的、可行的。