Discussion on Detection and Evaluation of Simply Supported Prestressed Concrete Small Box Girder Bridge After a Fire

The article takes a simply supported prestressed concrete small box girder bridge project as an example for inspection and evaluation after a fire incident.This includes appearance detection,concrete color hardness detection,concrete strength detection,concrete surface damage layer detection,reinforcement protective layer detection,and concrete carbonation detection.It is hoped that this analysis can be used as a reference for the detection and evaluation of future bridge projects with fire incidents to smoothen its subsequent repair and maintenance.

Finite element failure analysis of continuous prestressed concrete box girders

In order to analyze the load carrying capacity of prestressed concrete box girders, failure behaviors of in-situ deteriorated continuous prestressed concrete box girders under loading are experimentally observed and a finite failure analysis method for predicting behaviors of box girders is developed. A degenerated solid shell element is used to simulate box girders and material nonlinearity is considered. Since pre-stressed concrete box girders usually have a large number of curve prestressed tendons, a type of combined element is presented to simulate the prestressed tendons of box girders, and then the number of elements can be significantly reduced. The analytical results are compared with full-scale failure test results. The comparison shows that the presented method can be effectively applied to the failure analysis of in-situ continuous prestressed concrete box girders, and it also shows that the studied old bridge still has enough load carrying capacity.

Dynamic finite element model updating of prestressed concrete continuous box-girder bridge

The dynamic finite element model （FEM） of a prestressed concrete continuous box-girder bridge, called the Tongyang Canal Bridge, is built and updated based on the results of ambient vibration testing （AVT） using a real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm （RAGA）. The objective functions are defined based on natural frequency and modal assurance criterion （MAC） metrics to evaluate the updated FEM. Two objective functions are defined to fully account for the relative errors and standard deviations of the natural frequencies and MAC between the AVT results and the updated FEM predictions. The dynamically updated FEM of the bridge can better represent its structural dynamics and serve as a baseline in long-term health monitoring, condition assessment and damage identification over the service life of the bridge .

Full-scale model tests and nonlinear analysis of prestressed concrete simply supported box girders

Full-scale model tests were carried out on a 30 m span prestressed concrete box girder and a 20 m span prestressed concrete hollow slab. Failure models were prestressed reinforcement tensile failure and crashing of roof concrete, respectively. The ductility indexes of the box girder and hollow slab were 1.99 and 1.23, respectively, according to the energy viewpoint. Based on the horizontal section hypothesis, the nonlinear computation procedure was established using the limited banding law, and it could carry out the entire performance analysis including the unloading, mainly focusing on the ways to achieve the unloading curves computation through stress-strain, moment-curvature and load-displacement curves. Through the procedure, parameters that influence on the bearing capacity, deformation performance and ductility of the structures were analyzed. Those parameters were quantity of prestressed reinforcement and tension coefficients of prestressed reinforcement. From the analysis, some useful conclusions can be obtained.

Weakening effect of vertical prestress ducts on web sections in prestressed concrete box girder bridges

Based on experimental study result of two simply supported beams,which were prestressed by vertical tendons,the research on the weakening effect of vertical prestress ducts on web sections of prestressed concrete box girder was carried out. The test result shows that in the condition without grouting into the ducts,the cracking load is evidently lower than that with full grouting,and stirrup stress and principal tension stress at the surface of concrete will increase obviously. Meanwhile,the finite element analysis has been done to the test beams. The research is consistent with the analysis of finite element. The research tells that strengthening the detection and management for the vertical prestress grouting quality have an important meaning to prevent cracking of the prestressed concrete box girder bridge and provide one theoretical and testing basis for analyzing the cracking reason of such bridges.

Influences of Installment Tensioning Technology on Bearing Capacity of Rectangular Prestressed Concrete Beam

To obtain the relationship between use of installment tensioning technology and the bearing capacity of prestressed concrete beams, tensile and cyclic loading tests are conducted on five rectangular prestressed concreted specimens. Two types of prestressed tensioning methods are adopted in the tests, one uses installment tensioning technology to tension beams on days 4, 12, and 8, 12, respectively, and the other adopts the conventional method to tension the beam on day 28 only. The age of concrete, number of times tensioned, and the prestress value of early tensioning are considered in tests. Results show that use of installment tensioning technology has no effect on the bending failure pattern of prestressed concrete beams, but it reduces prestress loss and increases crack and yield loads. © 2017, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Shear design of high strength concrete prestressed girders

Normal strength prestressed concrete I-girders are commonly used as the primary superstructure components in highway bridges. However, shear design guidelines for high strength PC girders are not available in the current structural codes. Recently, ten 7.62 m （25 feet） long girders made with high strength concrete were designed, cast, and tested at the University of Houston （UH） to study the ultimate shear strength and the shear concrete contribution （Vc） as a function of concrete strength （f＇c）. A simple semi-empirical set of equations was developed based on the test results to predict the ultimate shear strength of prestressed concrete I-girders. The UH-developed set of equations is a function of concrete strength （√f＇c）, web area （bwd）, shear span to effective depth ratio （a/d）, and percentage of transverse steel （Pt）. The proposed UH-Method was found to accurately predict the ultimate shear strength of PC girders with concrete strength up to 117 MPa （17000 psi） ensuring satisfactory ductility. The UH-Method was found to be not as overly conservative as the ACI-318 （2011） code provisions, and also not to overestimate the ultimate shear strength of high strength PC girders as the AASHTO LRFD （2010） code provisions. Moreover, the proposed UH-Method was found fairly accurate and not exceedingly conservative in predicting the concrete contribution to shear for concrete strength up to 117 MPa （17000 psi）.

预应力UHPC槽形节段与整体式混凝土板组合梁受剪性能

将预制的UHPC槽形节段通过干缝连接和预应力张拉形成槽形梁,再与整体现浇的混凝土板组合成的组合梁,称为预应力UHPC槽形节段与整体式混凝土板组合梁(PUCS-MCS组合梁)。它是一种能充分发挥不同材料的性能、施工方便且整体性能好的新型桥梁结构。为探究其抗剪性能,开展了9根模型梁的试验。分析了接缝数、接缝处剪力键数、剪跨比、UHPC钢纤维体积率、配箍率和纵筋率等参数对试件变形、破坏模式、抗剪承载力的影响;基于试验研究结果,提出了PUCS-MCS组合梁抗剪承载力计算方法。结果表明:PUCS-MCS组合梁均为剪压破坏,所有梁在开裂前的荷载-挠度曲线差异不大,在开裂后刚度不断下降;PUCS-MCS组合梁的抗剪承载力随接缝处剪力键数、UHPC钢纤维掺量、配箍率和纵筋率的增大而增大,随干接缝数量增加和剪跨比的增大而减小,其中影响最显著的是干接缝和剪力键,影响最小的是钢纤维掺量和配箍率,因此PUCS-MCS组合梁可不配箍筋,并可采用较低钢纤维掺量的UHPC。

简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区UHPC-NC组合桥面板抗裂性研究

针对当前简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区钢束易堵孔、运营中桥面开裂病害等问题,提出一种无负弯矩钢束的UHPC-NC组合桥面板结构。以一座3×30 m简支变结构连续小箱梁桥为研究对象,以正常使用极限状态梁体不开裂为控制准则确定UHPC合理构造尺寸,对所提出的负弯矩组合桥面板结构进行1∶2的缩尺模型试验。试验显示:裂缝首先出现于UHPC-NC交界面处的普通混凝土部分,随后逐渐向UHPC层沿伸,且C50混凝土开裂、梁体破坏对应的截面弯矩分别为3 520,9 152 kN·m(考虑1∶8弯矩缩尺比),大于正常使用极限状态、承载能力极限状态梁体截面弯矩3 300,5 838 kN·m,即该组合桥面板结构满足小箱梁的抗裂与承载能力要求。基于试验结果建立精细化有限元模型,采用参数分析法研究UHPC厚度对梁体开裂荷载、极限承载力等方面的影响。结果表明:梁体开裂弯矩主要由UHPC上覆层厚度决定,相较于普通钢筋混凝土梁,5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高28.9%,7.5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高41.6%;在配筋率不变的情况下,增大UHPC层厚度对梁体承载力无显著提升。综合考虑梁体受力性能以及施工便利性,建议背景工程UHPC厚度取10 cm。

武汉市江汉四桥拓宽工程主桥设计关键技术

武汉市江汉四桥拓宽工程主桥采用与旧桥外形一致、呈反对称布置的主跨232 m独塔混合梁斜拉桥,跨径布置为(232+70+40+20)m,采用刚构体系。主梁采用钢-混叠合梁与预应力混凝土梁组成的混合梁,钢-混结合面位于主跨距桥塔中心线9 m处,主跨采用双边工字形叠合梁,桥面宽23.5 m,标准梁高1.6 m;边跨采用预应力混凝土边主梁和箱形截面主梁,桥面宽23.5~27.0 m,标准梁高2.1 m。桥塔采用“A”形混凝土塔,塔高114.5 m,其下布置整体式承台,采用18根ϕ2.8 m的群桩基础。斜拉索按空间扇形双索面布置,共104根斜拉索,采用标准强度1770 MPa高强平行钢丝索,主跨梁端采用锚拉板锚固,边跨梁端设置槽口锚固,塔端采用锚固齿块锚固,主塔斜拉索锚固区纵、横桥向均配置有无粘结预应力钢棒。汉阳岸边墩采用T形钢筋混凝土板墩及钻孔桩基础;汉口岸边墩、辅助墩均采用钢筋混凝土独柱墩及钻孔桩基础。桥塔塔柱采用爬模施工;边跨主梁采用支架现浇施工,主跨主梁采用悬臂拼装施工。结构计算结果表明,大桥结构刚度及应力均满足要求。

深中通道泄洪区非通航孔桥主梁设计

深中通道泄洪区非通航孔桥总长6.05 km,分布于伶仃洋大桥及中山大桥2座通航孔桥两侧。泄洪区非通航孔桥采用等跨连续梁布置,4~6跨一联。主梁设计过程中,首先进行110、120、130 m三种跨径方案比选,确定采用最经济的110 m跨径方案。然后针对结构形式,提出预应力混凝土梁、钢-混组合梁和钢箱梁3种方案,从力学性能、经济性和施工风险等方面综合考虑,最终推荐采用钢箱梁方案。钢箱梁采用外形简洁流畅的封闭式断面,有利于后期维养;考虑全线景观效果,主梁高度取4 m,高跨比为1/27.5;横隔板间距取2.5 m,采用实腹式横隔板和框架式横肋的组合式设计,使箱室内部通透性更好;钢箱梁采用Q420qD钢和Q345qD钢2种材料。钢箱梁施工采用适合海上长大桥梁的大节段预制+现场拼装的施工方案。

桥梁顶升施工有限元分析

山东省青岛市辽阳路桥是一座预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥。为实现与新建桥梁的衔接,现需该桥的46#桥梁顶升655~1218mm。利用ANSYS软件建立46#桥梁有限元计算模型,分析其在同步顶升工况、千斤顶失效工况下,顶升至最高点时所需的最大顶升力以及箱梁桥和分配梁的受力和变形情况,以确保桥梁顶升过程中的安全性。结果表明桥梁在两类工况下,均具有较大的安全储备,可保障桥梁顶升过程中的安全可行性。研究成果可为其他同类型桥梁顶升施工工程提供案例参考。

预应力混凝土箱梁爆炸荷载模型试验及有限元分析

目前针对箱梁爆炸荷载以及冲击波传播规律的研究较少,以目前混凝土桥中应用较为广泛的预应力混凝土箱梁桥为依托工程,以1∶5缩尺比例设计箱梁爆炸荷载试验。试验表明,箱梁顶板超压沿箱梁纵向呈非线性下降梯度分布特点,超压沿箱梁横向近似于梯形荷载分布,随着比例距离的减小,结构超压增大。其次,基于箱梁爆炸荷载试验,建立箱梁三维爆炸数值分析模型,通过将数值分析结果和试验数据进行对比,验证数值模拟的准确性。基于数值分析,揭示爆炸冲击波与箱梁的相互作用机理,明确箱梁冲击波的传播规律。对不同爆炸工况箱梁各部位超压分布规律研究显示:当爆心位于箱梁顶板上方时,顶板迎爆面超压较大;当爆心位于翼缘板下方时,在翼缘和腹板处产生较大超压,其余部位超压较小。而当爆心位于箱梁底板下方时,翼缘、腹板和底板均受到较大的冲击波超压,结构全截面受爆炸影响较大。最后,基于试验和数值分析结果,对不同工况下箱梁顶板、腹板和底板的超压峰值进行方程拟合,建立不同爆炸工况下箱梁关键部位荷载模型。

大跨度铁路钢-混组合梁负弯矩区桥面板抗裂措施研究

为研究铁路荷载作用下大跨度钢-混组合梁负弯矩区桥面板开裂情况及抗裂技术,以某主跨168 m的铁路钢-混组合连续刚构桥为背景,采用MIDAS Civil软件对桥面板受力情况进行建模分析,并开展抗拔不抗剪连接件技术及预应力技术对桥面板抗裂性能影响的研究,结合抗裂措施工作原理及施工可行性,提出适用于减小负弯矩区桥面板裂缝宽度的实施方案。结果表明:采用普通栓钉连接、桥面板常规配筋条件下的钢-混组合梁,运营阶段主力及主力+附加力工况下负弯矩区桥面板裂缝宽度均不满足规范要求;墩顶处桥面板与0号块固结及非固结2种形式下,抗拔不抗剪连接件桥面板抗裂方案均不适用,抗拔不抗剪连接件的适应性受桥面板与0号块连接构造及桥面板整体与钢桁架上弦杆顶面连接形式影响较大;对桥面板配置纵向预应力筋能有效降低拉应力水平,设后浇带预应力筋张拉方案负弯矩区桥面板最大拉应力较桥面板浇筑成型后张拉预应力筋方案更低,更能充分发挥预应力效应,且便于工程实施,建议工程应用中宜控制湿接缝占比小于10%,预应力筋锚固断面拉应力突变值宜控制在2 MPa以内。

悬臂施工的连续箱梁桥框架墩横梁监控技术的研究

大跨径框架墩连续箱梁桥施工过程中可能存在不平衡荷载使框架墩横梁受扭,为了消除框架墩的受扭一般采用配重方式进行施工监控。以广佛肇高速公路上的一座主墩采用墩梁固结的框架墩大跨径连续箱梁桥为工程背景,采用结构力学方法推导出框架墩横梁端部截面倾斜角随不平衡弯矩变化的理论计算式和框架墩立柱水平变位与不平衡弯矩关系的计算公式,同时给出了与水箱配重相关的计算公式,并提出了对框架墩横梁监控的两种监控方法。理论计算公式通过在实际工程的应用,对比了该桥梁的框架墩横梁施工监控中采用有限元数值分析计算获得的数值拟合公式,两者公式中的常系数基本相等,验证了提出的框架墩横梁受扭监控计算理论公式的正确性。并对采用监测横断端部倾斜角的监控方法与采用监测立柱水平变位的监控方法进行了对比分析。研究成果可为同类工程的施工监控提供帮助。

高速公路桥梁工程后张法预应力砼箱梁施工技术研究

文中将后张法预应力砼箱梁施工技术应用于高速公路桥梁建设项目中,设置预应力孔道及锚垫板,以便于进一步的箱梁模板安装施工;在箱梁的混凝土强度达到设计强度的90%后,进行箱梁砼钢绞线穿束;确定施工流程,根据工程概况,对箱梁进行静荷载测试。结果显示,测试点在静荷载下达到的累计沉降量均在10 mm以内,说明箱梁抗压能力较强,施工质量较好,满足设计要求。

PC连续箱梁桥的日照温度效应及合龙温度研究

以云南省某大跨径预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥为工程背景,研究其日照温度效应以及合龙温度的确定。使用ANSYS数值模拟混凝土箱梁的温度场,结合实测值验证其可靠性,并拟合相应的指数型温度梯度曲线;使用Midas研究日照温度模式对混凝土箱梁桥施工中和成桥下的内力和位移影响;基于年温差效应对合理合龙温度进行研究,并针对非设计合龙温度下的合理施工提出相应的改善措施。结果表明,温度场计算理论得出的数据同实测值吻合较好;拟合出指数型的升温和降温模式下的温度效应公式,尤其是对最大悬臂状态的下挠影响显著,最大下挠值达21.6 mm;结构因整体升温或降温产生的横向位移值比竖向位移值大,升温22℃时,最大纵向位移值为-31.2 mm;合龙温度为10℃时,对主梁结构的受力最好,同时升温带来的结构上挠值对结构长期变形有利。

预应力混凝土桥梁挂篮施工安全技术应用研究

以某高速公路特大桥预应力混凝土箱梁挂篮施工为背景,对连续箱梁挂篮施工流程进行了分析;在合理采用挂篮施工工艺基础上,提出了挂篮行走的安全保证措施和专门的挂篮防倾覆措施,并对挂篮施工高空作业和已完梁段邻边做了安全设置,确保了预应力混凝土连续箱梁挂篮施工质量和安全稳定性。

服役15年大跨跨海预应力混凝土梁桥荷载试验及结构性能评价

大跨预应力混凝土梁桥因其结构刚度大、行车平顺舒适、抗震性能好、施工技术成熟等优势得到广泛应用,该类桥梁在服役较长时间后,由于自然环境和超载的长期影响可能导致结构出现裂缝,并影响结构的安全承载能力,这一问题对于跨海桥梁显得尤为突出。因此,为准确评估在役跨海混凝土桥梁的实际工作状态与承载能力,通过对一座已服役15年的大跨跨海预应力混凝土梁桥进行现场静载、动载试验,并结合有限元对其振型等特性进行了分析。研究结果表明,桥梁结构的工作性能仍保持良好,但由于所处海域环境及长期服役导致的结构损伤和裂缝的影响,使其实际承载能力有所下降。研究成果可为在役同类桥梁的维修加固提供参考。

节段法施工连续箱梁桥的精细化计算分析

建立精细化实体有限元模型计算分析能较准确地模拟桥梁结构的实际应力状态.本文采用有限元软件Midas/FEA建立精细化实体有限元模型对节段法施工的连续箱梁桥应力进行分析.通过对箱梁桥施工过程进行模拟计算,截取其中3个箱梁节段的计算应力状态进行分析发现:在预应力束锚固的局部应力的影响下,在距锚固端一定距离的位置的箱梁节段上存在一个应力峰值,且沿腹板高度的应力分布不为直线.进一步将全桥精细化有限元模型计算结果与Midas/civil杆系有限元模型计算的结果进行对比,两个模型计算的箱梁节段的最大应力比值随施工节段的增加而逐渐减小,成桥状态时最大纵向正应力比值在1.28~1.34,大于箱梁剪力滞系数.这表明采用Midas/civil杆系有限元模型进行节段法施工的箱梁桥设计时,不仅要考虑箱梁剪力滞效应,也要考虑锚下局部应力的影响.