Beyond the Façades in Tehran:When Tradition Meets Innovation

Over time,the traditional house in central Iran,which Tehran geographically belongs to,has undergone deep physical and morphological changes as a result of technological,social and economic transformations,passing from the characteristics of an introverted house enclosed by walls overlooking an inner courtyard to the multi-storey condominium with an extroverted outlook.Here the façade becomes a key element:it is a threshold between urban and private,outdoor and indoor.The article shows a mosaic of patterns and materials of the new mid-rise residential building façades via photographs and diagrams to emphasize the strict connection between contemporary design and local tradition.

The Development of a Smart Mobile App for Building Façade Defects Inspections

The manual visual inspections of façade building defects are posing a high and increasing cost for building asset managers,particularly when inspections delay projects or require asset outages,visits to decommissioned sites or work within hazardous environments.This paper reports on the development,testing and delivery of a working mobile app prototype to facilitate the inspections and documentation of building facade condition monitoring.The work presented builds upon the development of an online platform for remote building inspection based on the integration of methodologies and tools,including VR(virtual reality),and digital photogrammetry to collect real-time data that support automated decision making.The mobile app:(i)allows the user to import 3D models and 2D building plans;(ii)provides the means of first-person exploration of models via a VR headset;and(iii)captures,records and catalogues images of façade defect types,and the date and time.An inspection case study was used to demonstrate and evaluate the mobile app prototype.The Building Inspector app allows building professionals to manage inspections and to track past and ongoing monitoring of the condition of building façades.

Solutions for the Rehabilitation of Historical Building Facades with Local Materials

The present research aims to identify the possibilities of rehabilitation of building facades in the centre of Chisinau, through the use of high-performance materials, use of high-performance technologies in execution, reduction of facade renovation costs, etc. In the process of organising the rehabilitation works of historical buildings of architectural value, we are dealing with the following: the value of the rehabilitation works of a historical building is very high, the duration of the rehabilitation is important, the attitude of the society is insufficient, the lack of strategies for the rehabilitation of buildings at the municipality level. In order to achieve this objective, we propose to research the following tasks: definition of the concept of rehabilitation of buildings in the Historic Centre of Chisinau;legislative, normative assurance of rehabilitation of historical heritage in the Republic of Moldova;analysis of the situation in Chisinau on the example of historical buildings with limestone finishes and examination by non-destructive methods of facades;solutions for rehabilitation of facades of historical buildings by comparing two types of technologies. In conclusion, emphasis will be placed on the choice of the most efficient method in terms of material, technology and cost.

DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR THE UTILIZATION OF TILTED FAÇADES TO ENHANCE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE

Intense solar radiation is one of the key design problems for buildings in tropical regions.The recommended practice is to install shading devices,particularly to protect glazing systems.However,many design factors do not allow shading devices to be implemented in all cases;shading devices may not be appropriate to particular design concepts.To serve the designers’preference,alternative solutions should be provided.This study aims at investigating the performance of a new design alternative—the tilted façade.By simply tilting a wall downward,solar radiation can be minimized in the same way as a shading device.The state-of-the-art energy software,eQUEST,was used to simulate energy performance of buildings in Bangkok,Thailand.At the same time,simulated results were confirmed by using experimental data monitoring from specially customized test cells.A wide range of WWR(Window to Wall Ratio)was tested against different façade orientations,glazing types,and shading devices with similar projected lengths.Tilted façades can be most effective for all orientations except for the north.Also,tilted façades allow designers to use more glass without any additional energy consumption.Based on these results,a set of design guidelines for using tilted facades are proposed.Designers can not only utilize these guidelines to effectively adjust façade angle but also optimize the glazing size for the best energy performance.

Applying Double Skin Facade with ETFE Membrane Assembly for Energy Saving and Acoustic Protection for the Building of the Czech Institute of Informatics,Robotics and Cybernetics in Prague

Multidisciplinary, integrated planning approach by architects, engineers, scientists and manufacturers to reduce energy consumption of buildings. The CIIRC Complex, located on the main campus of Czech Technical University in Prague consists of two buildings, newly constructed building and adaptive reuse of existing building. CIIRC—Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics is a contemporary teaching facility of new generation and use for scientific research teams. New building has ten above-ground floors, on the bottom 4 floors of laboratories, scientist modules, classrooms, above are offices, meeting rooms, teaching and research modules for professors and students. Offices of the rector are on the last two floors of the building. On the top floor is congress type auditorium, in the basement is fully automatic car park. Double skin pneumatic cushions facade. In the project are introduced series of architectural and technical features and innovations. Probably the most visible is the double skin facade facing south-transparent double layer membrane ETFE (Ethylen-TetraFluorEthylen) cushions with triple glazed modular system assembly. Acting as solar collector, recuperating of hot air on the top floors, saving up to 30% of an energy consumption.

SELF-ADAPTING FAÇADE SYSTEMS:EXPERIMENTATION REGARDING THE EXPLOITATION OF THERMAL DILATION

An original and innovative solar device orientation system is illustrated,together with the results of research and experimentation.The system proposed uses only the force generated by natural thermal dilation,without the help of motors,comput-erized devices or external energy sources,thus overcoming some critical aspects of the self-adaptive type of building envelopes used up until now.In the course of the research a mathematical model was developed to correlate the variation of the envi-ronmental temperature with the consequent expansion of the dilating elements of the system.The results of the tests carried out confirmed an excellent correspondence between the theoretical results and the experimentation.The state of the art of the research has all its theoretical aspects defined and some partial prototypes created.It is planned to build some complete prototypes with the realistic prospect of produc-tive development.

VERTICAL TURF FOR GREEN FACADES:A VERTICAL GREENERY MODULAR SYSTEM INTEGRATED TO THE BUILDING ENVELOPE

Research has shown the environmental benefits of green envelopes,as well as performance in terms of energy efficiency.To date,there is no analysis of the economic sustainability of these systems,which has allowed the realization of a few,albeit very well known,examples.The research has identified a green modular system integrated into the building envelope,designed to facilitate installation and maintenance,with competitive performance compared to other existing solutions;a system that wants to improve performance and flexibility of vertical applications,experimented on buildings,on the market,and able to adapt,above all,to the needs of the building process.It is important to distinguish architectural aesthetic requirements from those of the building process;the former aim to have an authentic vertical garden,with different kinds of plants where nature dictates the rules,the latter aims to achieve the economic sustainability of vertical greenery systems.This paper provides an analysis of a technique based on the installation of plant bearing modular panels with turf on substructures also provided with a micro-irrigation system,which allows the construction of a modular coating,characterized by reduced thickness,that can also be integrated with other materials;installation is quick and simple,since the panel comes perfectly planted on site.In addition to that it allows,from a botanical point of view,resorting to types of grass selected with a view to climate,exposure,environmental adaptability,color and shape.A comparative analysis of this green façade is also presented compared to other existing case studies,from a constructive and managerial point of view,highlighting both its economic and architectural advantages.

The effects of cool materials,façade orientation,and morphological parameters on energy consumption at the residential neighborhood scale

Building surface cool materials are novel materials that can reduce urban heat island intensity and decrease building energy consumption.This study investigated the impact of radiative properties of materials,façade orientation,and morphological parameters on energy consumption in six typical residential neighborhoods in Nanjing,China.The neighborhood energy consumption of 16 application schemes considering the façade orientation factor is compared to determine the best energy-saving scheme.Seasonal and annual energy-saving rates,savings in electricity costs,and the price ceiling for materials per unit area are analyzed.The results show that for low-rise buildings,using cool materials only on the roof can reduce the annual energy consumption by 1%.When cool or super cool materials are also used on the building façade,the annual energy saving rate can be up to 3.4%and 4.3%,respectively.Using cool materials on the south façade of buildings is not recommended due to significant heat loss in winter.Considering savings in electricity costs and the price ceiling for materials per unit area,the price of cool and super cool materials should be less than 3.0 and 3.7 RMB/m2,respectively,assuming a lifespan of eight years in Nanjing.

Experiment and simulation to determine the optimum orientation of building-integrated photovoltaic on tropical building façades considering annual daylight performance and energy yield

Building-Integrated Photovoltaic(BIPV)on vertical façades is a potential PV application in today’s buildings.The performance of BIPV on façades is significantly influenced by the façade orientation.For tropical cities,the optimum façade orientation,in terms of maximum energy yield and daylight performance,cannot be simply determined,due to relatively symmetrical sun path throughout the day.This study therefore aims to determine the optimum orientation for BIPV on tropical building façades.To achieve the objective,experiment,modelling,and computational simulation are conducted to evaluate the BIPV energy yield and to predict the indoor daylight performance in a scale-model building with a 105Wp monocrystalline silicon PV,facing each cardinal orienta-tion in Bandung,Indonesia.The South orientation yields practically zero ASE_(1000,250),providing the best annual daylight performance,and yielding the most desirable value in four out of five daylight metrics.The greatest annual energy yield is at the North orientation,providing 179-186 kWh(95%prediction interval)per year,but with larger uncertainty compared to that at the South,due to direct sunlight occurrence.Based on three different objective functions,the South orientation is considered optimum for placing the BIPV panel on the prototype façade in the location.

BANCO DE BILBAO HEADQUARTERS:FIRST LOW-ENERGY BUILDING IN SPAIN?

Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oíza was perhaps the greatest architect of the twentieth century in Spain,and his masterpiece was the Banco de Bilbao Headquarters,located in the Paseo de la Castellana in Madrid(Spain).Sáenz de Oíza was a university professor in the Installations and Energy Areas at the University of Madrid.For him,concepts such as indoor comfort,lighting,heat production,cooling,and solar houses were an indispensable part of the student’s learning and,of course,he included them in his building design.He applied these concepts in the Banco de Bilbao Headquarters.Therefore,the purpose of this paper will be to examine the Banco de Bilbao technical knowledge in depth-including its passive architectonical design-and to present the main good decisions(and mistakes)of this first low-energy Spanish building after almost 30 years of intensive use,to extend its lessons for future buildings.

Layout graph model for semantic façade reconstruction using laser point clouds

Building façades can feature different patterns depending on the architectural style,function-ality,and size of the buildings;therefore,reconstructing these façades can be complicated.In particular,when semantic façades are reconstructed from point cloud data,uneven point density and noise make it difficult to accurately determine the façade structure.When inves-tigating façade layouts,Gestalt principles can be applied to cluster visually similar floors and façade elements,allowing for a more intuitive interpretation of façade structures.We propose a novel model for describing façade structures,namely the layout graph model,which involves a compound graph with two structure levels.In the proposed model,similar façade elements such as windows are first grouped into clusters.A down-layout graph is then formed using this cluster as a node and by combining intra-and inter-cluster spacings as the edges.Second,a top-layout graph is formed by clustering similar floors.By extracting relevant parameters from this model,we transform semantic façade reconstruction to an optimization strategy using simulated annealing coupled with Gibbs sampling.Multiple façade point cloud data with different features were selected from three datasets to verify the effectiveness of this method.The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an average accuracy of 86.35%.Owing to its flexibility,the proposed layout graph model can deal with different types of façades and qualities of point cloud data,enabling a more robust and accurate reconstruc-tion of façade models.

Heating energy savings potential from retrofitting old apartments with an advanced double-skin façade system in cold climate

Apartments account for over 60%of total residential buildings and consume a significant portion of primary energy in South Korea.Various energy efficiency measures have been implemented for both new apartment constructions and existing apartment retrofits.Old apartment structures have poor thermal performances,resulting in a high energy consumption.The South Korean government initiated retrofitting projects to improve the energy efficiency in old apartments.Apartment owners typically replace old windows with high-performance windows;however,there is still a demand for better and more innovative retrofit methods for a highly improved energy efficiency.This paper proposes an advanced double-skin façade(DSF)system to replace existing balcony windows in old apartments.Considering the cold climate conditions of Seoul,South Korea,it mainly discusses heating energy savings.Three case models were developed:Base-Case with existing apartment,Case-1 with typical retrofitting,and Case-2 with the proposed DSF system.The EnergyPlus simulation program was used to develop simulation models for a floor radiant heating system.A typical gas boiler was selected for low-temperature radiant system modeling.The air flow network method was used to model the proposed DSF system.Five heating months,i.e.,November to March,and one representative day,i.e.,January 24,were selected for detailed analysis.The main heat loss areas consist of windows,walls,and infiltration.The results reveal that the apartment with the DSF retrofit saves 38.8%on the annual heating energy compared to the Base-Case and 35.2%compared to Case-1.

Exploring the synergy of building massing and façade design through evolutionary optimization

In performance-based architectural design optimization, the design of building massings and façades is commonly separated, which weakens the effectiveness in performance improvement. In response, this study proposes a hybrid massing-façade integrated design generation and optimization workflow to integrate the two elements in an evolutionary design process. Compared with the existing approaches, the proposed workflow emphasizes the diversity of building design generation, with which various combinations of building massing forms and façade patterns can be systematically explored. Two case studies and a corresponding comparison study are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed workflow. Results show that the optimization can produce designs coupling the potential of building massings and façades in performance improvement. In addition, the optimization can provide information that supports early-stage architectural design exploration. Such information also enables the architect to understand the performance implications associated with the synergy of building massing and façade design.

双层外立面对竖直向下火蔓延影响的实验研究

通过实验研究了层间效应对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯向下火蔓延特性的影响。在6组不同立面间距的条件下,对火焰高度、温度、质量损失速率和火蔓延速率等参数进行研究,建立了传热物理模型并进行理论分析,得到了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯在预热区和热解区的辐射、对流热反馈的函数表达式。实验结果表明:随着外立面之间间距的增大,火焰厚度减小,火焰形状发生不规则变化;质量损失速率的对数与火焰高度的对数呈线性关系;在间距不同的情况下,火焰的最高温度保持不变;随着间距的增加,火蔓延速率分3个阶段逐渐下降。理论分析表明:间距变化时,对流和辐射热反馈所占主导地位不同,当间距大于6 cm时,辐射热反馈几乎可以忽略不计,且理论分析与实验结果一致。

Example-based dynamic façade design using the façade daylighting performance improvement(FDPI)indicator

It remains challenging to conduct an efficient dynamic façade design.In this article authors try to address this issue introducing the façade daylighting performance improvement(FDPI)indicator aimed to evaluate the performance of a dynamic(adaptive)façade from its daylighting performance point of view.To illustrate the FDPI application the authors introduced the preliminary dynamic façade concept for an office building located in Tel Aviv(Hot-summer Mediterranean Climate Csa)with further shape modification based on the daylighting performance analysis compared to the three alternatives representative of different typologies of dynamic façades.Al Bahr,One Ocean and The University of Southern Denmark façade systems were simulated under the same weather and building conditions of the preliminary dynamic façade concept and were considered as a benchmark for the study.The final dynamic façade concept elaborated by the authors in the preliminary comparative workflow showed noticeable daylight performance improvement with respect to the case studies comparative scenarios.The FDPI metric allowed to estimate a daylighting performance improvement of 43%of the final dynamic façade concept over the case study dynamic façade that showed the best performance in the daylighting simulations.

杭州浦乐单元小学设计策略研究

在杭州浦乐单元小学的设计项目中,设计深入挖掘了校园设计的新理念和创新元素。在校园空间构成上,设计者采用多义的组团与底层区域灵活的开发平台的空间布局,以适应高效的集中教学与创新教学活动的需求,并鼓励学生之间的互动与交流。立面设计上,则运用了现代材料和技术,以简洁、明快的设计形式,展现出学校的独特性和时代感。这些设计思路和创新元素的融合,不仅提升了校园的功能性和美观性,也为新时期的校园规划设计提供了新的思路和方向,期望能够激发更多教育空间的创新与变革。

构建基于Faσade模式的EJB企业信息系统

本文探讨了典型的Facade设计模式,并介绍了设计和使用Facade模式的一些规则。结合Facade模式的特点,将其应用到实例EJB构建的企业信息系统中,表明应用该模式能够缩短软件的开发时间,并能提高软件的复用性、可维护性和可移植性。

脑尔康对Alzheimer病小鼠脑细胞凋亡相关基因表达的影响

目的 观察复方中药脑尔康对 Alzheimer病 (AD)模型小鼠 ,学习记忆障碍的改善作用及对凋亡相关基因的调控作用。方法 用跳台法测试各组小鼠学习记忆功能 ,用 SP免疫组化法检测 Fas、Bcl- 2阳性细胞计数。结果 模型组与空白对照组比较 ,触电时间延长 ,潜伏期缩短 ,错误次数增多 ;Fas、Bcl- 2表达升高 (均 P<0 .0 1 )。各用药组与模型组比较触电时间缩短 ,潜伏期延长 (均 P<0 .0 5) ,Fas、Bcl- 2表达下调 (P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1 )。各参数中药中、小剂量组优于西药组。结论 脑尔康能改善 AD小鼠学习记忆障碍具有促智作用 ,可通过调控凋亡相关基因表达 ,抗脑细胞凋亡 ,减少神经元丢失 。

基于多源点云的建筑物立面太阳能潜力估计

提出了一种基于多源点云的建筑物立面太阳能潜力估计方法。该方法首先融合地面激光点云和机载影像数据,然后根据融合数据的特点,设计一种基于射线法的日照时长估计算法,并简化用于建筑物立面的太阳辐射模型,从而实现建筑物立面上的太阳能潜力估计。选取2栋朝向不同、形态不同的建筑物进行试验,结果表明,该方法能有效地估计立面上的太阳能潜力,结合点云立面自动化窗户提取的结果,可将结果细化到单个窗户,用于建筑日照标准检验,窗户太阳能潜力估计等应用。

超低能耗装配式混凝土住宅设计

超低能耗建筑和装配式建筑是目前建筑业发展的两大趋势。而采用装配式方式建造超低能耗建筑时,除了需满足外墙保温系统的保温性能要求,还需要避免预制构件连接节点热桥效应。本文以上海首个超低能耗装配式混凝土住宅项目的案例为背景,根据上海市对于超低能耗建筑的外墙保温一体化系统的具体要求,并结合预制外墙不计容的奖励政策,介绍了在超低能耗混凝土住宅中采用装配式建造方式的设计要点。阐述了SW硅墨烯外墙保温系统和预制混凝土夹心保温外墙系统的技术要求和构造细节,详细介绍了为满足超低能耗性能要求进行的装配式混凝土构件连接节点的设计。通过对超低能耗装配式混凝土住宅设计经验的总结,对今后类似项目的设计具有参考意义。