Precipitates Generation Mechanism and Surface Quality Improvement for Aluminum Alloy 6061 in Diamond Cutting

To improve the surface quality for aluminum alloy 6061(Al6061) in ultra-precision machining, we investigated the factors affecting the surface finish in single point diamond turning(SPDT)by studying influence of the precipitates generation of Al6061 on surface integrity and surface roughness.Based on the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami solid phase transformation kinetics equation, theoretical and experimental studies were conducted to build the relationship between the aging condition and the type, size and number of the precipitates for Al6061. Diamond cutting experiments were conducted to machine Al6061 samples under different aging conditions. The experimental results show that, the protruding on the chip surface is mainly Mg_(2)Si and the scratches on the machined surface mostly come from the iron-containing phase(α-, β-AlFeSi).Moreover, the generated Mg_(2)Si and α-, β-AlFeSi affect the surface integrity and the diamond turned surface roughness. Especially, the achieved surface roughness in SPDT is consistent with the variation of the number of AlFeSi and Mg_(2)Si with the medium size(more than 1 μm and less than 2 μm) in Al6061.

Effect of characteristics and distribution of Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates on tensile and bending properties of high-Al-containing Mg alloys

This study investigates the effect of characteristics and distribution of Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates on the uniaxial tensile and three-point bending properties of extruded Mg alloys containing high Al contents.The extruded Mg–9Al–1Zn–0.3Mn(AZ91)alloy contains lamellar-structured Mg_(17)Al_(12)discontinuous precipitates along the grain boundaries,which are formed via static precipitation during natural air cooling.The extruded Mg–11Al–1Zn–0.3Mn(AZ111)alloy contains spherical Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates at the grain boundaries and inside the grains,which are formed via dynamic precipitation during extrusion.Due to inhomogeneous distribution of precipitates,the AZ111 alloy consists of two different precipitate regions:precipitate-rich region with numerous precipitates and finer grains and precipitate-scarce region with a few precipitates and coarser grains.The AZ111 alloy exhibits a higher tensile strength than the AZ91 alloy because its smaller grain size and more abundant precipitates result in stronger grain-boundary hardening and precipitation hardening effects,respectively.However,the tensile elongation of the AZ111 alloy is lower than that of the AZ91 alloy because the weak cohesion between the dynamic precipitates and the matrix facilitates the crack initiation and propagation.During bending,a macrocrack initiates on the outer surface of bending specimen in both alloys.The AZ111 alloy exhibits higher bending yield strength and lower failure bending strain than the AZ91 alloy.The bending specimens of the AZ91 alloy have similar bending formability,whereas those of the AZ111 alloy exhibit considerable differences in bending formability and crack propagation behavior,depending on the distribution and number density of precipitates in the specimen.In bending specimens of the AZ111 alloy,it is found that the failure bending strain(ε_(f,bending))is inversely proportional to the area fraction of precipitates in the outer zone of bending specimen(A_(ppt)),with a relationship ofε_(f,bending)=–0.1A_(ppt)+5.86.

A novel immiscible high entropy alloy strengthened via L1_(2)-nanoprecipitate

The low-cost Fe-Cu,Fe-Ni,and Cu-based high-entropy alloys exhibit a widespread utilization prospect.However,these potential applications have been limited by their low strength.In this study,a novel Fe_(31)Cu_(31)Ni_(28)Al_(4)Ti_(3)Co_(3) immiscible high-entropy alloy(HEA)was developed.After vacuum arc melting and copper mold suction casting,this HEA exhibits a unique phase separation microstructure,which consists of striped Cu-rich regions and Fe-rich region.Further magnification of the striped Cu-rich region reveals that it is composed of a Cu-rich dot-like phase and a Fe-rich region.The aging alloy is further strengthened by a L1_(2)-Ni_(3)(AlTi)nanoprecipitates,achieving excellent yield strength(1185 MPa)and uniform ductility(~8.8%).The differential distribution of the L1_(2) nanoprecipitate in the striped Cu-rich region and the external Fe-rich region increased the strength difference between these two regions,which increased the strain gradient and thus improved hetero-deformation induced(HDI)hardening.This work provides a new route to improve the HDI hardening of Fe-Cu alloys.

In situ TEM investigation of electron irradiation and aging-induced high-density nanoprecipitates in an Mg-10Gd-3Y-1Zn-0.5Zr alloy

In-situ electron irradiation and aging are applied to introduce high-density precipitates in an Mg-10Gd-3Y-1Zn-0.5Zr(GWZ1031K,wt.%)alloy to improve the hardness.The results show that the hardness of the Mg alloy after irradiation for 10 h and aging for 9 h at 250℃ is 1.64 GPa,which is approximately 64% higher than that of the samples before being treated.It is mainly attributed to γ'precipitates on the basal plane after irradiation and the high-density nanoscale β'precipitates on the prismatic plane after aging,which should be closely related to the irradiation-induced homogenous clusters.The latter plays a key role in precipitation hardening.This result paves a way to improve the mechanical properties of metallic materials by tailoring the precipitation through irradiation and aging.

Evolution of helium bubbles in FeCoNiCr-based high-entropy alloys containing γ′ nanoprecipitates

A series of high-entropy alloys(HEAs) containing nanoprecipitates of varying sizes is successfully prepared by a non-consuming vacuum arc melting method.In order to study the irradiation evolution of helium bubbles in the FeCoNiCrbased HE As with γ' precipitates,these samples are irradiated by 100-keV helium ions with a fluence of 5 × 10^(20) ions/m^(2) at 293 K and 673 K,respectively.And the samples irradiated at room temperature are annealed at different temperatures to examine the diffusion behavior of helium bubbles.Transmission electron microscope(TEM) is employed to characterize the structural morphology of precipitated nanoparticles and the evolution of helium bubbles.Experimental results reveal that nanosized,spherical,dispersed,coherent,and ordered L1_(2)-type Ni_(3)Ti γ' precipitations are introduced into FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs by means of ageing treatments at temperatures between 1073 K and 1123 K.Under the ageing treatment conditions adopted in this work,γ' nanoparticles are precipitated in FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HE As,with average diameters of 15.80 nm,37.09 nm,and 62.50 nm,respectively.The average sizes of helium bubbles observed in samples after 673-K irradiation are 1.46 nm,1.65 nm,and 1.58 nm,respectively.The improvement in the irradiation resistance of FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs is evidenced by the diminution in bubbles size.Furthermore,the FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs containing γ' precipitates of 15.8 nm exhibits the minimum size and density of helium bubbles,which can be ascribed to the considerable helium trapping effects of heterogeneous coherent phase boundaries.Subsequently,annealing experiments conducted after 293-K irradiation indicate that HEAs containing precipitated phases exhibits smaller apparent activation energy(E_(a)) for helium bubbles,resulting in larger helium bubble size.This study provides guidance for improving the irradiation resistance of L1_(2)-strengthened high-entropy alloy.

Microstructure,segregation and precipitate evolution in directionally solidified GH4742 superalloy

The evolution of microstructure,elemental segregation,and precipitation in GH4742 superalloy under a wide range of cooling rates was investigated using zonal melting liquid metal cooling(ZMLMC) experiments.Comparing various nickel-based superalloys,the primary dendrite spacing is significantly linearly correlated with G^(-1/2)V^(-1/4) at high cooling rates,where G and V are temperature gradient and drawing rate,respectively.As the cooling rate decreases,the primary dendrite spacing increases in a dispersive manner.The secondary dendrite arm spacing is significantly correlated with(GV)^(-0.4) for all cooling rate ranges.The degree of elemental segregation increases and then decreases as the cooling rate increases,which is due to the competition between solute counter-diffusion and dendrite tip subcooling.With increasing the solidification rate,the size of γ′,carbides,and non-metallic inclusions gradually decreases.The morphology of the γ′ precipitate changes from plume-like to cubic to spherical.The morphology of carbide changes from block to fine-strip then to Chinese-script.The morphology of carbide is controlled by both dendrite interstitial shape and element diffusion.The inclusions are mainly composite inclusions,which usually show the growth of Ti(C,N) with oxide as the heterogeneous nucleation center and carbide on the outer surface of the carbonitride.As the cooling rate increases,the number density of composite inclusions first increases and then decreases,which is closely related to the elemental segregation behavior.

Formation and growth of precipitates in a Mg-7Gd-5Y-1Nd-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy aged at 200℃

Crystal structures,growth characteristics,and transformation of the precipitates in a Mg-7Gd-5Y-1Nd-2Zn-0.5Zr(wt.%)alloy aged at 200℃for various durations were investigated using transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM).A detailed Mg-Gd type precipitation sequence for Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zn alloys was proposed as follows:supersaturated solid solution→solute clusters→zigzag GP zones+β''(I)→β'→β'+protrusions/joints→pre-β_(1)→β_(1)→β.Solute clusters formed in the early stage of aging consisted of one or more rare-earth(RE)/Zn-rich atomic columns with different configura-tions.RE/Zn-rich solute clusters grew into zigzag GP zones andβ''(I)as aging time extending.The paired-zigzag GP zones might grow up to beβ'precipitates directly.In the peak-and plat-aging stages,the number of solute clusters in the matrix decreased until they disappeared,and most existed as zigzag arrays and super hexagons.Protrusions formed at the end ofβ'at an angle of 120°,then grew into joints when two differentβ'variants encountered together.Protrusions/joints comprise zigzag arrays,super-hexagons,β'F,β''(II),β_(T),and hybrid structures rich in solute atoms,and act as catalysts for the growth of theβ'variants.Largerβ'grow by joints consumption while smallerβ'precipitates dissolve to form joints.β_(1)precipitates essentially evolve from pre-β_(1)precipitates,with four-point diamond structures formed by RE/Zn atomic substitution and atomic migration based on the originalα-Mg structure.

Hardening effects of sheared precipitates on {1121} twinning in magnesium alloys

The interactions between a plate-like precipitate and two twin boundaries(TBs)({1012},{1121}) in magnesium alloys are studied using molecular dynamics(MD) simulations. The precipitate is not sheared by {1012} TB, but sheared by {1121} TB. Shearing on the(110) plane is the predominant deformation mode in the sheared precipitate. Then, the blocking effects of precipitates with different sizes are studied for {1121} twinning. All the precipitates show a blocking effect on {1121} twinning although they are sheared, while the blocking effects of precipitates with different sizes are different. The blocking effect increases significantly with the increasing precipitate length(in-plane size along TB) and thickness, whereas changes weakly as the precipitate width changes. Based on the revealed interaction mechanisms, a critical twin shear is calculated theoretically by the Eshelby solutions to determine which TB is able to shear the precipitate. In addition, an analytical hardening model of sheared precipitates is proposed by analyzing the force equilibrium during TB-precipitate interactions. This model indicates that the blocking effect depends solely on the area fraction of the precipitate cross-section, and shows good agreement with the current MD simulations. Finally, the blocking effects of plate-like precipitates on the {1012} twinning(non-sheared precipitate), {1121} twinning(sheared precipitate) and basal dislocations(non-sheared precipitate) are compared together. Results show that the blocking effect on {1121} twinning is stronger than that on {1012} twinning, while the effect on basal dislocations is weakest. The precipitate-TB interaction mechanisms and precipitation hardening models revealed in this work are of great significance for improving the mechanical property of magnesium alloys by designing microstructure.

Secondary phase precipitate-induced localized corrosion of pure aluminum anode for aluminum–air battery

Understanding the influence of purities on the electrochemical performance of pure aluminum(Al)in alkaline media for Al–air batteries is significant.Herein,we comprehensively investigate secondary phase precipitate(SPP)-induced localized corrosion of pure Al in NaOH solution mainly based on quasi-in-situ and cross-section observations under scanning electron microscopy coupled with finite element simulation.The experimental results indicate that Al–Fe SPPs appear as clusters and are coherent with the Al substrate.In alkaline media,Al–Fe SPPs exhibit more positive potentials than the substrate,thus aggravating localized galvanic corrosion as cathodic phases.Moreover,finite element simulation indicates that the irregular geometry coupled with potential difference produces the non-uniform current density distribution inside the SPP cluster,and the current density on the Al substrate gradually decreases with distance.

Enhancing corrosion resistance of ZK60 magnesium alloys via Ca microalloying: The impact of nanoscale precipitates

Enhancing corrosion resistance of Mg-Zn alloys with high strength and low cost was critical for broadening their large-scale practical applications. Here we prepared solutionized, peak-and over-aged ZK60 alloys with and without microalloying Ca(0.26 wt.%) to explore the effects of nanoscale precipitates on their corrosion behavior in detail via experimental analyses and theoretical calculations. The results suggested the peak-aged ZK60 alloy with Ca addition showed improved corrosion resistance in comparison with the alloys without Ca,owing to the contribution of Ca on the refinement of precipitates and increase in their number density. Although the precipitates and Mg matrix formed micro-galvanic couples leading to dissolution, the fine and dense precipitates could generate “in-situ pinning” effect on the corrosion products, forming a spider-web-like structure and improving the corrosion inhibition ability accordingly. The pinning effect was closely related to the size and number density of precipitates. This study provided important insight into the design and development of advanced corrosion resistant Mg alloys.

二氧化碳-水-岩作用机理及微观模拟方法研究进展

系统综述CO_(2)-水-岩复杂作用机理、多孔介质反应输运(溶解、沉淀及沉淀运移)微观模拟、CO_(2)-水-岩系统微观模拟3个方面的研究进展,指出目前研究存在的主要问题并提出了关于未来研究方向的建议。CO_(2)注入储集层后,不仅存在常规渗流体系的流动和传质作用,还会产生溶解、沉淀及沉淀运移等特殊物理化学现象,其耦合作用导致多孔介质的孔渗参数变化规律复杂。孔隙尺度的微观渗流模拟,可以得到孔喉三维空间内的详细信息,且能显性观察到多孔介质流-固界面随反应的变化。目前研究主要在复杂作用机理解耦合、多矿物差异性反应表征、沉淀生成机理及表征(晶体成核和矿物脱落)、沉淀-流体相互作用模拟方法、多物理化学过程耦合渗流机制等方面存在局限。未来研究中,需要创新实验方法对“溶解—沉淀—沉淀运移”解耦合,提高矿物地球化学反应相关参数实验测试的准确度,在不同沉淀机理可靠表征的基础上,建立沉淀-流体相互作用模拟方法,并有机耦合各个物理化学过程,最终实现对CO_(2)-水-岩系统中“溶解—沉淀—沉淀运移”的耦合渗流模拟。

近50年滇池流域汛期降水时空演变特征分析

以滇池流域1970—2020年汛期(5—10月)降水量资料为依据,利用地理信息技术,采用Mann-Kendall检验法、小波分析等方法,分析近50年来滇池流域汛期降水年际变化的趋势性、周期性以及集中度、集中期、降水中心和旱涝发生频率等演变特征。结果表明:(1)近50年来,滇池流域汛期降水总体呈减少趋势,中部地区降水呈增加趋势,盘龙江上游的松华坝水库以上区域及南部地区降水呈减少趋势;(2)汛期降水年际变化存在31 a的主周期,中部主城区降水集中度高于南部地区;(3)汛期降水的中心整体呈现向东部、南部方向偏移的态势,且移动趋势显著;(4)滇池流域旱涝频发,尤其盘龙江中段昆明主城区为旱涝多发区。该成果对滇池流域水旱灾害防御及水资源管理具有参考意义。

基于SPI-RRV指数中国气象干旱及其风险时空演变特征研究

为全面揭示变化环境下我国多维气象干旱特征,耦合气象干旱指数(SPI)和可靠性-回弹性-脆弱性(RRV)指数,提出了一种基于SPI-RRV指数的干旱风险评价方法,定量评价了中国气象干旱及其风险的时空演变特征。结果表明:SPI-RRV指数具有特征稳定和时空可比性强的特点,能够较为准确地评估气象干旱风险时空演变特征;南方平均干旱栅格比、干旱月占比和频次大于北方,湿润区和半湿润区干旱历时短、烈度大,半干旱区和干旱区干旱历时长、烈度相对较小;干旱高风险区转移具有显著年代际变化规律,空间上从西北向西南地区转移。

水利测雨雷达的应用优势与挑战

监测近地面2 km以下“云中雨”的测雨雷达,是水利行业以流域为单元建设雨水情监测预报“第一道防线”的重要内容,也是实现洪水防御关口前移、防线外推的重要举措。总结了水利测雨雷达的发展历程和技术特点,评估了河北大清河流域和湖南捞刀河、浏阳河流域试点应用中测雨雷达对强降水监测的精度,阐述了水利测雨雷达在雨水情监测预警方面的技术优势,并对进一步发展水利测雨雷达监测系统提出了建议。

氯离子体系铀溶液中铁、钍、稀土的去除研究

采用复盐沉淀法,用硫酸钠同时去除氯离子体系铀溶液中的铁、钍、稀土杂质离子,并研究了硫酸钠用量、反应温度、反应时间、体系pH等对除杂效果的影响。结果表明,反应的最佳条件为:硫酸钠用量为理论量的160%、反应温度95℃、反应时间2 h、体系pH=0.75~1.25。在此优化条件下,铁、钍和总稀土的平均去除率分别达到99.62%、99.42%和98.27%,铀的平均回收率为99.87%。方法具有除杂效果好、铀损失率低、易分离等优点。

2022年华南极端“龙舟水”与大气环流及海温异常的关系

利用华南192个国家气象观测站逐日降水资料,NCEP/NCAR大气环流再分析资料,NOAA月平均海表温度资料(ERSST V5)及向外长波辐射(OLR)资料,采用相关、合成分析的方法研究了2022年华南“龙舟水”异常与大气环流及海温异常的关系。结果表明,2022年“龙舟水”期间,东亚大槽、东北冷涡偏强,南下冷空气偏强,同时西太平洋副热带高压和南支槽均偏强,在华南存在明显的水汽辐合。2022年发生的拉尼娜事件,大气环流对其有明显响应,Walker环流增强,华南对流明显加强,菲律宾以东存在异常反气旋环流,副高加强导致其西北侧的西南风加强,向华南水汽输送显著增强,同时华南存在显著的上升运动。大气环流和海温的异常导致2022年华南极端“龙舟水”。

2023年夏季我国气候异常特征及成因分析

2023年夏季,我国气候特征整体表现为“温高雨少”,区域性、阶段性高温、旱涝等气象灾害明显。降水的空间分布差异显著,主要多雨区位于我国北方,松花江、海河流域出现严重汛情。生成和登陆台风频数均较常年同期偏少,但北上台风却对京津冀等地造成极其严重的雨涝灾害。2023年夏季我国气温为1961年以来历史次高,北方地区暖异常明显,华北、西北等地区阶段性高温热浪尤为突出。华北、东北地区降水偏多是由不同环流系统造成的。其中,华北南部降水异常偏多主要由7月底至8月初一次极为罕见的天气尺度持续性极端降水过程所致,台风杜苏芮和卡努外围环流与异常偏西、偏北的西太平洋副热带高压相配合,再加上太行山东麓的地形效应是其主要原因。盛夏东北东部异常偏南风引导的水汽输送在整个对流层都异常偏强,造成东北北部和东部降水明显偏多,这一异常环流与初夏巴伦支海海冰密集度减小及盛夏西北太平洋海温异常偏暖均有一定关联。

气候变暖背景下汉江流域降水和气温时空变化特征

为探究气候变暖背景下汉江流域降水和气温的时空发展规律,基于汉江流域及其周边地区29个气象站点逐日降水(P_(re))、最高气温(T_(max))、最低气温(T_(min))和平均气温(T_(ave))的观测资料,利用线性拟合、Mann-Kendall突变检验和空间插值等方法,分析1960~2019年汉江流域降水和气温的时空变化特征,以及对变暖停滞现象(Hiatus)的响应。结果表明:①在全球变暖背景下,汉江流域气候表现出降水不显著减少(p>0.05)、气温显著上升(p<0.05)的暖干化趋势。1960~2019年汉江流域P_(re)变化幅度夏季(0.582 mm/a)>秋季(-0.477 mm/a)>春季(-0.403 mm/a)>全年(-0.184 mm/a)>冬季(0.125 mm/a);全年升温幅度呈T_(min)(0.028℃/a)>T_(max)(0.025℃/a)>T_(ave)(0.022℃/a),四季T_(max)、T_(min)和T_(ave)一致呈上升趋势,多数升温趋势通过了显著性检验(p<0.05),但升温幅度存在明显差异。②汉江流域全年和夏季P_(re)均未发生突变,春、秋季P_(re)在1970年代中后期发生突变下降,冬季P_(re)在1984年突变增加;除夏季T_(max)和T_(ave)外,其余时序气温集中在1990年代中后期至2000年代前期发生了突变上升。③汉江流域全年P_(re)自东南向北递减,四季P_(re)空间分布规律各异,全年和四季T_(max)、T_(min)和T_(ave)皆自南向北递减;全年及四季P_(re)、T_(max)、T_(min)和T_(ave)变化趋势具有较强的空间异质性。④1998~2012年汉江流域出现Hiatus现象,尤其以冬季最为明显;停滞后春夏季快速增温,秋冬季依旧呈降温趋势。研究成果对于制定汉江流域防灾减灾、供水保障应对策略具有重要的科学意义。

基于多模式预报的四川盆地强降水订正方法

四川盆地地形地貌复杂,强降水预报难度大,对模式降水预报产品进行订正,是提升强降水预报质量的重要手段。本文选取2018—2019年发生在四川盆地的35次强降水过程,对ECMWF、CMA_MESO和SWC_WARMS三种模式的24 h强降水预报采用常规评分和空间平移两个方法进行检验,并利用最优评分、多模式集成和位移订正三种方法进行订正试验。结果表明:最优评分订正方法可以有效改善各模式降水预报的强度,而多模式集成订正法可以改进降水落区和极值预报,在此基础上计算位移偏差,根据最优的位移偏差值对降水预报进行位移订正,可以进一步改进强降水落区预报效果。然后利用2020—2021年强降水过程进行订正效果验证,结果显示:经订正后的降水极值预报更接近实况,各量级降水预报评分明显优于单一模式,暴雨和大暴雨预报的TS评分提高率较最优单模式分别可达24.3%和42.8%,订正后空报率基本维持,漏报率显著下降,订正效果良好。

降水和地下水开采对通辽市科尔沁区潜水位的影响

变化环境下(气候变化和人类活动)潜水位动态演化过程识别是当前我国乃至全球水资源领域面临的主要科学问题。为了分析多影响因素下的潜水位时空动态变化,以降水和地下水开采为例,基于通辽市科尔沁区2016年1月—2019年12月实测地下水位动态数据,采用Mann-Kendall(MK)趋势检验和栅格代数法分析了区域潜水位的时空变化规律,并利用交叉小波分析、斯皮尔曼相关系数和多元线性回归法进一步量化分析了不同区域降水和地下水开采对潜水位的影响。结果表明:研究时段内科尔沁区潜水位总体呈下降趋势,年均降幅为0.36 m,中部和西部地区潜水位下降较为严重;根据潜水位差值空间分布特征,将研究区划分为潜水位基本平衡区、下降区和严重下降区,其分别占研究区总面积的9.88%、49.65%和40.47%;基本平衡区的潜水位受降水因素影响显著,受地下水开采变化影响极小,下降区和严重下降区潜水位受地下水开采的影响相较于降水影响更大。