Effect of(Cr,V)_(2)(C,N)on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of WC-10Co Cemented Carbides

WC-10Co cemented carbides with finer WC and narrower grain size distributions are produced by using(Cr,V)_(2)(C,N)as grain growth inhibitors.As a result,with the increase of(Cr_(0.9),V_(0.1))_(2)(C,N)and(V_(0.9),Cr_(0.1))_(2)(C,N),the grains size of WC and mean free path of Co phase decrease,and adjacency of WC increases.Refinement and homogenization of grains enhance the transverse rupture strength(TRS)and the hardness.Meanwhile,the deflection and bridging of cracks keep the fracture toughness at a respectable level.The WC-10Co-0.6(Cr_(0.9),V_(0.1))_(2)(C,N)-0.025(V_(0.9),Cr_(0.1))_(2)(C,N)cemented carbides exhibit excellent comprehensive mechanical properties with the TRS of 4602.6 MPa,hardness of 1835 kg/mm^(2),and fracture toughness of 10.39 MPa·m^(1/2),respectively.However,the large pores are caused by excess N larger than 0.03 wt%and deteriorates the mechanical properties.We provide a new approach to WC-Co cemented carbides preparation with a narrow grain size distribution by adding novel grain growth inhibitors.

基于改进轻量化YOLO v5n的番茄叶片病害识别方法

针对现有番茄叶片病害识别存在背景复杂、识别准确率低、模型参数量大、计算量大以及难以部署至移动设备或嵌入式设备等问题,提出一种改进的轻量化YOLO v5n的番茄叶片病害识别方法。首先收集细菌性斑疹病、早疫病、晚疫病、叶霉病、斑枯病、褐斑病等6种常见番茄叶片病害图像以及番茄健康叶片图像,对图像进行镜像翻转、高斯模糊等数据增强方式增加样本多样性,提升模型识别和泛化能力。接着在YOLO v5n网络基础上,选择采用轻量化的C3Ghost模块替换C3模块以压缩卷积过程中的计算量、模型权重和大小,同时在颈部网络中融合轻量级卷积技术GSConv和VOV-GSCSP模块,在增强特征提取能力的同时降低模型参数量。最后引入PAGCP算法对改进后的模型进行全局通道剪枝压缩参数量并减少训练开销。试验结果表明,改进后的YOLO v5n平均精度均值达到99.0%,参数量减少66.67%,计算量降低了2.6 G,模型权重压缩了2.23 MB。本研究提出的番茄叶片病害识别方法在降低了模型大小、参数量、计算量的同时仍保持较高的识别精度,为移动设备上实现番茄叶片病害识别提供技术参考。

V-N微合金化热轧因瓦合金的组织和性能

因瓦合金具有极低的热膨胀系数,但较低的力学强度严重制约其在结构材料领域的应用。为进一步提升因瓦合金的强度,借鉴微合金化思想,设计了V-N微合金化因瓦合金。采用维氏硬度计、拉伸试验机、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等研究了微量V、N对热轧因瓦合金显微组织和力学性能的影响,并分析其作用机理。结果表明:V-N微合金化因瓦合金的热轧组织显著细化,硬度和抗拉强度显著增加;随着N含量增加,其晶粒尺寸进一步细化,且分布更为均匀,抗拉强度进一步增加。V-N微合金化因瓦合金的基体上析出了大量细小、弥散分布的V(C,N)第二相,尺寸约为400 nm,其钉扎晶界和位错。细晶强化、析出强化和位错强化是V-N微合金化因瓦合金力学性能显著提升的主要原因。

Precipitation behavior of Ti in high strength steels

Precipitation behavior of Ti in high strength steels was investigated by means of the equilibrium solid solubility theory. The contributions of Ti content to yield strength were calculated. The calculated results were verified by the hot rolling experiment for C–Mn steel and C–Mn–Ti micro alloyed steel, respectively. The research results show that the precipitates are mainly Ti N at the higher temperature. With the decreasing temperature, the proportion of Ti C in precipitates increases gradually. When the temperature drops to 800 °C, Ti C will become predominant for the precipitation of Ti. When Ti content is less than 0.014%(mass fraction), Ti has little influence on the yield strength. When Ti content is in the range of 0.014%–0.03%(mass fraction), the yield strength of Ti micro alloyed steel is greatly increased, which leads to instability of the mechanical properties of the steel. Therefore, the design of Ti content in high strength steels should avoid this Ti content range. When Ti content is higher than 0.03%, the yield strength increases stably. In this experiment, when added Ti content was controlled in the range of 0.03%–0.05%, the contribution to the yield strength of Ti micro alloyed steel can reach about 92.44 MPa.

Precipitation and Hetero-nucleation Effect of V(C,N) in V-Microalloyed Steel

The precipitation behavior of V（C, N） in steels microalloyed with vanadium was researched using a thermal simulator during single-pass deformation at 800-750 ℃. The V（C, N） precipitates and its nucleation effect on ferrite were investigated by TEM and EDS. The experimental results show that there are two remarkable heterogeneous nucleation effects of V（C, N） particles precipitated before γ →/ α phase change： primary reason is that high coherency between V（C, N） and ferrite promotes V（C, N） to become a nucleating center of intragranular ferrite; secondary reason is that the coarsening of V（C, N） causes locally solute-poor region in austenite, thus expedites the nucleation of intragranular ferrites further. Furthermore, the relationship between the size and shape of V（C, N） was studied, and identification method was provided for distinguishing interphase precipitation and general precipitation to avoid erroneous judgment and misguide.

Effect of V and V-N Microalloying on Deformation-Induced Ferrite Transformation in Low Carbon Steels

Deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIFT） has been proved to be an effective approach to refine ferrite grains. This paper shows that the ferrite grains can further be refined through combination of DIFT and V or V-N microalloying. Vanadium dissolved in γ matrix restrains DIFT. During deformation, vanadium carbonitrides rapidly precipitate due to strain-induced precipitation, which causes decrease in vanadium dissolved in matrix and indirectly accelerates DIFT. Under heavy deformation, deformation induced ferrite （DIF） grains in V microalloyed steel were finer than those in V free steel. The more V added to steel, the finer DIF grains obtained. Moreover, the addition of N to V microalloyed steels can remarkably accelerate precipitation of V, and then promote DIFT. However, DIF grains in V-N microalloyed steel easily coarsen.

Influence of Ti(C,N)precipitates on austenite growth of micro-alloyed steel during continuous casting

Austenite grain size is an important influence factor for ductility of steel at high temperatures during continuous casting. Thermodynamic and kinetics calculations were performed to analyze the characteristics of Ti(C,N) precipitates formed during the continuous casting of micro-alloyed steel. Based on Andersen-Grong equation, a coupling model of second phase precipitation and austenite grain growth has been established, and the influence of second precipitates on austenite grain growth under different cooling rates is discussed. Calculations show that the final sizes of austenite grains are 2.155, 1.244, 0.965, 0.847 and 0.686 mm, respectively, under the cooling rate of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 ℃·s^(-1), when ignoring the pinning effect of precipitation on austenite growth. Whereas, if taking the pinning effect into consideration, the grain growth remains stable from 1,350 ℃, the calculated final sizes of austenite grains are 1.46, 1.02, 0.80, 0.67 and 0.57 mm, respectively. The sizes of final Ti(C,N) precipitates are 137, 79, 61, 51 and 43 nm, respectively, with the increase of cooling rate from 1 to 10 ℃·s^(-1). Model validation shows that the austenite size under different cooling rates coincided with the calculation results. Finally, the corresponding measures to strengthen cooling intensity at elevated temperature are proposed to improve the ductility and transverse crack of slab.

STRAIN INDUCED PRECIPITATION OF Ti(V)N(C)IN HIGHCARBON STEEL

The precipitation of Ti(V)N(C)in high-carbon steel PD_3 during thermomechanicol treatment at austenitic temperatures after deformation has been observed.The average size of Ti(V)N(C)particles may reduce with the increase of strain and the decrease of thermomechanical treatment temperature,and vise versa.The growth of Ti(V)N(C)particles at 920°C is found to be controlled by the interface reaction between precipitated particles and matrix.

Variations in the natural 13C and 15N abundance of plants and soils under long-term N addition and precipitation reduction:interpretation of C and N dynamics

Background:The nitrogen isotope natural abundance(δ^(15)N)provides integrated information on ecosystem N dynamics,and carbon isotope natural abundance(δ^(13)C)has been used to infer how water-using processes of plants change in terrestrial ecosystems.However,howδ^(13)C andδ^(15)N abundances in plant life and soils respond to N addition and water availability change is still unclear.Thus,δ^(13)C andδ^(15)N abundances in plant life and soils were used to investigate the effects of long-time(10 years)N addition(+50 kg N·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1)and precipitation reduction(−30%of throughfall)in forest C and N cycling traits in a temperate forest in northern China.Results:We analyzed theδ^(13)C andδ^(15)N values of dominant plant foliage,litterfall,fungal sporophores,roots,and soils in the study.The results showed thatδ^(15)N values of foliage,litterfall,and surface soil layer’s(0–10 cm)total N were significantly increased by N addition,whileδ^(15)N values of fine roots and coarse roots were considerably decreased.Nitrogen addition also significantly increased theδ^(13)C value of fine roots and total N concentration of the surface soil layer compared with the control.The C concentration,δ^(13)C,andδ^(15)N values of foliage andδ^(15)N values of fine roots were significantly increased by precipitation reduction,while N concentration of foliage and litterfall significantly decreased.The combined effects of N addition and precipitation reduction significantly increased theδ^(13)C andδ^(15)N values of foliage as well as theδ^(15)N values of fine roots andδ^(13)C values of litterfall.Furthermore,foliarδ^(15)N values were significantly correlated with foliageδ^(13)C values,surface soilδ^(15)N values,surface soil C concentration,and N concentrations.Nitrogen concentrations andδ^(13)C values of foliage were significantly correlated withδ^(15)N values and N concentrations of fine roots.Conclusions:This indicates that plants increasingly take up the heavier 15N under N addition and the heavier 13C and 15N under precipitation reduction,suggesting that N addition and precipitation reduction may lead to more open forest ecosystem C and N cycling and affect plant nutrient acquisition strategies.

Comparative study of the electrical properties of Au/n-Si(MS) and Au/Si_3N_4 /n-Si(MIS) Schottky diodes

In this paper, the electrical parameters of Au/n-Si （MS） and Au/Si3N4/n-Si （MIS） Schottky diodes are obtained from the forward bias current-voltage （I-V） and capacitance-voltage （C-V） measurements at room temperature. Experimental results show that the rectifying ratios of the MS and MIS diodes at ± 5 V are found to be 1.25 ×103 and 1.27 ×104, respectively. The main electrical parameters of the MS and MIS diodes, such as the zero-bias barrier height （rbBo） and ideality factor （n）, are calculated to be 0.51 eV （I-V）, 0.53 eV （C-V）, and 4.43, and 0.65 eV （I-V）, 0.70 eV （C-V）, and 3.44, respectively. In addition, the energy density distribution profile of the interface states （Nss） is obtained from the forward bias I-V, and the series resistance （Rs） values for the two diodes are calculated from Cheung＇s method and Ohm＇s law.

V(C,N)在V-N微合金钢铁素体中的析出动力学

V-N微合金钢的C含量(质量分数)在0.05%—0.30%范围内变化时,V(C,N)在铁素体中析出开始时间随温度降低单调增加.实验得到的开始析出点是在750℃时的10 s左右,含C量不同的4种钢得到的形核率-温度(NrT)曲线和析出-温度-时间(PTT)曲线单调变化的趋势相同.热力学与动力学计算得到的不同C含量钢中的V(C,N)形核驱动力非常接近,其NrT和PTT曲线随C含量无明显变化.实验与计算均证实,实验钢的C含量在0.05%—0.30%范围内变化时,V(C, N)在铁素体中的析出动力学无明显差异.

低碳钒氮微合金钢中V(C,N)在奥氏体中的析出动力学

控制VN在奥氏体中的有效析出是利用VN诱导晶内铁素体细化铁素体晶粒的关键技术。采用应力松弛方法研究了低碳钒氮微合金钢中V(C,N)在奥氏体区的等温析出行为。结果表明:试验钢的析出 温度 时间曲线(PTT)呈典型的C形,本试验条件下析出开始时间最短的"鼻子"温度为870℃左右。钢中的碳、氮含量以及变形量对PTT曲线有较大影响,它们增加均使C曲线向左移,特别是氮含量对V(C,N)析出的影响最显著。在碳含量约为0 10%的试验钢中,当氮含量从0 0036%增加到0 0140%时,可使870℃的析出开始时间从400s缩短到70s左右。

V(C,N)在含钒微合金钢奥氏体中的析出规律

在变形温度600~950℃、应变速率1s^(-1)的条件下对碳质量分数分别为0.26%,0.33%,0.42%的含钒微合金钢进行了应力松弛试验,得到了其应力松弛曲线和V(C,N)的析出动力学(PTT)曲线,结合显微组织分析了V(C,N)析出规律。结果表明:V(C,N)的析出会阻碍试验钢中奥氏体再结晶,减缓应力的下降;奥氏体中V(C,N)的PTT曲线呈S形,在900℃时V(C,N)析出最快;试验钢中碳含量的增加加快了V(C,N)的析出速率,但不影响其最快析出温度,含碳量最高的试验钢具有最短的开始析出时间,为7.5s。

Schottky Barrier Parameters of Pd/Ti Contacts on N-Type InP Revealed from I-V-T And C-V-T Measurements

We report on the current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of the Pd/Ti/n-InP Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) in the temperature range 160-400 K in steps of 40 K. The barrier heights and ideality factors of Schottky contact are found in the range 0.35 eV (I-V), 0.73 eV (C-V) at 160 K and 0.63 eV (I-V), 0.61 eV (C-V) at 400 K, respectively. It is observed that the zero-bias barrier height decreases and ideality factor n increase with a decrease in temperature, this behaviour is attributed to barrier inhomogeneities by assuming Gaussian distribution at the interface. The calculated value of series resistance (Rs) from the forward I-V characteristics is decreased with an increase in temperature. The homogeneous barrier height value of approximately 0.71 eV for the Pd/Ti Schottky diode has been obtained from the linear relationship between the temperature-dependent experimentally effective barrier heights and ideality factors. The zero-bias barrier height ( ) versus 1/2kT plot has been drawn to obtain evidence of a Gaussian distribution of the barrier heights and values of = 0.80 eV and = 114 mV for the mean barrier height and standard deviation have been obtained from the plot, respectively. The modified Richardson ln(I0/T2)- ( ) versus 1000/T plot has a good linearity over the investigated temperature range and gives the mean barrier height ( ) and Richardson constant (A*) values as 0.796 eV and 6.16 Acm-2K-2 respectively. The discrepancy between Schottky barrier heights obtained from I-V and C-V measurements is also interpreted.

V（C，N）在奥氏体中析出的动力学行为及其对晶粒细化的作用

控制VN在奥氏体中的有效析出是利用VN诱导晶内铁素体细化铁素体晶粒的关键技术。本文采用应力松弛法研究了低碳钒氮微合金钢V（C，N）在奥氏体区的等温析出行为，结果表明，试验钢的析出-温度-时间（PTT）曲线呈典型的“C”形状，本实验条件下析出开始时间最短的“鼻子”温度为870℃左右。增加钢中的碳、氮含量以及形变量等对PTT曲线有较大影响，均使“C”曲线向短时间方向移动，特别是氮含量对V（C，N）析出的影响最显著。V的高温析出促进了铁素体形核，产生了明显的晶粒细化效果。

RE-N-C-V-Nb盐浴多元共渗H13钢的显微组织与耐腐蚀性能

分别采用RE-N-C-V-Nb盐浴多元共渗技术和淬火+回火热处理方法制备了2种H13钢试样。利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪观察经RE-N-C-V-Nb盐浴多元共渗处理后H13钢的显微组织结构。采用动电位极化曲线、阻抗谱等方法研究了RE-N-C-V-Nb盐浴多元共渗与淬火+回火2种方法处理后H13钢的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:多元共渗的渗层由细小均匀、致密性好且呈弥散性分布的氮碳化合物组成;在3.0%的NaCl溶液中,其自腐蚀电位和极化电阻分别为-0.946V和1 574Ω·cm2,高于淬火+回火钢的相应值;自腐蚀电流密度和腐蚀速率分别为1.017mA/cm2和0.119 68mm/a,低于淬火+回火的相应值;其腐蚀特征以点蚀和均匀腐蚀出现,而淬火+回火钢以点腐蚀和晶间腐蚀出现。这表明H13钢经过RE-NC-V-Nb盐浴多元共渗处理后具有较高的耐腐蚀性能。

EAF-CSP流程V-N微合金钢中第二相的析出

目前,在EAF-CSP流程中通过V-N微合金化技术可成功生产屈服强度为550 MPa的高强度低合金钢。然而,基于热力学平衡考虑,对铸坯中V(C,N)的析出分析存在争议。针对珠钢CSP流程生产的V-N微合金钢,采用物理化学相分析方法、透射电镜的复型分析以及扫描电镜观察了流程中不同阶段试样的V(C,N)析出情况。并通过Thermo-Calc理论计算,初步探讨了EAF-CSP流程V-N微合金钢中Ti以及Al的析出对V(C,N)析出的影响。

原位合成Fe-V(C,N)复合材料

采用粉末冶金方法原位合成Fe-V(C,N)复合材料。应用SEM和XRD分析了复合材料显微组织和物相结构。发现在1200℃烧结时,活性的碳、氮原子降低了σ-(Fev)相的稳定性,生成了α-Fe相和均匀分布在基体中的V(C,N)颗粒。氮气的存在抑制了原位合成的V(C,N)颗粒在烧结后期的长大,最终V(C,N)颗粒尺寸在0．5～3μm之间,体积分数超过50%。在重负荷干滑动磨损试验中表现出很高的耐磨性。

C-V法测量pn结杂质浓度分布的基本原理及应用

全面地介绍了pn结C-V测量法的基本原理、测试设备及条件。利用pn结反向偏压时的电容特性推导了有效杂质浓度随深度分布的计算公式及突变结和线性缓变结的1/(C2)-V和1/(C3)-V关系图。应用该原理计算、分析了IN5401整流二极管pn结的特性及杂质浓度的纵向分布。

13Cr4Mo4Ni4VA钢复合硬化层的表征研究

对渗碳硬化13Cr4Mo4Ni4VA钢进行渗氮处理后形成复合硬化层,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、透射电镜、高分辨电镜、电子探针及显微硬度测试等方法对复合硬化层进行表征。结果表明,复合硬化13Cr4Mo4Ni4VA钢渗层碳氮浓度呈梯度分布,从表面到心部组织性能也呈梯度变化,表现出异于传统硬化工艺的组织结构特性。复合硬化层为双层硬化结构,渗氮层组织优异,少无沿晶化合物,析出细小的片状的Mo2N、周期性层状分布的Mo2C以及Cr2(C,N)等合金碳(氮)化合物,在析出相沉淀硬化和碳氮原子固溶强化共同作用下,使复合硬化层表面硬度达到超硬化(>70HRC),有效硬化层维持很大的层深,具有优异的硬度梯度及残余压应力场。