Natural runoff changes in the Yellow River Basin

The driving factors of runoff changes can be divided into precipitationfactor and non-precipitation factor, and they can also be divided into natural factor and humanactivity factor. In this paper, the ways and methods of these driving factors impacting on runoffchanges are analyzed at first, and then according to the relationship between precipitation andrunoff, the analytical method about impacts of precipitation and non-precipitation factors onbasin's natural runoff is derived. The amount and contribution rates of the two factors impacting onnatural runoff between every two adjacent decades during 1956-1998 are calculated in the YellowRiver Basin (YRB). The results show that the amount and contribution rate of the two factorsimpacting on natural runoff are different in different periods and regions. For the YRB, thenon-precipitation impact is preponderant for natural runoff reduction after the 1970s. Finally, bychoosing main factors impacting on the natural runoff, one error back-propagation (BP) artificialneural network (ANN) model has been set up, and the impact of human activities on natural runoffreduction in the YRB is simulated. The result shows that the human activities could cause a 77 x10^8 m^3·a^(-1) reduction of runoff during 1980-1998 according to the climate background of1956-1979.

Synergistic effects of multiple driving factors on the runoff variations in the Yellow River Basin,China

River runoff plays an important role in watershed ecosystems and human survival,and it is controlled by multiple environmental factors.However,the synergistic effects of various large-scale circulation factors and meteorological factors on the runoff on different time-frequency scales have rarely been explored.In light of this,the underlying mechanism of the synergistic effects of the different environmental factors on the runoff variations was investigated in the Yellow River Basin of China during the period 1950-2019 using the bivariate wavelet coherence(WTC)and multiple wavelet coherence(MWC)methods.First,the continuous wavelet transform(CWT)method was used to analyze the multiscale characteristics of the runoff.The results of the CWT indicate that the runoff exhibited significant continuous or discontinuous annual and semiannual oscillations during the study period.Scattered inter-annual time scales were also observed for the runoff in the Yellow River Basin.The meteorological factors better explained the runoff variations on seasonal and annual time scales.The average wavelet coherence(AWC)and the percent area of the significant coherence(PASC)between the runoff and individual meteorological factors were 0.454 and 19.89%,respectively.The circulation factors mainly regulated the runoff on the inter-annual and decadal time scales with more complicated phase relationships due to their indirect effects on the runoff.The AWC and PASC between the runoff and individual circulation factors were 0.359 and 7.31%,respectively.The MWC analysis revealed that the synergistic effects of multiple factors should be taken into consideration to explain the multiscale characteristic variations of the runoff.The AWC or MWC ranges were 0.320-0.560,0.617-0.755,and 0.819-0.884 for the combinations of one,two,and three circulation and meteorological factors,respectively.The PASC ranges were 3.53%-33.77%,12.93%-36.90%,and 20.67%-39.34%for the combinations one,two,and three driving factors,respectively.The combinations of precipitation,evapotranspiration(or the number of rainy days),and the Arctic Oscillation performed well in explaining the variability in the runoff on all time scales,and the average MWC and PASC were 0.847 and 28.79%,respectively.These findings are of great significance for improving our understanding of hydro-climate interactions and water resources prediction in the Yellow River Basin.

Evaluation of latest TMPA and CMORPH satellite precipitation products over Yellow River Basin

The main objective of this study was to evaluate four latest global high-resolution satellite precipitation products(TMPA 3B42 RT, CMORPH,TMPA 3B42V7, and CMORPH_adj) against gauge observations of the Yellow River Basin from March 2000 to December 2012. The assessment was conducted with several commonly used statistical indices at daily and monthly scales. Results indicate that 3B42V7 and CMORPH_adj perform better than the near real-time products(3B42RT and CMORPH), particularly the 3B42V7 product. The adjustment by gauge data significantly reduces the systematic biases in the research products. Regarding the near real-time datasets, 3B42 RT overestimates rainfall over the whole basin, while CMORPH presents a mixed pattern with negative and positive values of relative bias in low- and high-latitude regions,respectively, and CMORPH performs better than 3B42 RT on the whole. According to the spatial distribution of statistical indices, these values are optimized in the southeast and decrease toward the northwest, and the trend is similar for the spatial distribution of the mean annual precipitation during the period from 2000 to 2012. This study also reveals that all the four products can effectively detect rainfall events. This study provides useful information about four mainstream satellite products in the Yellow River Basin, and the findings can facilitate the use of global precipitation measurement(GPM) data in the future.

Responses of terrestrial water cycle components to afforestation within and around the Yellow River basin

Reforestation has attracted worldwide attention because of its multiple environmental benefits,but its impact on water resources is complicated and still controversial. In this study, the authors conducted numerical experiments within and around the Yellow River basin under the Grain-forGreen project using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The results showed that the terrestrial water cycle process was sensitive to land use/cover change in the study region. Under the increase of mixed forests within and below the basin, the basin-averaged precipitation and evaporation increased by 223.17 and 223.88 mm respectively, but the surface runoff decreased by 2.22 mm from 2006 to 2010. In other words, the forest-induced increase in evaporation exceeded that of precipitation along with decreased surface runoff. Importantly, the afforestation effects on water resources seemed to enhance with time, and the effects of the same vegetation change were different in dry and wet years with different precipitation amounts(i.e. different atmospheric circulation background). It should be noted that it is difficult to obtain one product that can explicitly reflect the spatial distribution of actual land cover change promoted by the Grain-for-Green project in the Yellow River basin, which is an important obstacle to clearly identify the reforestation impacts. A land cover dataset derived from advantages of multiple sets of data therefore needs to be proposed.

Capability of TMPA products to simulate streamflow in upper Yellow and Yangtze River basins on Tibetan Plateau

Due to the high elevation, complex terrain, severe weather, and inaccessibility, direct meteorological observations do not exist over large portions of the Tibetan Plateau, especially the western part of it. Satellite rainfall estimates have been very important sources for precipitation information, particularly in rain gauge-sparse regions. In this study, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis （TMPA） products 3B42, RTV5V6, and RTV7 were evaluated for their applicability to the upper Yellow and Yangtze River basins on the Tibetan Plateau. Moreover, the capability of the TMPA products to simulate streamflow was also investigated using the Variable Infiltration Capacity （VIC） semi-distributed hydrological model. Results show that 3B42 performs better than RTVSV6 and RTV7, based on verification of the China Meteorological Administration （CMA） observational precipitation data. RTVSV6 can roughly capture the spatial precipitation pattern but overestimation exists throughout the entire study region. The anticipated improvements of RTV7 relative to RTVSV6 have not been realized in this study. Our results suggest that RTV7 significantly overestimates the precipitation over the two river basins, though it can capture the seasonal cycle features of precipitation. 3B42 shows the best performance in streamflow simulation of the abovementioned satellite products. Although involved in gauge adjustment at a monthly scale, 3B42 is capable of daily streamflow simulation. RTV5V6 and RTV7 have no capability to simulate streamflow in the upper Yellow and Yangtze River basins.

基于Kriging插值的黄河流域降水时空分布格局

采用国家气象局整编的1960-2000年黄河流域97个气象站点的系列资料和Kriging插值方法,对黄河流域降水时空结构及其变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:黄河流域多年平均降水量的地区分布既受天气系统的制约,又受地形等地理环境的影响,造成明显的地区性差异;就年际变化而言,20世纪60年代和80年代降水偏多,尤其是80年代黄河流域年平均降水与正常值相比要偏高许多,而70年代和90年代降水偏少,目前正处于降水偏少时期。黄河流域上游的降水增加趋势相当明显,而中游和下游降水则明显减少;就降水年内分配而言,降水高度集中在汛期(6-9月),且上、中、下游降水均以7、8月最多,但下游7、8月降水较中、上游更为集中。研究结果和分析结论对了解黄河流域水资源演变具有十分重要的意义。

Study of the temporal and spatial patterns of drought in the Yellow River basin based on SPEI

Drought is one of the severe natural disasters to impact human society and occurs widely and frequently in China,causing considerable damage to the living environment of humans.The Yellow River basin(YRB)of China shows great vulnerability to drought in the major basins;thus,drought monitoring in the YRB is particularly important.Based on monthly data of 124 meteorological stations from 1961 to 2015,the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI)was used to explore the temporal and spatial patterns of drought in the YRB.The periods and trends of drought were identified by Extreme-point Symmetric Mode Decomposition(ESMD),and the research stages were determined by Bernaola-Galvan Segmentation Algorithm(BGSA).The annual and seasonal variation,frequency and intensity of drought were studied in the YRB.The results indicated that(1)for the past 55 years,the drought in the YRB has increased significantly with a tendency rate of-0.148(10 a)^(-1),in which the area Lanzhou to Hekou was the most vulnerable affected(-0.214(10 a)^(-1));(2)the drought periods(2.9,5,10.2 and 18.3 years)and stages(1961–1996,1997–2002 and 2003–2015)were characterized and detected by ESMD and BGSA;(3)the sequence of drought frequency was summer,spring,autumn and winter with mean values of 71.0%,47.2%,10.2%and 6.9%,respectively;and(4)the sequence of drought intensity was summer,spring,winter and autumn with mean values of 0.93,0.40,0.05 and 0.04,respectively.

近60a黄河上游流域不同强度降水及大气湿润指数变化的新特征

深入研究黄河上游流域降水及大气湿润度旨在为其生态环境保护提供科学依据。选用1961-2020年黄河上游流域36个测站降水、气压、气温、风速、相对湿度等资料,采用最小二乘法、Mann-Kendall突变检验和相关分析等方法,分析了黄河上游流域近60 a不同强度降水量、雨日及大气湿润指数的变化特征。结果表明:(1)黄河上游流域年降水量总体呈现西南多、东北少的特征,近60 a以4.9 mm·(10a)^(-1)的速度增加,尤以夏季增加最显著。(2)除小雨雨日减少外,小雨雨量、中雨雨日、雨量及大-暴雨雨日、雨量均呈增加趋势,其中产流区夏季中雨雨量增加最为显著。(3)黄河上游流域各区域湿润指数均呈现一致的下降趋势,其中源头区下降最多,其突变发生在1989年。(4)随着气候变暖,黄河上游流域潜在蒸散量增加的速率比降水增加的速率大,进而造成空气中水分散失增加,大气湿润度下降,对植被生长的潜在风险增加。

黄河流域非平稳气象干旱特征的重构及时空演变规律

气候变化和高强度人类活动影响下,基于平稳性假设的传统方法难以准确描述非平稳时间序列的演变规律。本文基于黄河流域1960—2020年逐月气象资料,采用自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解法和游程理论提取标准化降水蒸散指数的重构干旱特征,结合Pettitt法和旋转经验正交函数研究非平稳气象干旱时空特征。结果表明,多时间尺度黄河流域气象干旱均呈现显著性增强趋势,且各时间尺度标准化降水蒸散指数序列均于1996年发生显著变化。考虑非平稳性的重构干旱特征时间上呈现出更为显著的季节性变化,空间上更符合流域实际情况。研究结果对厘清非平稳气象干旱时空演变规律具有重要意义,可为黄河流域防旱抗旱提供科学依据。

基于CMIP6的黄河流域极端降水时空特征分析

全球变暖背景下,极端降水灾害风险增加,严重影响了人们的生命安全,对区域经济发展造成了严重的威胁.黄河流域是重要的生态屏障和经济地带,推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展已成为中国国家战略.因此本文对黄河流域极端降水事件过去及未来的特征进行了研究,发现:1)1975−2014年,空间分布上各极端降水指数呈现西北低、东南高的格局.时间变化上,除年降水量、中雨时间、5日最大降水量呈微弱的下降趋势外,其余各指数均呈上升趋势但不显著,极端降水事件较少.2)2015−2100年,各极端降水指数呈现显著的上升趋势,各极端降水指数的多年均值在空间分布格局上与历史时期相似,排放升高,辐射力变大,极端降水指数呈现显著增加的区域面积不断扩大.在SSP1-2.6情景和SSP2-4.5情景下,黄河流域呈现显著增加的区域集中于西南部,而在SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5情景下,除西南地区外,东部大部分地区极端降水呈显著增加,除年降水量外,其余各极端降水指数随着排放升高呈现显著减小趋势的区域逐渐集中于甘肃、青海两省.3)黄河流域四季的年均降水量均呈上升趋势,不同季节均具有湿润化的发展趋势.除宁夏外,其他地区的日最大降水量和5日最大降水量2种指数在四季均呈现不同程度的上升趋势,各地区这2种指数的最大值集中在7月份,预估未来时期黄河流域的暴雨洪涝灾害主要发生在夏季.本研究可为黄河流域极端降水的防范提供有效依据,为黄河流域高质量发展提供科学参考.

黄河源区典型泥炭湿地地下水水位时空变化及流量过程

以黄河源区若尔盖盆地黑河上游的一个典型泥炭湿地小流域为研究对象,采用2018—2022年的地下水水位监测数据、气象数据和无人机航测地形数据,统计分析了泥炭湿地小流域内地下水水位时空变化,并推算了小流域沟道出口的断面水深与流量过程。结果表明:降水是泥炭湿地小流域地下水水位变化的主导因素,地下水水位与降水量变化趋势一致,且随降水与蒸散发之比的增大而上升;小流域中游地下水水位比上游波动更剧烈,且上游地下水水位均值高于中游,沟道中部泥炭湿地的蓄水能力在减退。根据水力学方法和地下水水位监测数据得到了泥炭湿地小流域的沟道断面水深-流量经验关系公式,可用于计算日流量过程线。

未来气候模式下黄河流域极端降水指数时空分布特征

以气候变化敏感区黄河流域为研究区,再现和预估流域内极端降水事件的时空分布特征。采用Delta降尺度以及多指标评价方法建立CMIP6气候模式数据集,选取12个极端降水指数研究极端降水指数的时空分布特征。结果表明,黄河流域历史(1980—2014年)及SSP126、SSP245、SSP585情景下未来(2022—2100年)除连续干日数(CDD)外的11个极端降水指数多年均值的空间格局相似,整体上呈现出由东南向西北递减的趋势,南北向变化率比东西向的大。年际上,11个极端降水指数均呈现不显著的波动性上升趋势。整体上各极端降水指数呈现波动性上升趋势,但上升趋势并不显著。

基于多源数据的黄河源区降雪比变化及其影响因素

黄河源区是黄河流域关键产流区域,对气候变化十分敏感。在气候变暖背景下,降水形态转变及其影响因素的研究依然不足。围绕这一重要科学问题,本研究基于地面气象站点观测和多源高分辨率气象数据集[China Meteorological Forcing Dataset(CMFD)、ECWMF ERA5-Land(ERA5-Land)、Multi-Source Weather(MSWX)],采用湿球温度参数化模型对1980—2015年黄河源区降水形态进行区分,并对降雪比长期变化趋势及其影响因素进行了综合研究。结果表明,1980—2015年黄河源区降水量整体呈增加趋势,降水形态向降雨转变,降雪量减少,平均降雪比呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),四套数据源的降雪比平均下降速率为0.002 a^(-1)(P<0.05)。降雪比呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)的格点占比分别为98.31%(ERA5-Land)、96.87%(MSWX)、67.62%(CMFD)。黄河源区中西部降雪比下降速率较快,下降速率最大的地区为玛多、达日等地。三套格点产品中CMFD能够较好地呈现降雪比变化趋势的空间差异,MSWX次之,而ERA5-Land降雪比变化趋势空间变异较小。源区降雪比与年平均气温、降水量相关性较高(P<0.05),相关系数r分别为-0.42和-0.48,亦受到西风的影响(r=-0.31,P=0.07)。研究结果有助于加深气候变暖对黄河源区水文气象过程影响的科学认识,为黄河流域区域水资源管理提供理论支撑。

基于多变量LSTM模型的黄河流域气象干旱预测研究

干旱是对人类社会发展影响最严重的自然灾害之一,气象干旱预测是干旱研究中的重要方向。为提高气象干旱的预测精度,将多变量方法应用到长短期记忆模型(Long short-term memory,LSTM)预测黄河流域标准化气象干旱指数(Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index,SPEI)的过程中,并和单变量LSTM模型的结果进行对比。使用均方根误差、平均绝对误差、纳什效率指数作为评价指标。结果显示,在对黄河流域临夏站、陶乐站、铜川站各自5种时间尺度SPEI(1、3、6、9和12个月)的预测中,多变量LSTM预测结果的3种评价指标值均明显优于单变量LSTM预测结果;可视化结果也显示多变量LSTM方法的预测曲线更接近观测值曲线。研究证明了多变量LSTM模型对于提高黄河流域气象干旱指数预测精度的有效性与适用性。

黄河流域1960-2022年干湿格局变化特征

【目的】研究黄河流域降水时空变化,分析气候变化情况下黄河流域降水及干湿格局变化特征。【方法】收集黄河流域1960—2022年51个气象站点降水数据,通过回归分析、相关分析、频率百分数法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验法,探究1960—2022年黄河流域降水、干湿期特征时空变化规律及相关性。【结果】①1960—2022年,黄河流域年降水量变化不显著,但降水频率下降(-1.95%/10 a),强度上升(2.67%/10 a),且均通过显著性检验(P˂0.05),年降水频率在1978年发生突变,年降水强度在1990年发生突变,自1990年开始,年降水频率显著减少,强度显著增加。流域上游变湿,中、下游变干,流域整体来看,微降水、小降水、中等强度降水减少,强降水、极端降水增加,在流域上、中、下游微降水普遍减少,极端降水普遍增加;②黄河流域及流域上、中游发生干旱的风险增加,干旱强度下降,流域下游发生干旱风险及强度均呈增加趋势。降水在湿期分配更加集中,流域发生干旱和洪涝风险共存;③年降水量变化主要由高强度降水事件变化引起,年降水频率变化主要受低强度降水事件影响。湿日在年内的分配情况主要受低强度降水事件影响,湿期降水量变化主要是受高强度降水事件影响。【结论】在气候变化背景下,黄河流域发生干旱和洪涝灾害的风险共存,直接原因是低强度降水事件减少导致较短干期合并成较长干期,流域发生干旱风险增加。降水强度增加,降水在湿期更加集中导致流域发生洪涝风险增加。

长序列遥感降水产品在黄河流域干旱监测中的适用性评估

以1983-2019年流域298个气象站点插值得到的格网降水(CMA)为标准,采用相关系数、相对偏差和均方根误差等统计指标,评估了3种降水产品对月、季、半年、年4种时间尺度(SPI1、SPI3、SPI6、SPI12)干旱特征的表征能力.研究发现:PERSIANN-CDR在监测干旱年际(SPI12)波动情况和量化干旱面积方面,总体估算结果偏大,但仍明显优于其他2种产品;多源集成产品MSWEP在估算降水量和捕捉降水空间分布格局方面,优于其他2种产品,但在气象站稀疏、地形复杂、气候多变的上游区,其一致性具有较大地区差异;PERSIANN-CDR和CHIRPS产品适用于表征中期干旱,而MSWEP适用于表征短期干旱;MSWEP能较好地捕捉CMA的SPI值变化趋势以及典型干旱事件的空间分布情况,但总体上3种产品对典型干旱事件识别方面(降水量及其空间捕捉)均需进一步改进.

近30年黄河流域降水量的时空演变特征

利用中国气象局和黄河水利委员会近30年269个观测站的降水资料,采用光滑薄面样条插值法对黄河流域各月及年降水量进行插值,在ArcMap/ArcInfo中进行图象处理和分类,完成了1km×1km栅格降水的空间化,在此基础上分析了降水的空间分布。利用GIS软件编程实现了Mann-Kendall非参数统计法与空间化技术的结合,生成了各月及年降水在空间上随时间的变化趋势图。结果表明:27年来,流域总降水量呈下降趋势,空间上表现为北半部以增加为主,南半部以减少为主。各月间差异很大,在秋冬季节,以下降趋势为主,部分地区达到显著;春夏季节除少数月份外,大部分地区降水量有不显著的增加趋势。全年降水呈下降趋势的月份占多数,但主要集中在降水较少的秋冬季节,呈增加趋势的月份集中在雨水充沛的春夏,这种变化趋势使得降水的分布更加不平衡,表现为秋冬季的降水减少,而雨水较多的5～7月降水有微弱的增加趋势。

近50年黄河流域气温和降水量变化特征分析

利用黄河流域54个气象站点1961-2010年气象数据,探讨近50a黄河流域气温和降水量的变化趋势特征。结果表明:(1)黄河流域年降水量变化具有明显的空间差异,总体表现为上游地区增多、中游地区减少的特点。春季上游降水量呈显著增加趋势,秋季中游显著减少,冬季全流域降水量均呈显著增加趋势,其中下游增幅最大。年内降水量显著增加的时段主要集中在1-3月和12月;(2)黄河流域气温变化呈显著升高趋势,平均最高气温和最低气温变化具有明显的不对称性,平均最低气温变化对平均气温升高的贡献率大于平均最高气温。平均最高气温、平均气温和平均最低气温全流域均表现为冬季增幅最大,夏季和秋季则为流域上游增幅最大。月平均气温显著增加的站点比例最高,月最高气温显著增加的站点比例最小,且均集中在2月。(3)全流域冬季出现暖湿化趋势,春季上游出现暖湿化趋势,而秋季中游出现暖干化趋势。

黄河流域大气降水氢、氧稳定同位素时空特征及其环境意义

大气降水δ18O值的变化是一个蒸发和凝结的物理过程,与纬度、海拔、距海岸的距离、季节和降水量等因素有关,具有规律变化的特征。根据黄河流域上中下游地区取得的降水同位素数据和降水气象资料,分析了该区域降水中δ18O的时空变化特征。研究了流域上中下游降水中稳定同位素与温度和降水量的关系,揭示了流域降水中稳定同位素的变化规律。结果表明,流域上游和中下游降水中稳定同位素具有不同的季节变化特征,上游地区表现为夏季富集、冬季贫化,中游和下游则与之相反;在空间变化上,流域降水稳定同位素自上而下整体趋于逐渐贫化,波动明显,存在显著的极值区;黄河流域上、中下游具有不同的同位素过程,上游地区受海拔效应和内陆循环影响显著,而中下游则主要受季风系统和局地因素的影响。局地大气水线以及d与大气水汽压关系的分析表明,流域降水在从云层底部降落到地面的过程中,具有明显的二次蒸发现象,并伴随着同位素的分馏。

近50年黄河流域降水量及雨日的气候变化特征

利用1961-2010年黄河流域143个测站降水量和雨日资料,分析了黄河流域年、季降水和雨日的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)多年平均年降水量和年雨日空间分布特征均呈北少南多。(2)年降水量和年雨日变化趋势相一致,二者均呈减少趋势,年降水量负趋势的测站数达81.8%,年雨日负趋势达88.8%,即年雨日较年降水的减少趋势更显著。(3)在季节变化方面,除冬季外,春、夏和秋季的降水量和雨日都是负趋势,特别是秋季减少最显著。四季降水量通过显著性水平检验的负趋势站数从多到少依次为秋季>春季>夏季>冬季,雨日则为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季。(4)流域年降水和年雨日一致突变点为1985-1986年,其降水量及雨日减少主要原因是大气环流发生了变化,1986年以前黄河流域降水和雨日偏多是由于季风较强,使水汽得到有效输送和河套西北部的风向辐合造成的,而突变后降水和雨日减少与季风偏弱、缺乏有效的水汽输送和蒙古至河套的反气旋环流有关。