An ERA5 tropospheric parameters-augmented approach for improving GNSS precise point positioning

Precise Point Positioning(PPP) technology has developed into a potent instrument for geodetic positioning, ionospheric modeling, tropospheric atmospheric parameter detection, and seismic monitoring.As atmospheric reanalysis data products’ accuracy and spatiotemporal resolution have improved recently, it has become important to apply these products to obtain high-accuracy tropospheric delay parameters, like zenith tropospheric delay(ZTD) and tropospheric horizontal gradient. These tropospheric delay parameters can be applied to PPP to reduce the convergence time and to increase the accuracy in the vertical direction of the position. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5(ERA5) atmospheric reanalysis data is the latest product with a high spatiotemporal resolution released by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF). Only a few researches have evaluated the application of ERA5 data to Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)PPP. Therefore, this study compared and validated the ZTD products derived from ERA5 data using ZTD values provided by 290 global International GNSS Service(IGS) stations for 2016-2017. The results indicated a stable performance for ZTD, with annual average bias and RMS values of 0.23 cm and 1.09 cm,respectively. Further, GNSS observations for one week in each of the four seasons(spring: DOY 92-98;summer: DOY 199-205;autumn: DOY 275-281;and winter: DOY 22-28) from 34 multi-GNSS experiments(MGEX) stations distributed globally in 2016 were considered to evaluate the performance of ERA5-derived tropospheric delay products in GNSS PPP. The performance of ERA5-enhanced PPP was compared with that of the two standard GNSS PPP schemes(without estimated tropospheric horizontal gradient and with estimated tropospheric horizontal gradient). The results demonstrated that ERA5-enhanced GNSS PPP showed no significant improvement in the convergence times in both the Eastern(E) and Northern(N) directions, while the average convergence time over four weeks in the vertical(U)direction improved by 53.3% and 52.7%, respectively(in the case of pngm station). The average convergence times for each week in the U direction of the northern and southern hemisphere stations indicated a decrease of 16.3%, 12.6%, 9.6%, and 9.1%, and 16.9%, 9.6%, 8.9%, and 14.5%, respectively.Regarding positioning accuracy, ERA5-enhanced PPP showed an improvement of 13.3% and 16.2% over the two standard PPP schemes in the U direction, respectively. No significant improvement in the positioning performance was observed in both the E and N directions. Thus, this study demonstrated the potential application of the ERA5 tropospheric parameters-augmented approach to Beidou navigation and positioning.

实时PPP离岸潮位遥测方法与试验

为降低离岸潮位实时遥测成本,提高适用性,提出了基于实时精密单点定位的离岸潮位数据获取与提取方法,利用小型浮标搭载具有实时PPP和远程通讯功能的GNSS接收机进行离岸潮位遥测,原始观测数据经粗差剔除、均值化处理、S-G滤波后,较好地剔除了风、浪、流等引起浮标姿态变化所带来的测量误差。研发了相应软硬件,并在天津港外海进行了试验,测试结果优于±8cm,整体中误差为±3.7cm,满足海洋观测规范要求。相较基于压力式传感器加声学通信的现行数据采集方式,该方法具有建设成本较低、观测方式简单、后期维护方便、产业化前景好等特点,可进一步在实际项目中推广使用。

基于北斗3号PPP-B2b信号的实时精密单点定位方法研究

针对IGS精密产品存在相应时延且在列车长时间高速运行下不便联网下载的问题,研究基于BDS-3提供的PPP-B2b服务的实时PPP方法。基于广播星历和PPP-B2b校正模型获取PPP-B2b实时精密产品,基于PPP模型及模糊度在线解算方法得到实时动/静态PPP结果,并利用实测数据对PPP-B2b轨道及钟差修正量级、实时PPP性能进行分析。20 min实验结果表明:实时动态PPP的北向定位精度为0.4172 m,东向定位精度为0.3041 m;实时静态PPP的北向定位精度为0.1005 m,东向定位精度为0.1741 m。基于PPP-B2b服务的实时PPP具有时效性优势,静态性能优于传统基于IGS精密产品的PPP,动态性能与之相当。

Positioning performance analysis on combined GPS/BDS precise point positioning

Combining the observation data from five Multi-GNSS Experiment(MGEX)stations with the precise orbit and clock products from Global Positioning System(GPS)and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS),we studied the model of combined GPS/BDS precise point positioning,and then analyzed the convergence speed and short-time(6 h)positioning accuracy.The calculation results show that in static positioning,the average convergence time of GPS is about 50 min,and its horizontal accuracy is better than 2 cm while the vertical accuracy is better than 4 cm.The convergence speed of combined GPS/BDS is about 40 min,and its positioning accuracy is close to that of GPS.In kinematic positioning,the average convergence time of GPS is about 72 min,and its horizontal accuracy is better than 5 cm while the vertical accuracy is better than 12 cm.The average convergence time of GPS/BDS is about 57 min,and its horizontal accuracy is better than 3 cm while the vertical accuracy is better than 9 cm.Combined GPS/BDS has significantly improved the convergence speed,and its positioning accuracy is slightly than that of GPS.

Precise point positioning and its application in mining deformation monitoring

Precise point positioning (PPP)-based deformation monitoring scheme is presented for the use in mining deformation monitoring. Within the solutions of daily observation, outliers are detected and removed to avoid any potential misinterpretation of the results and then the deformation can be extracted by the coordinate differences between the two consecutive solutions. Meanwhile, because of the special location of a rover station in mining areas, the satellite geometry may be insufficient for a reasonable PPP solution, and the multipath impact an also be significant. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the satellite geometry before any daily observation. To evaluate the ability of extracting the deformation using the PPP-based method, various quality measures were introduced. The results of three datasets of the same station show that the precision of deformation monitored by PPP can reach up to cm level and even mm level.

BDS-3 PPP-B2b实时精密时间同步方法探讨

针对传统实时精密单点定位(PPP)时间同步方法需要连接互联网,以及对北斗三号全球卫星导航系统(BDS-3)精密单点定位服务信号(PPP-B2b)用于长基线实时时间同步的研究较少的问题,提出一种将PPP-B2b信号用于PPP时间同步的实时时间同步方法:将高精度铷原子钟作为全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)接收机外频标输入,通过GNSS接收机实时接收PPP-B2b改正数,解算接收机钟差并实时调整铷原子钟,输出与时间基准同步的秒脉冲(1PPS)信号,较之传统GNSS接收机输出1PPS有更佳的频率稳定性;设计PPP-B2b时间同步硬件测试平台对提出的PPP-B2b时间同步方法进行测试。结果表明,通过PPP-B2b时间同步方法进行时间传递的精度优于0.2 ns;短基线实测实时时间同步精度优于0.95 ns;卫星模拟器仿短基线精度优于0.87 ns,仿长基线精度优于0.9 ns。

BDS-3 PPP模糊度固定实现及精度评估

精密单点定位(PPP)模糊度固定(AR)能够显著提升精密定位的收敛速度和精度。通过在BDS-2和BDS-3之间添加系统间偏差的方法实现BDS-3的模糊度固定,并基于全球MGEX测站静态、仿动态数据和车载实验数据全面评估了BDS-3模糊度固定的效果。结果表明,相对于浮点解,BDS-3 PPP模糊度固定能够显著提升PPP的精度,在东北天3个方向上静态解算精度提升依次为37.4%、26.2%和20.1%;仿动态解算精度提升依次为38.3%、27.2%和11.1%;车载动态实验BDS-3模糊度固定精度在三维方向上综合提升为40.4%。此外,模糊度固定后,以浮点解稳定后的两倍定位精度为基准,在东北天方向上,静态定位时间提升程度依次为63.5%、64.0%和40.3%;仿动态定位时间提升程度依次为58.7%、56.8%和25.4%;车载实验在三维方向的收敛时间为30.0 min。以上结果证明了所提方法的有效性及BDS-3模糊度固定的性能提升。

Galileo三频非组合PPP相位小数偏差估计与模糊度解算

欧洲的Galileo目前已经有28颗在轨可用卫星,具备全球精密定位能力,并且所有卫星均能够播发多频信号,多频信号融合有望进一步改善精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)模糊度固定解性能.本文研究了Galileo三频非组合PPP相位小数偏差(fractional cycle bias,FCB)估计与模糊度解算(ambiguity resolution,AR)方法,并将其结果同双频非组合PPP模糊度固定解与浮点解结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:利用155个全球分布的地面跟踪站数据进行FCB估计,单个频率上的FCB估值序列标准差(standard deviation,STD)优于0.04周;双频PPP浮点解在E、N、U方向收敛时间分别为32.0 min、10.0 min、43.5 min,双频PPP固定解收敛时间分别减少到30.5 min、8.5 min、32.0 min,三频PPP固定解收敛时间分别进一步缩短到16.5 min、8.0 min、32.0 min.

一种顾及时空变化的BDS PPP多路径误差建模方法

根据BDS GEO、IGSO、MEO三种星座卫星轨道运行特性,使用多路径误差半天球格网点模型(multi-point hemispherical grid model,MHGM)和恒星日滤波(sidereal filtering,SF)方法建立BDS混合星座的多路径误差改正模型。使用该模型改正多路径误差后,BDS精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)的载波相位验后残差显著减小,E、N、U方向定位精度分别提升41%、37%、38%,收敛速度整体提升31%。

多系统PPP天顶对流层延迟时空序列精度评估及分析

利用2021-09全球80个MGEX测站进行PPP实验,以国际GNSS服务组织(IGS)发布的ZTD产品为参考进行比较分析。结果表明,多系统联合估计ZTD在精度上具有较大优势,GPS+BDS双系统比单GPS系统平均RMSE精度提高约0.6 mm, GPS+BDS+GLONASS+Galileo四系统比双系统精度提高约0.9 mm,单系统条件下GPS的ZTD估计精度高于BDS。在精度空间分布上,随着纬度升高ZTD估计精度提升较为明显,当纬度大于50°时,四系统PPP估计的ZTD精度优于5 mm。在纬度基本不变的情况下,观测站海拔升高可提升ZTD估计精度。在模糊度固定的情况下,ZTD估计精度明显提升,单GPS系统估计ZTD的平均绝对误差(MAE)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为7.6 mm和8.4 mm,相比于浮点解分别提高约11%和12%,平均收敛时间加快20 min。

Comparison of availability and reliability among different combined-GNSS/RNSS precise point positioning

With emergence of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS), the Galileo Satellite Navigation System(Galileo), the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System(QZSS)and the restoration of the Global Navigation Satellite System(GLONASS), the single Global Positioning System(GPS) has been gradually expanded into multiple global and regional navigation satellite systems(multi-GNSS/RNSS). In view of differences in these 5 systems, a consolidated multi-GNSS/RNSS precise point positioning(PPP) observation model is deduced in this contribution. In addition, the performance evaluation of PPP for multi-GNSS/RNSS is conducted using a large number of the multi-GNSS experiment(MGEX) station datasets. Experimental results show that multi-GNSS/RNSS can guarantee plenty of visible satellites effectively. Compared with single-system GPS, PDOP, HDOP, and VDOP values of the multi-GNSS/RNSS are improved by 46.8%, 46.5% and 46.3%, respectively. As for convergence time, the static and kinematic PPP of multi-GNSS/RNSS are superior to that of the single-system GPS, whose reliability, availability, and stability drop sharply with the increasing elevation cutoff. At satellite elevation cutoff of 40 °, the single-system GPS fails to carry out continuous positioning because of the insufficient visible satellites, while the multi-GNSS/RNSS PPP can still get positioning solutions with relatively high accuracy, especially in the horizontal direction.

Estimation of annual variation of water vapor in the Arctic Ocean between 80°–87°N using shipborne GPS data based on kinematic precise point positioning

The measurement of atmospheric water vapor （WV） content and variability is important for meteorological and climatological research. A technique for the remote sensing of atmospheric WV content using ground-based Global Positioning System （GPS） has become available, which can routinely achieve accuracies for integrated WV content of 1-2 kg/m2. Some experimental work has shown that the accuracy of WV measurements from a moving platform is comparable to that of （static） land-based receivers. Extending this technique into the marine environment on a moving platform would be greatly beneficial for many aspects of meteorological research, such as the calibration of satellite data, investigation of the air-sea interface, as well as forecasting and climatological studies. In this study, kinematic precise point positioning has been developed to investigate WV in the Arctic Ocean （80°-87°N） and annual variations are obtained for 2008 and 2012 that are identical to those related to the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Signal quality analysis and quality check of BDS3 Precise Point Positioning in the Arctic Ocean

This study analyzes the signal quality and the accuracy of BeiDou 3 rd generation Satellite Navigation System(BDS3) Precise Point Positioning(PPP) in the Arctic Ocean. Assessment of signal quality of BDS3 includes signal to noise ratio(SNR), multipath(MP), dilution of precision(DOP), and code-minus-carrier combination(CC). The results show that, 5 to 13 satellites are visible at any time in the Arctic Ocean area as of September 2018, which are sufficient for positioning. In the mid-latitude oceanic region and in the Arctic Ocean, the SNR is 25–52 dB Hz and the MP ranges from-2 m to 2 m. As the latitude increases, the DOP values show large variation, which may be related to the distribution of BDS satellites. The CC values of signals B1 I and BIC range from-5 m to 5 m in the mid-latitude sea area and the Arctic Ocean, which means the effect of pseudorange noise is small. Moreover, as to obtain the external precise reference value for GNSS positioning in the Arctic Ocean region is difficult, it is hard to evaluate the accuracy of positioning results. An improved isotropy-based protection level method based on Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring is proposed in the paper, which adopts median filter to smooth the gross errors to assess the precision and reliability of PPP in the Arctic Ocean. At first, the improved algorithm is verified with the data from the International GNSS Service Station Tixi. Then the accuracy of BDS3 PPP in the Arctic Ocean is calculated based on the improved algorithm. Which shows that the kinematic accuracy of PPP can reach the decimeter level in both the horizontal and vertical directions, and it meets the precision requirements of maritime navigation.

北斗观测数据质量及动态PPP性能分析

为分析北斗卫星导航系统(BeiDou Navigation Satellite System,BDS)在全球范围内的数据质量、动态精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)性能及不同区域内的性能差异,选取三个不同区域内共9个多GNSS实验(Multi-GNSS Experiment,MGEX)连续跟踪站的观测数据,以GPS为参考,从卫星可见性、伪距多路径效应、数据完整率、信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)及PPP定位精度五个方面对BDS的数据测质量以及定位精度进行分析.结果表明:BDS的卫星可见性具有区域差异,多路径效应及SNR并没有呈现出区域特征,其中北斗三号(BeiDou-3Navigation Satellite System,BDS-3)的数据质量优于北斗二号(BeiDou-2 Navigation Satellite System,BDS-2)的,且BDS不同频点的数据质量也有明显差异,B1I频点数据质量较差. BDS的动态定位精度略弱于GPS,多系统对提高定位精度具有显著的效果.

削弱磁暴对PPP影响的周跳探测阈值模型

为了减少磁暴环境下全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)载波相位观测值的周跳误探率,从而提高GNSS精密单点定位(PPP)性能,提出一种可削弱磁暴对PPP影响的周跳探测阈值模型:利用不同磁暴强度下15个磁暴日的国际GNSS服务组织(IGS)站总计3524组观测数据构建顾及电离层扰动指数(ROTI)的周跳探测阈值模型,简称ROTI_CSTM;并通过采用强磁暴、中磁暴、弱磁暴下全球158个IGS跟踪站观测数据对ROTI_CSTM模型进行PPP实验验证。结果表明,相比于常用的图尔博·埃迪特(TurboEdit)周跳探测阈值,采用ROTI_CSTM的全球定位系统(GPS)PPP在弱磁暴、中磁暴、强磁暴环境下的水平方向定位精度可分别提高16.98%、17.06%和52.44%,在高程方向的定位精度可分别提高25%、16.39%和59.43%;相比于甘普(GAMP)软件的阈值模型,在弱磁暴、中磁暴、强磁暴环境下的水平方向定位精度可分别提高4.04%、11.40%和20.90%,在高程方向的定位精度可分别提高5.37%、7.75%和26.23%。

多模GNSS PPP时间传递性能比对分析

精密单点定位(PPP)时间传递技术是国际时间比对的重要手段之一,为协调世界时的计算做出巨大贡献。为探究多系统融合PPP时间频率传递性能,选取3个国际授时实验室的测站数据组成2条链路,采用8种实验模式对比分析单系统、双系统、三系统和四系统PPP时间频率传递性能。实验结果表明:各多系统组合较单GPS系统在可见星数上均有较大提升,且极大改善了钟差精度因子,增加了时间比对结果的稳健性和可靠性。在时间传递稳定性方面:对于453.4 km的PTBB-BRUX链路,较单GPS系统,双系统中GPS/BDS组合提升效果最优,提升率约为10.39%,三系统中GPS/GLONASS/BDS组合提升率最优,约为11.86%,四系统组合提升率为11.98%,可从0.0467 ns提升至0.0411 ns;对于8031.8 km的PTBB-NIST链路,GPS/BDS组合提升率约为4.89%,GPS/GLONASS/BDS组合提升率约为5.49%,四系统组合提升率为5.79%,可从0.1140 ns提升至0.1074 ns。在频率传递稳定度方面:在前10000 s内双系统组合平均提升17.6%,三系统组合平均提升20.5%,四系统组合提升21.6%。

采用北斗PPP-B2b服务的大气可降水量反演及香港地区暴雨过程分析

北斗三号卫星导航系统精密单点定位服务(PPP-B2b服务)通过卫星B2b信号向用户发送改正信息,摆脱了对外部通信的依赖,为实时反演大气可降水量(PWV)提供了新的技术途径。本文利用试验分析了PPP-B2b服务反演PWV的精度。试验结果表明,利用PPP-B2b服务反演结果与采用CODE事后精密星历产品的差值RMS为3.70 mm,STD为3.61 mm,与ERA5再分析数据差值的RMS和STD分别为4.80和4.07 mm,与探空结果差值的RMS和STD分别为3.75和7.16 mm,验证了采用PPP-B2b服务的PWV反演结果具有较好的精度。最后,通过分析香港地区暴雨过程的实际降水量与PWV反演结果之间的相关性,初步验证了BDS PPP-B2b服务用于暴雨灾害短时预警的可行性。

On ionosphere-delay processing methods for single-frequency precise-point positioning

In single-frequency precise-point positioning of a satellite,ionosphere delay is one of the most important factors impacting the accuracy. Because of the instability of the ionosphere and uncertainty of its physical properties, the positioning accuracy is seriously limited when using a precision-limited model for correction. In order to reduce the error, we propose to introduce some ionosphere parameter for real-time ionosphere-delay estimation by applying various mapping functions. Through calculation with data from the IGS（ International GPS Service） tracking station and comparison among results of using several different models and mapping functions, the feasibility and effectiveness of the new method are verified.

Impact of Tropospheric Delay Gradients on Total Tropospheric Delay and Precise Point Positioning

GPS signals are electromagnetic waves that are affected by the Earth’s atmosphere. The Earth’s atmosphere can be categorized, according to its effect on GPS signals, into the ionosphere (ionospheric delay) and neutral atmosphere (tropospheric delay). The first-order ionospheric delay can be eliminated by linear combination of GPS observables on different frequencies. However, tropospheric delay cannot be eliminated because it is frequency-independent. The total tropospheric delay can be divided into three components. The first is the dry component, the second part is the wet component, and the third part is the horizontal gradients which account for the azimuthal dependence of tropospheric delay. In this paper, the effect of modeling tropospheric gradients on the estimation of the total tropospheric delay and station position is investigated. Long session, one month during January 2015, of GPS data is collected from ten randomly selected globally distributed IGS stations. Two cases are studied: the first case, the coordinates of stations are kept fixed to their actual values and the tropospheric delay is estimated twice, with and without tropospheric gradients. In the second case, the station position is estimated along with the total tropospheric delay with and without tropospheric gradients. It is shown that the average bias of the estimated total tropospheric delay when neglecting tropospheric gradients ranges from ?1.72 mm to 2.14 mm while the average bias when estimating gradients are ?0.898 mm to 1.92 mm which means that the bias is reduced by about 30%. In addition, the average standard deviation of the bias is 4.26 mm compared with 4.52 mm which means that the standard deviation is improved by about 6%.

Endemic error correction model and quantitative analysis of precise point positioning

To identify the endemic error of the precise point positioning which cannot be weakened or eliminated in precise point positioning (PPP) zero-difference model, the 24 h observation data acquired from CHAN station on Oct 31st, 2010, were adopted for analyses, different correction models of various errors were discussed and their influences on traditional zero-difference model were analyzed. The results show that the errors cannot be ignored. They must be corrected with suitable models and estimated with auxiliary parameters. The influence magnitudes of all errors are defined, and the results have guiding significance to improve the accuracy of precise point positioning zero-difference model.