Experimental clearance rate and intraguild predation of jellyfish Cyanea nozakii

Cyanea nozakii,a common jellyfish distributed in offshore China,has a complex trophic relationship with other zooplankton groups.However,few studies have reported the predation rates and prey selection patterns of C.nozakii medusae on different prey items.Research is also lacking on the intraguild predation of Aurelia coerulea(another common bloom jellyfish in offshore China)by C.nozakii.To address the knowledge gaps,the clearance rates of C.nozakii for different prey items,including copepods(small<1000μm and large>1000μm),fish larvae,and gelatinous prey(hydromedusae,A.coerulea ephyrae,and chaetognaths),were measured.The influence of predator size on the clearance rate was also determined.Additionally,we examined the intraguild predation of C.nozakii on A.coerulea medusae.The clearance rates of C.nozakii varied widely with prey organisms,being independent of prey concentrations.Gelatinous organisms,except for chaetognaths,were captured with considerably high efficiency,followed by fish larvae and copepods,indicating the preferential prey selection of gelatinous organisms by C.nozakii.The clearance rate increased linearly with the cross-sectional area of C.nozakii.Body size in medusae may,to some extents,underpin their capacity to capture more prey by increasing the encounter rate and capture success through ontogeny.C.nozakii preyed voraciously on A.coerulea in high feeding efficiency,but the clearance rate decreased with increasing A.coerulea(as prey)size.This phenomenon of intraguild predation suggests a speculative hypothesis of potential population regulation of A.coerulea by C.nozakii.The information regarding the feeding ecology of C.nozakii reported in this study is important for understanding plankton dynamics in marine ecosystems with extensive occurrences of this jellyfish.

The effects of anthropogenic noise on nest predation with respect to predator species across different habitats and seasons

Noise pollution is a maj or component of sensory pollution that can disrupt the well-being and functioning of living organisms,affect a variety of life history traits in animals,and reduce their reproductive success.In this study,we used artificial nest experiments with noise manipulation to investigate the influence of anthropogenic noise on nest predation during the breeding and non-breeding seasons and in different forest habitats.We found that the noise treatment did not alter the predation rates or survival probabilities of birds in artificial nests.However,the diversity and species composition of nest predators in artificial pine forests varied between breeding and nonbreeding seasons,which may be explained by season-specific adaption of nest predators to bird nests or the unstable ecosystems of artificial forests.The diversity and species composition of nest predators differed between the different forests,probably because of differences in habitat heterogeneity.Predation time varied with treatment,season,and habitat,although most predators were nocturnal mammals.Niche segregation or changes in optimal foraging time may explain this phenomenon.

Preliminary Study of Predation Effectiveness of the Assassin Bug Rhynocoris rapax Stal (Heteroptra: Reduviidae) on Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a Major Pest of Maize Crops

Maize is a staple food in many sub-Saharan African countries, grown on large surfaces and with high production. However, maize’s cultivation is often confronted with attacks by the fall armyworm, which considerably reduces production. Thus, the use of biological agents in the control of the fall armyworm would contribute effectively to the sustainability of agriculture. It is in this context that this study, conducted at the La Mé station of the National Centre for Agronomy Research, aims to test the effectiveness of Rhynocoris rapax, a powerful predator of various insect families, on the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, for biological control of this maize pest in Côte d’Ivoire. Therefore, 3 batches of 1 adult individuals of Rhynocoris rapax were captured in trial plots set up at the La Mé station. These individuals were then put in contact with 3 batches of 5, 20 and 40 larvae of the pest in rearing boxes at an average temperature of 26.4°C and an average relative humidity of 60%, in order to evaluate the efficiency of the predation. The results showed that Rhynocoris rapax kills more larvae when these are in large numbers. The mortality of the high number of larvae was observed during the first three days, probably due to the voracity and aggressiveness of Rhynocoris rapax that period. So R. rapax is a potential predator of fall armyworm and should be protected.

家鸡对丝带凤蝶性二型体色的反应

旨在明确丝带凤蝶成虫Sericinus montelus Gray在全光谱范围内存在性二型体色,评估鸟类对丝带凤蝶性二型体色的识别度,推测性二型体色是否对雌雄丝带凤蝶个体的生存概率产生影响。先用光谱检测仪测量丝带凤蝶雌雄成虫的反射光谱,分析反射光谱特征;再通过家鸡Gallus gallus domesticus视觉模型估算丝带凤蝶雌雄体色与预设背景的颜色差异。最后以小鸡为捕食者设计行为学试验,观测小鸡捕食雌雄丝带凤蝶成虫的行为反应。反射光谱测量结果显示雌雄丝带凤蝶在可见光和紫外波段都具有体色差异,雄性在前后翅白斑测量点上的亮度明显高于雌性。鸟类视觉模型结果表明,雄性丝带凤蝶所有测量点在明暗视觉(远距离)和颜色视觉(近距离)中的识别度值都高于识别阈值3,捕食者容易识别;但是雌性丝带凤蝶前翅和后翅黄白斑识别度值在明暗视觉和颜色视觉中都介于1与3之间,捕食者不易区分。捕食行为试验数据分析发现,捕食者发现猎物的潜伏时间及攻击潜伏时间没有显著差异,但小鸡啄食雄性猎物的次数及处理时间都显著高于雌性猎物。由此可见,与雌性丝带凤蝶相比,雄性在全光谱范围内的确具有更加亮丽的体色,但这种亮丽的视觉信号更易吸引鸟类捕食者的注意,带来了更高的捕食风险。

山大齿猛蚁和日本弓背蚁对小地老虎的捕食行为

【目的】小地老虎(Agrotis ipsilon)是粮食和经济作物的重要地下害虫之一。论文旨在明确山大齿猛蚁(Odontomachus monticola)和日本弓背蚁(Camponotus japonicus)对小地老虎的捕食特性,丰富小地老虎生物防治技术手段,降低小地老虎防治成本与化学农药用量。【方法】在猎物被土壤覆盖和裸露两种自然条件下,观察并统计山大齿猛蚁和日本弓背蚁在1、6、12、24和48 h内对不同虫态小地老虎的捕食选择性、捕食方式以及捕食致死率;在室内,利用两种蚂蚁的试验种群开展捕食行为序列特征研究。通过统计分析,明确两种蚂蚁捕食行为差异及控害特点。【结果】日本弓背蚁对小地老虎卵的致死率较低,48 h累计致死率仅为12.67%;山大齿猛蚁不取食小地老虎卵。两种蚂蚁对小地老虎幼虫和蛹的控制效果超过49%,最高达98.67%,且控制效果随小地老虎龄期增长而降低。山大齿猛蚁和日本弓背蚁捕食行为序列存在一定差异:两种蚂蚁对小地老虎低龄幼虫均以直接搬运为主;对体型较大的小地老虎高龄幼虫,日本弓背蚁具有试探、攻击、召唤同伴、猎物切割、群体搬运等行为,呈现出明显的群体性行为;而山大齿猛蚁对大型猎物的捕食行为较为单一,未观察到召唤同伴、群体搬运等行为,群体捕食行为不明显。两种蚂蚁对小地老虎捕食行为的差异也体现在捕食方式和对小地老虎的致死率方面:日本弓背蚁对小地老虎低龄幼虫多直接搬运回巢,捕食效率极高,对小地老虎高龄幼虫多以集体捕猎;山大齿猛蚁捕猎小地老虎高龄幼虫时丢弃比例较高,但因叮咬蜇刺,逃脱捕猎的小地老虎幼虫死亡率较高。此外,土壤覆盖极大地影响蚂蚁对小地老虎幼虫的发现,山大齿猛蚁和日本弓背蚁仅能发现地表猎物,不具备探测地下猎物的能力。【结论】日本弓背蚁和山大齿猛蚁对小地老虎幼虫和蛹均有较好的控制作用,小地老虎虫龄越低控制效果越好,两种蚂蚁对小地老虎高龄幼虫捕食行为存在一定差异,但不影响对小地老虎的控制效果。

基于多维气象信息时空融合和MPA-VMD的短期电力负荷组合预测模型

为提高电力负荷预测精度,需考虑区域内不同地区多维气象信息对电力负荷影响的差异性。在空间维度上,提出多维气象信息时空融合的方法,利用Copula理论将多座气象站的风速、降雨量、温度、日照强度等气象信息与电力负荷进行非线性耦合分析并实现时空融合。在时间维度上,采用海洋捕食者算法(MPA)实现变分模态分解(VMD)核心参数的自动寻优,并采用加权排列熵构造MPA-VMD适应度函数,实现负荷序列的自适应分解。通过将时间维度各分量与空间维度各气象信息进行融合构造长短期记忆(LSTM)网络模型与海洋捕食者算法-最小二乘支持向量机(MPA-LSSVM)模型的输入集,得到各分量预测结果,根据评价指标选择各分量对应的预测模型,重构得到整体预测结果。算例分析结果表明,所提预测模型优于传统预测模型,有效提高了电力负荷预测精度。

考虑最小平均包络熵负荷分解的最优Bagging集成超短期多元负荷预测

多元负荷预测技术是保证综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)供需平衡与稳定运行的关键基石。但具有强随机性与波动性的IES负荷加剧了超短期多元负荷准确预测的难度。为此,提出考虑最小平均包络熵负荷分解的最优Bagging集成超短期多元负荷预测方法。构建基于最小平均包络熵的变分模态分解参数优化模型,将IES多元负荷分解为本征模态分量集合;基于统一信息系数法筛选多元负荷预测的日历、气象与负荷强相关特征;结合负荷本征模态分量集合、日历规则、气象环境与负荷数据,构建Bagging集成超短期多元负荷预测模型,并建立基于平均绝对百分比误差与决定系数的集成策略优化模型,进而得到最优集成策略与最终预测结果。以美国亚利桑那州立大学坦佩校区IES为对象展开仿真验证,结果表明,所提方法的电、热、冷负荷预测平均绝对百分比误差分别为1.9486%、2.0585%、2.5331%,相比其他预测方法具有更高准确率。

基于混合优化算法的电磁监测裂缝参数识别

压裂实时监测是水力压裂效果评价和工程参数优化的重要保障措施之一。传统电磁监测裂缝参数识别方法的准确性和精度难以保证,影响了监测效果。为了提高裂缝参数识别能力,提出了一种基于海洋捕食者密度聚类混合优化算法的电磁监测裂缝参数识别方法。利用海洋捕食者算法(MPA)进行多次寻优,以每次寻优结果作为初始数据集,然后,利用密度聚类算法(DBSCAN)进行聚类,构建中间样本数据集,最后,抽取该样本数据中值作为最终输出结果。采用Rastrigin函数进行测试,分析混合优化算法寻优能力。测试结果表明,相对粒子群优化算法(PSO),MPA算法单次寻优效果较佳。但两种算法寻优结果均具有较强随机性,其中,PSO和MPA算法50次寻优精度分别为10^(-7)~10^(2)和10^(-10)~10^(-2),而改进的混合优化算法寻优效果更稳定,寻优精度达10^(-7)。构建缝长、方位压裂模型并进行了数值模拟实验,结果表明,在噪声低于15%时,缝长和方位识别平均绝对误差分别小于1 m和1°。利用改进的算法对四川盆地某井页岩气压裂电磁监测实测数据进行分析,确定了裂缝改造的长度(缝长)与方位。实例分析结果验证了改进算法的可行性和有效性。

带收获率参数生物模型的Bogdanov-Takens分岔

在生物模型中引入收获率参数,通过分析收获率参数发生微小变化时对生物模型稳定性的影响,给出了生物模型在一个小领域内分岔曲线的平面图和Bogdanov-Takens分岔图.

长白山阔叶红松林传播前种子昆虫捕食的研究

昆虫捕食种子是种子死亡的一个主要原因,会影响植物种群更新和群落物种组成。传播前种子昆虫捕食的研究较为稀少,且大多为针对个别优势种的短期研究,限制了对于群落水平上传播前种子捕食的理解。本研究分析长白山阔叶红松林25 hm~2样地中2020—2021年的种子雨,研究种子昆虫捕食率及其影响因素。所分析的5种乔木种子均遭到昆虫捕食,昆虫捕食率在物种和采集批次间差异较大(0~33.33%),年均昆虫捕食率为8.76%~14.39%。肉质果种子的昆虫捕食率显著低于干果(df=1,χ~2=20.76,P<0.001),种子产量的年际变异系数与昆虫捕食率呈显著负相关(df=1,χ~2=13.01,P<0.001),重量越轻的种子的昆虫捕食率越高(df=1,χ~2=10.54,P=0.001)。本研究表明,传播前种子昆虫捕食在长白山阔叶红松林群落中普遍存在,并且揭示了影响因素、讨论了潜在的影响机制。本研究有助于增进对于传播前种子昆虫捕食及其生态和演化意义的理解。

No evidence of predator odor avoidance in a North American bird community

Recent advances in our understanding of avian chemical communication have highlighted the importance of olfaction in many aspects of avian life.Prior studies investigating predator avoidance behaviors in response to predator odor cues have produced mixed results across species and contexts.Here we assess if a community of birds in eastern Pennsylvania displays avoidance behaviors towards predator odor cues in a natural foraging setting.We use clay caterpillars to measure foraging activity by birds in the presence of predator(bobcat)urine,non-predator(rabbit)urine,and water controls in two different environmental contexts(field vs.forest).Although we detected a weak trend for birds to forage less at predator urine-treated sites,we found no significant difference in avian foraging between the site types.We did find that foraging rates between environmental contexts changed significantly over the course of the experiment,with forest sites showing decreasing foraging rates and field sites showing increasing foraging rates.Our results reinforce the published literature that avoidance of predator odors by birds may not be ubiquitous across contexts and species.

When Fleeing Matters:Differences in Escape Behaviours of Three Northeast Asian Anurans

Prey species may have their own optimal escape strategy to balance predation risks and the energetic cost of fleeing.Some species have an advantage when maintaining a short fleeing distance,while others may favour an earlier escape based on microhabitat,size,or body condition.Here,we examined the escape behaviour of the three syntopic Northeast Asian anuran species:Mongolian toads(Strauchbufo raddei),Amur brown frogs(Rana amurensis),and Japanese treefrogs(Dryophytes japonicus)in Mongolia,Russia,China and DPR Korea.We examined flight initiation distance(FID;the distance from a potential predator to the point when the individual starts to flee)and distance fled(DF;distance between flight initiation and flight termination points)of each species and the effects of microhabitat,sex,and body size.Strauchbufo raddei and R.amurensis had a longer FID than D.japonicus,and S.raddei also had a longer DF than D.japonicus.These trends remained similar when dividing FID and DF by a size proxy(snout-vent length)for all individuals.This suggests that the treefrog D.japonicus used a strategy to stay immobile even when they were detected,and the toad S.raddei reacted quicker and more sensitively to predators despite the presence of toxin.Female S.raddei had a significantly longer FID than males suggesting that females are more sensitive to predation risk in this species,but body size was not significant for any of the three species.Our results indicate that the three sympatric species have different escaping strategies,likely related to differences in physiology and crypticity.

捕食梨火疫病菌黏细菌菌株的筛选及其生防潜力

【目的】发掘梨火疫病生防资源,探究黏细菌在梨火疫病生物防治中的应用潜力。【方法】通过菌苔捕食和对峙共培养从实验室前期分离、保存的黏细菌菌株中筛选高效捕食梨火疫病菌的黏细菌菌株,并通过喷施梨离体花序和盆栽杜梨苗测定其防病效果。【结果】(1)46株供试黏细菌菌株对梨火疫病菌均具有捕食能力,其中菌株WCH05、FB02和WCH03对梨火疫病菌的平板捕食能力较强。(2)黏细菌菌株WCH05预处理(喷施)对预防梨花腐的效果显著,其7d平均防效为68.35%,与农用链霉素(68.20%)接近,其次是菌株FB02,防效达到63.24%,而菌株WCH03的防效相对较低,为50.36%;黏细菌菌株WCH05、FB02和WCH03预处理(喷施)能够显著降低盆栽杜梨苗嫩枝的枝枯率和病情指数(p<0.05),7~21 d的平均保护性防效分别为81.53%、76.38%和71.44%,治疗性防效分别为63.84%、51.13%和54.88%。(3)结合形态学特征和多基因序列分析,将WCH05和FB02鉴定为橙色黏球菌(Myxococcus fulvus),WCH03鉴定为黄色黏球菌(Myxococcusxanthus)。【结论】筛选获得3株对梨火疫病菌具有高捕食能力的黏细菌菌株,室内防效显著,具有较好的生物防治应用前景。

十斑大瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食特性研究

为明确十斑大瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食能力和捕食规律,将野外采集的十斑大瓢虫置于室内饲养2代,再测定其各龄幼虫及雌、雄成虫对豆蚜的捕食量,以倒数法拟合Holling II圆盘方程,明确了十斑大瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食特性。研究结果表明,十斑大瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食量随着虫龄增加而逐渐增加,当N→∞时,十斑大瓢虫的1~4龄幼虫以及雌、雄成虫在1 d内对豆蚜的最大捕食量分别为30.1628、158.7003、556.3928、988.1128、841.0084、589.4011头。十斑大瓢虫幼虫对豆蚜的捕食量与日龄的拟合方程为y=3.9123x^(2.2092)(R^(2)=0.8093),随着日龄的增加捕食数量呈指数关系逐渐增加。雌、雄成虫对豆蚜的捕食量与日龄的拟合方程分别为y=0.9453x^(2)-28.274x+827.44(R^(2)=0.456)和y=0.8762x^(2)-31.511x+635.38(R^(2)=0.7188),随着日龄期的增加捕食数量逐渐降低。

烟盲蝽对不同虫态烟粉虱的捕食作用及捕食偏好性

杂食性昆虫烟盲蝽Nesidiocoris tenuis是烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的重要天敌之一。为探索烟盲蝽对不同虫态烟粉虱的捕食作用及捕食偏好性,在室内进行了非选择性和选择性试验。结果表明,在非选择性试验中,烟盲蝽雌成虫、雄成虫以及5龄若虫可以捕食烟粉虱成虫和各龄若虫,但极少捕食卵。其中,烟盲蝽雌成虫、雄成虫及5龄若虫对烟粉虱1龄若虫的捕食量最大,分别为134.2头、101.3头和88.1头,其次是2~3龄若虫,捕食量分别为94.1头、64.2头和53.4头。而在选择性试验中烟盲蝽雄虫更偏好捕食烟粉虱的2~3龄若虫,其次是1龄若虫、4龄若虫和成虫。该结果对了解烟盲蝽控制烟粉虱的作用以及如何对烟盲蝽和其他天敌组合应用提供了参考信息。

海岛小花蝽对美洲棘蓟马的捕食作用研究

为了明确海岛小花蝽Orius maxidentex对美洲棘蓟马Echinothrips americanus的捕食情况及防治潜能,在27℃条件下研究了海岛小花蝽5龄若虫、雌成虫对美洲棘蓟马2龄若虫、伪蛹、成虫的捕食功能反应、自身密度干扰效应及喜好性。结果表明:海岛小花蝽对美洲棘蓟马的捕食功能符合HollingⅡ、HollingⅢ模型,采用HollingⅡ模型拟合,海岛小花蝽雌成虫及5龄若虫对美洲棘蓟马2龄若虫捕食能力(a′/Th)最强,分别为52.97和58.15,捕食上限最大,分别为47.38头/d和49.22头/d;采用HollingⅢ模型拟合,海岛小花蝽雌成虫及5龄若虫对美洲棘蓟马2龄若虫捕食上限最大,分别为27.50头/d和27.41头/d。海岛小花蝽在捕食时存在自身密度干扰情况,随着自身密度的增加单头捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率逐渐降低,分摊竞争强度逐渐增大,表明海岛小花蝽对美洲棘蓟马的捕食存在较强的种内干扰,符合Hassell-Varley干扰模型。捕食选择性试验表明,海岛小花蝽更偏向于捕食美洲棘蓟马2龄若虫,其次为成虫,对伪蛹偏好性最弱。综上所述,海岛小花蝽对美洲棘蓟马有较强的控害能力,是一种可应用于防治入侵昆虫美洲棘蓟马的本土天敌。

基于捕食性天敌及害虫种群动态筛选功能植物的研究

新兴的生态调控技术是利用非作物植物进行天敌生境管理的重要措施。为筛选出适宜增效捕食性天敌的功能植物,进而提高天敌对农林生态系统害虫的控制能力,本文通过追踪调查15种功能植物与对照杂草区域内节肢动物群落时序动态,比较了捕食性天敌及植食性害虫的累积量、益害比以及优势天敌类群与主要害虫关联性、时序动态变化。结果显示,绿豆Vigna radiata、紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa、蓖麻Ricinus communis、芥蓝Brassica alboglabra、罗勒Ocimum basilicum、芝麻Sesamum indicum上捕食性天敌累积量、益害比高于其他植物,且与主要害虫的关联性和时序变化关系明确,有益于优势天敌中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis等种群,可以作为捕食性天敌的生境管理功能植物。本研究为今后进一步更好的筛选出应用于田间保护性生物防治的植物提供基础以及新思路。

具有非线性收获的捕食-食饵模型的建立及分析

本文建立并分析了具有非线性收获函数的捕食-食饵模型。首先,讨论了平衡点的存在性,分析结果表明系统始终存在1个灭绝平衡点,且存在2个边界平衡点和1个正平衡点共存的现象;其次,对不同类型平衡点的稳定性进行了分析,发现了系统会出现鞍结点分支、Hopf分支等复杂的动力学行为。数值模拟结果表明,随着收获强度的改变,捕食者的规模会趋于灭绝、常数或者周期性震荡。这就表明在实际中可通过调节收获强度这一措施来实现控制捕食者数目的目的。本文的理论研究结果可进一步丰富有关具有非线性收获的捕食-食饵模型的研究,为合理收获策略的制定提供理论依据。

带有时滞和收获的扩散捕食系统的斑图动力学分析

文章研究了一类带有食饵收获效应和时滞的捕食系统的Turing斑图的形成及选择问题。首先利用稳定性理论给出了由交叉扩散项引起的Turing不稳定条件和分支理论分析,得到了系统Turing斑图的存在区域。然后利用Matlab软件对系统Turing斑图的形成和选择结果进行了数值模拟。这为以后带有交叉扩散的时滞反应扩散系统的研究提供了可行的方法,具有广泛的理论应用价值。

考虑数据分解和进化捕食策略的BiLSTM短期光伏发电功率预测

提出一种考虑数据分解和进化捕食策略的双向长短期记忆网络(BiLSTM)短期光伏发电功率预测模型。首先,针对大量高频分量且频率成分复杂的原始光伏发电功率,通过数据分解理论,提出互补集合经验模态分解(CEEMD)与矩阵运算的奇异值分解(SVD)融合的(SVD-CEEMD-SVD,SCS)方法,实现光伏发电功率数据的二次降噪。然后,建立进化捕食策略(EPPS)和BiLSTM的组合预测模型,以更好地挖掘模型的内在特征,提升功率预测精度。最后,以山东某地区实际光伏电站为例,验证模型在滤除光伏发电功率噪声和提升预测精度方面的有效性。