Study on the spatial and temporal evolutionary characteristics of ozone concentration and the impact of human activities in China in 2019

Ozone(O_(3))pollution has a profound impact on human health,vegetation development,and the ecological environment,making it a critical focus of global academic research.In recent years,O_(3)pollution in China has been on a steady rise,with ozone emerging as the sole conventional pollutant to consistently increase in concentration without any decline.This study conducted a quantitative analysis of O_(3)concentrations across 367 Chinese cities in 2019,examining spatial autocorrelation and local clustering of O_(3)levels,and investigated the diverse relationships between human activity factors and O_(3)concentration.The seasonal fluctuation of O_(3)exhibited the“M-type”pattern,with peak concentrations in winter and the lowest levels in summer.The center of O_(3)pollution migrated southeastward,with the area of highest concentration progressively shifting south along the eastern coast.Moreover,O_(3)concentration showed a strong positive correlation with population density,road freight volume,and industrial emissions,suggesting that human activities,vehicle emissions,and industrial operations are significant contributors to O_(3)production.The results provide comprehensive information on the characteristics,causes,and occurrence mechanism of O_(3)in Chinese cities that can be utilized by global government departments to formulate strategies to prevent and control O_(3)pollution.

Distribution of Surface Ozone Concentration in the Clean Areas of China and Its Possible Impact on Crop Yields

From August 1994 to July 1995, ozone and its precursors were measured in the clean areas of China. The results show that in the period of crop growth, hourly mean ozone concentration, ozone concentration averaged in seven hours of daytime and accumulated ozone concentration in long period have approached or overpassed the harmful level in environmental and health standard of U. S. A. and Canada.

Surface Ozone Monitoring and Background Concentration at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica

The background surface O3 concentrations and seasonal changes observed at the Zhongshan Station (69°22'2''S, 76°21'49''E;18.5 m), east Antarctica from 2008 to 2013 are presented. Irrespective of wind direction, surface O3 concentrations distribute evenly after the removal of polluted air from station operations, accounting for 1.1% of the data. These O3 exhibit the expected lowest in summer, with a peak in winter. The daily range of average O3 in all four seasons is small. The monthly mean O3 is similar to that of other stations in Antarctica, with seasonal CO2 amplitudes in the order of 15 ppb to 35 ppb. Surface O3 significantly negatively correlated with UVB in the spring and autumn, with correlation coefficients of 0.50 and 0.57 under the 0.01 significance test. Furthermore, the surface O3 concentration during polar nights was 1 - 2 times higher than that during polar days. Thus, the chemical effect of the aurora lights was the dominant cause of ozone destruction, showing that surface O3 observed in Antarctica has a small interferences from human activities in the atmosphere as it moves from the north through the southern hemisphere.

Estimation of Total Emission of VOCs Discharged by Afforesting Vegetation and Its Impacts on Ozone Concentration in Nanjing

Based on Guenther light-temperature model , annual emission of VOCs discharged by plants in Nanjing was estimated, and the impacts of VOCs discharged by afforesting vegetation in the city on ozone concentration was analyzed. The results show that annual emission of VOCs dis- charged by plants in Nanjing is about 0.004 9 Tg C. The annual emmisions of isoprene, monoterpene and other VOCs account for 18.0%, 25.9% and 56.1% of total emission of VOCs respectively. VOCs discharged by afforesting vegetation in Nanjing has the greatest impact on average con- centration of ozone in winter.

Evaluation of Uncertainty in the Determination of Ozone Concentration in the Air by Sodium Indigo Disulfonate Spectrophotometry

The uncertainty of the determination of ozone concentration in the air at a workplace by sodium indigo disulfonate spectrophotometry was evaluated.The results show that the expanded uncertainty of ozone concentration U was 0.016 mg/m^(3),and the main factor affecting the measurement uncertainty of ozone concentration was the uncertainty introduced during sample collection.

Mineralogical characterization and pretreatment for antimony extraction by ozone of antimony-bearing refractory gold concentrates

The mineralogical characterization of antimony-bearing refractory gold concentrates and the antimony extraction by ozonein HCl solution were investigated.The mineralogical study shows that there exist stibnite(Sb2S3),arsenopyrite(FeAsS),pyrite(FeS2)and quartz in the concentrates,and the gold is mainly(67.42%)encapsulated in sulfides.The antimony extraction by ozone inhydrochloric acid was employed and the influences of temperature,liquid/solid ratio,HCl concentration and stirring speed on theextraction of antimony were investigated.High antimony extraction(93.75%)is achieved under the optimized conditions.After thepretreatment by ozone,the antimony is recovered efficiently and the gold is enriched in the leaching residue.

Trends of surface ozone based on hourly concentrations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region during 2017–2021

As a typical secondary air pollutant,surface ozone has been monitored routinely since 2013 in China.Most studies on the spatiotemporal variation of ozone have been centered around the daily maximum 8-h average,with little attention paid to the trends of hourly ozone,especially hourly ozone exceedances.Focusing on hourly ozone exceedances and peak values,the spatiotemporal trends of hourly ozone at 77 sites in 13 cities of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region during 2017-2021 were analyzed in this study.The number of hours with exceedances(N_(H200))in 2019 was nearly three times that of 2021.On a five-year average,the percentage of cumulative NH200 in June accounted for up to 40.5%of all hourly exceedances.Cities in central Hebei Province had the highest cumulative annual N_(H200).June had the highest average hourly ozone exceeded multiples of 0.158.The top two cities with the highest average exceeded multiple were Tangshan(0.166)and Beijing(0.158).Tangshan and Xingtai ranked as the top two in terms of the mean of the 10 highest daily maximum ozone concentrations(MTDM),with 286.74 and 285.37μg m^(−3),respectively.The gap between the MTDM and the daily maximum of hourly ozone averaged over all sites had narrowed to 97.88μg m^(−3) in 2021,much lower than that in other years,which indicated that the stability and convergence of ozone pollution in BTH region had been enhanced in 2021 to some extent.

Impacts of Weather Conditions Modified by Urban Expansion on Surface Ozone: Comparison between the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta Regions

In this paper, the online weather research and forecasting and chemistry （WRF-Chem） model is used to explore the impacts of urban expansion on regional weather conditions and its implication on surface ozone concentrations over the Pearl River Delta（PRD） and Yangtze River Delta（YRD） regions. Two scenarios of urban maps are used in the WRF-Chem to represent the early 1990s （pre-urbanization） and the current urban distribution in the PRD and the YRD. Month-long simulation results using the above land-use scenarios for March 2001 show that urbanization increases both the day- and night-time 2-m temperatures by about 0.6℃and 1.4℃, respectively. Daytime reduction in the wind speed by about 3.0 m s-1 is larger than that for the nighttime （0.5 to 2 m s-1）. The daytime increase in the PBL height （〉 200 m） is also larger than the nighttime （50-100 m）. The meteorological conditions modified by urbanization lead to detectable ozone-concentration changes in the PRD and the YRD. Urbanization increases the nighttime surface-ozone concentrations by about 4.7%-8.5% and by about 2.9%-4.2% for the daytime. In addition to modifying individual meteorological variables, urbanization also enhances the convergence zones, especially in the PRD. More importantly, urbanization has different effects on the surface ozone for the PRD and the YRD, presumably due to their urbanization characteristics and geographical locations. Even though the PRD has a smaller increase in the surface temperature than the YRD, it has （a） weaker surface wind speed, （b） smaller increase in PBL heights, and （c） stronger convergence zones. The latter three factors outweighed the temperature increase and resulted in a larger ozone enhancement in the PRD than the YRD.

Efficient ozonation of reverse osmosis concentrates from petroleum refinery wastewater using composite metal oxideloaded alumina

Novel Mn–Fe–Mg-and Mn–Fe–Ce-loaded alumina（Mn–Fe–Mg/Al2O3 and Mn–Fe–Ce/Al2O3） were developed to catalytically ozonate reverse osmosis concentrates generated from petroleum refinery wastewaters（PRW-ROC）. Highly dispersed 100–300-nm deposits of composite multivalent metal oxides of Mn（Mn^2＋）, Mn^3＋,and Mn^4＋, Fe（Fe^2＋）and Fe^3＋ and Mg（Mg^2＋）, or Ce（Ce^4＋） were achieved on Al2O3 supports. The developed Mn–Fe–Mg/Al2O3 and Mn–Fe–Ce/Al2O3 exhibited higher catalytic activity during the ozonation of PRW-ROC than Mn–Fe/Al2O3, Mn/Al2O-3, Fe/Al2O3, and Al2O3. Chemical oxygen demand removal by Mn–Fe–Mg/Al2O3-or Mn–Fe–Ce/Al2O3-catalyzed ozonation increased by 23.9% and23.2%, respectively, in comparison with single ozonation.Mn–Fe–Mg/Al2O3 and Mn–Fe–Ce/Al2O3 notably promoted áOH generation and áOH-mediated oxidation. This study demonstrated the potential use of composite metal oxide-loaded Al2O3 in advanced treatment of bio-recalcitrant wastewaters.

Effect of SF6 on Ozone Generation Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge

The influence mechanism of a small amount of SF6 on ozone generation in oxygen or air discharge is investigated.Some results are obtained by probing into the number of the high-energy electrons,which have the sufficiency energy for generating ozone.Introducing a small amount of SF6 into oxygen sharply decreases the number of high-energy electrons,because the electron density decreases sharply while the mean electron energy remains constant due to higher breakdown voltage and lower discharge power,and some high-energy electrons are consumed by the excitation and attachment of SF6.In contrast,when a small amount of SF6 is added into dry air discharge,despite the consumption of the excitation and attachment of SF6,the number of high energy electrons increases sharply,which is attributed to the higher mean electron energy and electron density resulted from higher breakdown voltage and discharge power.When the volume fraction of SF6 increases from 0 to 2.22%,the ozone mass concentration and the ozone yield increase by 45.7% and 29.7%,respectively.Therefore,though the oxygen source should avoid the presence of SF6,adding a small amount of SF6 can improve the ozone mass concentration and the efficiency of ozone generation.

Effect of Generating Heat on Ozone Generation in Dielectric Cylinder-Cylinder DBD Ozone Generator

A cylinder-cylinder dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) ozone generator has been developed. The ozone concentration was measured at an oxygen pressure of 1.02 atm and an oxygen flow rate of 12 L/min. The heat generated in the ozone tube during the operation of the ozone generator was investigated using a thermal camera. The infrared (IR) images and corresponding temperatures of the ozone tube surfaces at different operating times were observed. The IR images showed the generating of the inhomogeneous heat-up along the ozone tube surface which results in the decrease of the ozone production efficiency.

Comparison of temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Ozone Pollution at Ground Level in the Eastern China

Monitoring data from ozone（O3） automatic stations in three typical cities with different climatic areas in the southern and northern parts of eastern China are used to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics of ozone pollution at ground level. The results show that ozone pollution level has distinct regional differences and the concentration in the suburbs is higher than that in the urban areas. The seasonal variation of ozone concentration in different climatic areas is greatly affected by the variation of precipitation. Ozone concentration in Shenyang and Beijing , in the temperate zone, has one perennial peak concentration, occurring in early summer, May or June. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou, in sub-tropical zone, has two peak values year round. The highest values occur in October and the secondary high value in June. The ozone season in the south is longer than that in the north. The annual average daily peak value of ozone concentrations in different climates usually occur around 3 pm. The diurnal variation range of ozone concentration declines with the increase of latitude. Ozone concentration does not elevate with the increase of traffic flow. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou has a distinct reverse relation to CO and NOx. This complicated non-linearity indicates that the equilibrium of ozone photochemical reaction has regional differences. Exceeding the rate of Beijing＇s lh ozone concentration is higher than that of Guangzhou, whereas the average 8h ozone level is lower than that of Guangzhou, indicating that areas in low latitude are more easily affected by moderate ozone concentrations and longer exposure. Thus, China should work out standards for 8h ozone concentration.

Atmospheric Trajectory and Chemical Transport Modelling for Elevated Ozone Events in Denmark

In this study, three Danish sites having the longest (1990-2004) time-series of ozone measurements were analysed on inter-annual, monthly and diurnal cycle variability as well as elevated and lowered ozone concentration events were identified. The atmospheric trajectory (HYSPLIT) and dispersion (HIRLAM + CAMx) models were employed to study dominating atmospheric transport patterns associated with elevated events and to evaluate spatio-temporal variability of ozone specific episode and typical seasonal patterns for Denmark. It was found that generally inter-annual variability has a positive trend, and events with low ozone concentration (≤10 μg/m3) continued to diminish. On a monthly scale, the highest and lowest mean concentrations are observed in May and November-December, respectively. The elevated concentrations (≥120 μg/m3) are observed during March-September. On a diurnal cycle, it is observed mostly during 13-16 of local time, and more frequent (ten-fold) compared with nighttime-early morning hours. For ozone elevated events, several sectors (or pathways of atmospheric transport) were identified depending on the sites’ positions, showing the largest (39%) number of such events associated with the north-western sector, and lowest (13% each)—southwestern and northern sectors. For each site, less than 60 events showed very high concentrations (≥180 μg/m3). Among 12 episodes, one longest elevated episode (19-21 Jun 2000) simultaneously registered at all sites and characterized by dominating transport from the south-southwestern sector, low wind speed, clear-sky, and multiple inversions was studied using modelling tools. For this episode, both measurements and modeling (trajectory and dispersion) results showed a relatively good agreement.

2022年江苏省臭氧污染特征与气象影响分析

2022年气象条件较为异常,气温偏高,降水偏少,造成江苏省臭氧浓度达到历史最高值。利用2022年臭氧监测数据和气象要素数据,总结了江苏省臭氧污染特征,与气象要素之间的相关性分析。结果表明,2022年江苏省臭氧污染过程呈现出现早、过程多、持续时间长的特点,特别是4—5和7—8月污染程度明显超过去年同期。从小时变化数据来看,2022年的谷值均高于前三年,峰值接近2019年。整体幅宽较前三年超出1—2h,臭氧高值区域持续时间拉长。臭氧浓度与气象要素关系密切,在4—5月气温越高湿度越低臭氧超标越集中,呈明显“倒三角”分布,7—8月呈明显线性关系;在风速风向上,江苏省臭氧污染高值主要集中在偏南风向上,风速介于2~6m/s。以南通市为例,在8月7—15日连续出现9d臭氧污染,期间均为晴热少雨天气。同时受“海陆风影响”,导致臭氧浓度持续上升,又在傍晚出现“双峰”和“拖尾”现象,尤其乙苯与间/对-二甲苯的比值(E/X)在9日至15日持续出现大于1的情况,说明存在远距离输送,助推南通的臭氧污染过程。通过2022年臭氧污染特征分析,研究与气象条件之间的关系,对臭氧污染防治,预报预警有着重要的意义。

电渗析联合臭氧氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液

随着膜工艺广泛应用于垃圾渗滤液的处理,产出的大量膜浓缩液成为新的处理难题。针对膜浓缩液含盐量高、含有机物浓度高的特点,对电渗析联合臭氧氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液进行了研究,通过电渗析法对膜浓缩液进行脱盐,考察了施加电压、进料流速,浓缩室和稀释室体积比、连续实验等四个因素对电渗析浓缩过程中脱盐率及单位能耗的影响,采用X射线衍射分析电渗析浓缩水的主要成分,采用臭氧处理电渗析稀释水,分析废水中UV254和B/C比的变化。结果表明:电渗析表现出良好的盐浓缩性能,当施加电压为10 V,进料流速为260 L/h,浓缩液和稀释液体积比为1:4时,浓缩液电导率可达到109.6 mS/cm,单位能耗为4.1 kWh/m3。电渗析稀释水经臭氧氧化后UV254去除率达到83.26%,B/C比由0.18升高到0.72,提高了废水的可生化性。

基于非参数统计方法估算青藏高原臭氧背景浓度

基于Kolmogorov-Zurbenko(KZ)滤波和Robust Extraction of Baseline Signal(REBS)方法处理了青藏高原纳木错站和珠峰站多年连续的近地面臭氧原始观测数据.通过合理选择KZ滤波器和REBS滤波窗口与带宽,成功去除了臭氧时间序列中的短期变动,提取了代表两站近地面臭氧背景浓度信号.结果表明,KZ滤波法得到的纳木错站和珠峰站臭氧年平均背景浓度分别为89.71μg/m^(3)和88.98μg/m^(3);REBS方法得到的分别为89.62μg/m^(3)和88.52μg/m^(3).两种方法得到的背景臭氧浓度一致性较好,都呈现出相似的季节变化规律.4~5月臭氧浓度较高,而季风期间则较低.KZ滤波更侧重反映长期趋势和季节周期性变化,而REBS在局部污染时段的表现更好.两种非参数统计方法均可有效应用于背景区域臭氧时间序列分析,为监测和防治臭氧污染提供重要依据.

臭氧微纳米气泡处理焦化废水零排放工艺中浓盐水的效能

焦化废水的零排放工艺中使用蒸汽机械再压缩(MVR)蒸发结晶处理膜浓缩液,最终产生超高盐浓缩液废水,其难以通过传统氧化方法进行处理。臭氧微纳米气泡技术能够提高臭氧传质效率、增强臭氧氧化能力,可望用于处理MVR浓缩母液。为验证该技术的工程应用可行性,以MVR浓缩母液为研究对象,对比臭氧微纳米气泡和普通大气泡2种曝气方式下臭氧传质速率以及有机物的降解效能,从技术、经济角度分析盐浓度和有机物浓度对2种臭氧氧化工艺处理效果的影响,以界定臭氧微纳米气泡技术处理高盐废水的适用范围。结果表明:随着盐浓度从0.1 mol/L增加至1 mol/L,微纳米气泡和普通大气泡的臭氧传质系数分别提高0.13和0.09倍,臭氧自分解速率分别升高2.10和1.38倍。在处理高盐、高有机物废水(TOC浓度为57.2~587.6 mg/L,电导率为3.47~28.6 mS/cm)时,臭氧微纳米气泡较普通大气泡的TOC去除率提升0.50~3.76倍,吨水能耗最大可降低71%;处理超高盐、超高有机物废水(TOC浓度为5626 mg/L,电导率为164.3 mS/cm)时,臭氧微纳米气泡去除效果与普通大气泡趋于一致且吨水能耗更高。高盐废水的盐浓度和有机物浓度对臭氧微纳米气泡处理效能影响显著,工程应用中应根据废水特性选择合适的臭氧曝气方式。

臭氧催化/超滤组合工艺去除石化反渗透浓水中有机物

由于石化反渗透浓水含盐量高且存在难降解有机物,不利于水资源的回收利用。采用臭氧催化/超滤组合工艺去除反渗透浓水中的有机物,通过分析臭氧催化氧化预处理实验中影响因素并考察超滤膜比通量变化规律并结合膜污染动力学模型揭示膜污染机理。研究结果表明:当臭氧催化氧化预处理条件为臭氧浓度17 mg/L、催化剂投加量体积比40%、紫外光强0.7 mW/cm^(2)、反应时间40 min,臭氧催化氧化预处理效果最佳;探讨孔径、流速、温度对膜比通量及膜污染影响,得出最佳运行条件为孔径20 nm、流速4.2 L/min、温度40℃且孔径越大、温度越低、流速越小,膜比通量越小,膜污染越严重;基于三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)及水质分析,臭氧催化/超滤组合工艺能高效去除石化反渗透浓水中有机物。本研究构建的组合工艺可为石化反渗透浓水中的有机物去除提供参考。

重庆夏季不同气象条件下的臭氧特征

2022年8月重庆月最高气温达41.3℃,高温日数长达28 d,在此高温天气下8月重庆市区臭氧未出现超标情况,7月整体气温低于8月,出现7 d臭氧超标的情况。利用观测资料、天气研究与预报(Weather Research and Forecasting,WRF)模式,对此现象进行分析,并综合探讨不同片区臭氧与气象条件的关系,结果表明:(1)8月的气温和边界层高度偏高、风速偏大,而相对湿度偏低,这可能有利于8月臭氧污染状况改善。整体来看,重庆臭氧质量浓度随气温和边界层高度升高均呈现先升高再降低的趋势,当气温高于30℃、边界层高度高于1000 m、相对湿度低于59%、风速小于6.3 m·s^(-1)时,臭氧质量浓度及超标率均显著上升,而当气温、边界层高度、相对湿度、风速分别超过39℃、2800 m、59%、6.3 m·s^(-1)时,臭氧质量浓度及超标率均显著下降。(2)主城区和郊区县(区)的气温分别超过38℃和37℃后,臭氧质量浓度升幅变小或出现下降,个别县(区)气温为38~40℃时,臭氧质量浓度仍保持上升趋势。(3)沙坪坝区和长寿区在污染日臭氧和边界层高度2 h升幅峰值同时出现在11时或13时,合川区和荣昌区在污染日臭氧和边界层高度2 h升幅峰值出现时间不一致。研究成果可为重庆夏季臭氧污染的预测、防控和管控提供参考。