The divine tree neem(Azadirachta indica)is mainly cultivated in the Indian subcontinent.Neemhas been used extensively by humankind to treat various ailments before the availability ofwritten records which recorded the...The divine tree neem(Azadirachta indica)is mainly cultivated in the Indian subcontinent.Neemhas been used extensively by humankind to treat various ailments before the availability ofwritten records which recorded the beginning of history.The world health organization estimatesthat 80%of the population living in the developing countries relies exclusively on traditionalmedicine for their primary health care.More than half of the world’s population still relies entirely on plants for medicines,and plants supply the active ingredients of most traditionalmedical products.The review shows the neem has been used by humankind to treat variousailments from prehistory to contemporary.展开更多
The territory of the Balkan Peninsula in SE Europe is reviewed, from the point of gemmology, as the cradle of gem and decorative minerals and metals in European prehistory. During the local Neolithic period (end of 7 ...The territory of the Balkan Peninsula in SE Europe is reviewed, from the point of gemmology, as the cradle of gem and decorative minerals and metals in European prehistory. During the local Neolithic period (end of 7 th -6 th millennium BC), as material for tools or for beads, nephrite (with the earliest known Balkan nephrite culture), jadeite-omphacite and quartz (different varieties) were introduced to make pendants and idols. Large quantities of copper and gold artifacts are known since the Chalcolithic period (5 th millennium BC)(unique for the region;the largest in number of gold artifacts is the Varna I Chalcolithic necropolis in Bulgaria). The gemmological materials in the Balkans are known for malachite, antigorite serpentinite, turquoise, rock crystal, carnelian, jasper, jet and obsidian. In the Varna I necropolis (mid 5 th millennium BC) are recorded the first known complex faceted carnelian beads with 32 facets, as well as some of the most important gemmological techniques and procedures such as faceting, tumbling, annealing, miniaturization and standardization. As pigments for pottery, cinnabar, graphite and gold were used in different prehistoric sites. The earliest salt production in the Balkans is known from sites in Romania and Bulgaria, and because of its trade, salt is positively linked to a population rich with prestigious goods. The introduced possible Chalcolithic weight unit “van”(2 carats) is supposed to be the earliest known in prehistoric times.展开更多
基金Financially supported by Digitalization of Tamil Siddha Palm Manuscripts,Project of Centre For Traditional Medicine and Research(CTMR),Department of AYUSH,Government of India(Grant No:Z28016/14/2010IEC)
文摘The divine tree neem(Azadirachta indica)is mainly cultivated in the Indian subcontinent.Neemhas been used extensively by humankind to treat various ailments before the availability ofwritten records which recorded the beginning of history.The world health organization estimatesthat 80%of the population living in the developing countries relies exclusively on traditionalmedicine for their primary health care.More than half of the world’s population still relies entirely on plants for medicines,and plants supply the active ingredients of most traditionalmedical products.The review shows the neem has been used by humankind to treat variousailments from prehistory to contemporary.
文摘The territory of the Balkan Peninsula in SE Europe is reviewed, from the point of gemmology, as the cradle of gem and decorative minerals and metals in European prehistory. During the local Neolithic period (end of 7 th -6 th millennium BC), as material for tools or for beads, nephrite (with the earliest known Balkan nephrite culture), jadeite-omphacite and quartz (different varieties) were introduced to make pendants and idols. Large quantities of copper and gold artifacts are known since the Chalcolithic period (5 th millennium BC)(unique for the region;the largest in number of gold artifacts is the Varna I Chalcolithic necropolis in Bulgaria). The gemmological materials in the Balkans are known for malachite, antigorite serpentinite, turquoise, rock crystal, carnelian, jasper, jet and obsidian. In the Varna I necropolis (mid 5 th millennium BC) are recorded the first known complex faceted carnelian beads with 32 facets, as well as some of the most important gemmological techniques and procedures such as faceting, tumbling, annealing, miniaturization and standardization. As pigments for pottery, cinnabar, graphite and gold were used in different prehistoric sites. The earliest salt production in the Balkans is known from sites in Romania and Bulgaria, and because of its trade, salt is positively linked to a population rich with prestigious goods. The introduced possible Chalcolithic weight unit “van”(2 carats) is supposed to be the earliest known in prehistoric times.