Organ preservation and ischemia reperfusion injury associated with liver transplantation play an important role in the induction of graft injury. One of the earliest events associated with the reperfusion injury is en...Organ preservation and ischemia reperfusion injury associated with liver transplantation play an important role in the induction of graft injury. One of the earliest events associated with the reperfusion injury is endothelial cell dysfunction. It is generally accepted that endothelial nitric oxide synthase （e-NOS） is cell-pro- tective by mediating vasodilatation, whereas inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates liver graft injury after transplantation. We conducted a critical review of the literature evaluating the potential applications of regulating and promoting e-NOS activity in liver preservation and transplantation, showing the most current evidence to support the concept that enhanced bioavailability of NO derived from e-NOS is detrimental to ameliorate graft liver preservation, as well as preventing subse- quent graft reperfusion injury. This review deals mainly with the beneficial effects of promoting ＂endogenous＂ pathways for NO generation, via e-NOS inducer drugs in cold preservation solution, surgical strategies such as ischemic preconditioning, and alternative ＂exogenous＂ pathways that focus on the enrichment of cold storage liquid with NO donors. Finally, we also provide a basic bench-to-bed side summary of the liver physiology and cell signalling mechanisms that account for explaining the e-NOS protective effects in liver preservation and transplantation.展开更多
Substructural type systems are designed from the insight inspired by the development of linear and substructural logics. Substructural type systems promise to control the usage of computational resources statically, t...Substructural type systems are designed from the insight inspired by the development of linear and substructural logics. Substructural type systems promise to control the usage of computational resources statically, thus detect more program errors at an early stage than traditional type systems do. In the past decade, substructural type systems have been deployed in the design of novel programming languages, such as Vault, etc. This paper presents a general typing theory for substructural type system. First, we define a universal semantic framework for substructural types by interpreting them as characteristic intervals composed of type qualifiers. Based on this framework, we present the design of a substructural calculus λSL with subtyping relations. After giving syntax, typing rules and operational semantics for λSL, we prove the type safety theorem. The new calculus λSL can guarantee many more safety invariants than traditional lambda calculus, which is demonstrated by showing that the ~.s, calculus can serve as an idealized type intermediate language, and defining a typepreserving translation from ordinary typed lambda calculus into λSL.展开更多
文摘Organ preservation and ischemia reperfusion injury associated with liver transplantation play an important role in the induction of graft injury. One of the earliest events associated with the reperfusion injury is endothelial cell dysfunction. It is generally accepted that endothelial nitric oxide synthase （e-NOS） is cell-pro- tective by mediating vasodilatation, whereas inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates liver graft injury after transplantation. We conducted a critical review of the literature evaluating the potential applications of regulating and promoting e-NOS activity in liver preservation and transplantation, showing the most current evidence to support the concept that enhanced bioavailability of NO derived from e-NOS is detrimental to ameliorate graft liver preservation, as well as preventing subse- quent graft reperfusion injury. This review deals mainly with the beneficial effects of promoting ＂endogenous＂ pathways for NO generation, via e-NOS inducer drugs in cold preservation solution, surgical strategies such as ischemic preconditioning, and alternative ＂exogenous＂ pathways that focus on the enrichment of cold storage liquid with NO donors. Finally, we also provide a basic bench-to-bed side summary of the liver physiology and cell signalling mechanisms that account for explaining the e-NOS protective effects in liver preservation and transplantation.
文摘Substructural type systems are designed from the insight inspired by the development of linear and substructural logics. Substructural type systems promise to control the usage of computational resources statically, thus detect more program errors at an early stage than traditional type systems do. In the past decade, substructural type systems have been deployed in the design of novel programming languages, such as Vault, etc. This paper presents a general typing theory for substructural type system. First, we define a universal semantic framework for substructural types by interpreting them as characteristic intervals composed of type qualifiers. Based on this framework, we present the design of a substructural calculus λSL with subtyping relations. After giving syntax, typing rules and operational semantics for λSL, we prove the type safety theorem. The new calculus λSL can guarantee many more safety invariants than traditional lambda calculus, which is demonstrated by showing that the ~.s, calculus can serve as an idealized type intermediate language, and defining a typepreserving translation from ordinary typed lambda calculus into λSL.
