Emission Performance of Motorcycles in Real-Road Conditions

WMTC,which means a worldwide motorcycle testing cycle,is now regarded as the most possible choice for the global motorcycle emission testing cycle,but whether or not it can be used in China is still unknown.In this study,a large number of data on the speed-time trace of motorcycles were sampled from various kinds of roads in 5 cities in China.Based on a series of criterion numbers defined,the driving character of motorcycles in the real-road conditions of China was obtained.With the aid of a specially designed program,an emission testing cycle that can indicate the driving characteristics of motorcycle in the real-road conditions was synthesized,and the exhaust emission tests of 20 motorcycles under the synchronized cycle and WMTC were carried out based on a CVS system and a motorcycle chassis dynamometer.The results show that although there do exist differences in some criterion numbers between the real-road condition and WMTC,such as proportion of idling mode,mean speed,mean running speed and the average acceleration and deceleration rates,the driving behaviors are similar.The results of exhaust emission tests indicate that the emission values of motorcycles under the synchronized cycle and WMTC have a relatively strong correlation.This means that WMTC can be introduced as a standard motorcycle emission test regulation into China.

稀土镧掺杂纳米二氧化钛复合保鲜包装薄膜的研究

水果和菌类均为货架期较短的商品,二者皆易因呼吸作用与微生物感染导致失水与腐坏。本工作首次报道了将稀土镧掺杂纳米TiO_2(La^(3+)-TiO_2)粒子与PVA共混,采用溶液浇铸法制备了La^(3+)-TiO_2复合包装薄膜,并将其用于草莓和姬松茸保鲜的探索研究。XRD、SEM和LPSA表征显示,稀土镧的掺杂引起了纳米TiO_2晶格的畸变,其粒径变小、表面能增大,掺杂后的纳米TiO_2在PVA基体中的分散性得到提高。透湿和透氧率检测结果表明,La^(3+)-TiO_2的加入有利于复合薄膜阻隔性能的增加,当La^(3+)-TiO_2质量分数为1.6%时,透湿率降低45.9%,透氧率降低38.0%,复合薄膜阻隔性能最佳。抗菌率检测结果显示,稀土镧的掺杂拓宽了TiO_2对光谱的利用范围,复合包装薄膜在自然光下对大肠杆菌和金黄葡萄球菌的杀灭率分别达到84.1%和91.8%。保鲜实验结果表明,复合包装薄膜因其优良的阻隔性和抗菌性,有效抑制了草莓贮存过程中的果实腐坏和质量损失,常温下将草莓的保质期从5d延长至10d左右;同时复合薄膜可减缓姬松茸贮藏过程中的自溶和褐变等现象,常温下将姬松茸的保质期从2d延长至4d左右,其包装保鲜效果良好。

In situ atomic-scale observation of size-dependent (de) potassiation and reversible phase transformation in tetragonal FeSe anodes

Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries owing to cost-effective potassium resources and a suitable redox potential of-2.93 V(vs.-3.04 V for Li+/Li).However,the exploration of appro-priate electrode materials with the correct size for reversibly accommodating large K+ions presents a significant challenge.In addition,the reaction mecha-nisms and origins of enhanced performance remain elusive.Here,tetragonal FeSe nanoflakes of different sizes are designed to serve as an anode for PIBs,and their live and atomic-scale potassiation/depotassiation mechanisms are revealed for the first time through in situ high-resolution transmission electron micros-copy.We found that FeSe undergoes two distinct structural evolutions,sequen-tially characterized by intercalation and conversion reactions,and the initial intercalation behavior is size-dependent.Apparent expansion induced by the intercalation of K+ions is observed in small-sized FeSe nanoflakes,whereas unexpected cracks are formed along the direction of ionic diffusion in large-sized nanoflakes.The significant stress generation and crack extension originating from the combined effect of mechanical and electrochemical interactions are elucidated by geometric phase analysis and finite-element analysis.Despite the different intercalation behaviors,the formed products of Fe and K_(2)Se after full potassiation can be converted back into the original FeSe phase upon depotassiation.In particular,small-sized nanoflakes exhibit better cycling perfor-mance with well-maintained structural integrity.This article presents the first successful demonstration of atomic-scale visualization that can reveal size-dependent potassiation dynamics.Moreover,it provides valuable guidelines for optimizing the dimensions of electrode materials for advanced PIBs.