Transformative Presidents： A Review of Definitions, Focused on the Reagan Presidency

The most significant variable in ranking a President as transformative is the nature of his legacy. Reagan＇s legacy resulted from the Tea Party＇s adoption of Reagan＇s conservative policy proposals, labeled the Reagan Revolution, or as Reagan defined in his farewell address, the ＂... Great Rediscovery, a recovery of our values and common sense＂ （Skowronek, 1967, p. 95）. Transformative presidents create changes in the American Political System. Stephen Skowronek has defined five transformational presidents whose administration transformed the American political system： Jefferson, Jackson, Lincoln, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Reagan （Skowronek, 1967, p. 95）. Further, a comparison of the Reagan and Obama presidencies is included to explain why a President may be defined as being or not transformative. Each of these transformation repudiated their predecessor＇s policies. The Reagan Revolution enabled Reagan to become transformative by repudiating Carter＇s New Deal liberal and progressive policies. Presidential scholars who deny the ability of presidents to become transformative do so based on their research that presidents lack the power to persuade Congress or change public opinion. Skowronek utilized Neustadt＇s theory of ＂periodization＂ to explain how the five transformational presidents each left through their ＂legacy＂, presidents who followed their policies. Reagan＇s followers included： George Bush, Clinton＇s centrist policies adhered to Reagan＇s, and George W. Bush. Obama was elected by repudiating his predecessor＇s policies. Whether Obama was transformative has yet to be determined.

Russian Foreign Policy in Putin Presidency

Valadimir Putin assumed office as President of Russia on 7th May. It is a signfor Russia to enter into a new era. Attention is called to how Russia will imple-ment its foreign policy during Putin presidency, and what is the prospect. I Mr. Putin has started readjusting Russian foreign policy early as Acting Presi-dent. According to the newest version of the "Concept of National Security" andthe "New Foreign Doctrine", it is obvious that Russia will carry on pragmatic for-

Trump presidency:What his new team teaches us

2017年1月20日美国新总统特朗普就要就职了,由总统决定的管理团队也逐渐成型。川普时代将会是怎样的从这里能看出点什么来吗？

CIIS President Meets with UN General Assembly Co-Chairs of Intergovernmental Negotiations on Security Council Reform

On February 28,CIIS President Chen Bo,along with scholars in relevant fields,met with Co-chairs of the Intergovernmental Negotiations on the United Nations Security Council Reform of the 78th session of the UN General Assembly,Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the UN Tareq M.A.M.Albanai and Permanent Representative of Austria to the UN Alexander Marschik.

Vice-President Liu Hongcai Meets Kamada Takeaki, President of the JCI Japan-China Friendship Association

On December 4th,CAFIU Vice-President Liu Hongcai met Mr.Kamada Takeaki,President of the JCI Japan-China Friendship Association(JCFA),to exchange views on China-Japan people-topeople and youth exchanges.Vice-President Liu Hongcai said that JCFA has long been committed to promoting China-Japan youth exchanges and has played a positive role in enhancing mutual understanding between the Chinese and Japanese youths.

John Bell Assumes Presidency of IH&RA

The Board of Directors of theInternational Hotel ＆ Restaurant Assn.hasannounced the election of John Bell,former Director General and CEO of theCaribbean Hotel Assn,to the globalassociation’s Presidency.The appointmenttook place at the IH&RA General Assemblyduring the organization’s 40th AnnualCongress,held in Cairo,Egypt.“John Bellis a hospitality industry executive ofinternational renown who put theCaribbean hospitality industy on the mapwhile at the leadership of CHA.”statedIH＆RA Chief Executive Officer.Alain-Philippe Feutre.“His proven expertise willgreatly benefit IH&RA.”

CIIS President Attends the Asia-Pacific Roundtable in Kuala Lumpur

From August 9 to 10,CIIS President Xu Bu attended the 36th Asia-Pacific Roundtable(APR) in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.The Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim delivered a keynote address for the event on the morning of August 10.

CIIS President Moderates Sub-Forum on Geopolitics at Boao Forum for Asia

On March 29,CIIS President Xu Bu attended the Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference 2023 and moderated the sub-forum“Global Geopolitical Outlook.”Assistant Foreign Minister of China Nong Rong delivered a keynote speech,expounding on the Global Security Initiative proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping.Several current or former political leaders,officials,scholars and experts shared their thoughts at the event.

CIIS President Contributes to UN Report on Multilateralism

On April 18,the United Nations High-level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism(HLAB)published a report titled“A Breakthrough for People and Planet:Effective and Inclusive Global Governance for Today and the Future.”On the same day,UN Secretary-General António Guterres sent a letter to President of China Institute of International Studies(CIIS)Xu Bu,who is also a member of the HLAB,expressing gratitude for Xu’s contributions to the report and looking forward to his continuous engagement in the UN’s important consultations.

Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic Visits CIIS and Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy Research Center

On October 18,Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic visited China Institute of International Studies(CIIS)and the Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy Research Center on the sidelines of his attendance at the third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in Beijing.President Vucic was accompanied by multiple Serbian officials including First Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ivica Dacic,Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Sinisa Mali,Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister Milos Vucevic,and Deputy Prime Minister and Culture Minister Maja Gojkovic,as well as the Chinese Ambassador to Serbia Li Ming.

The Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries Bestowed Honorary Title of "Friendship Ambassador" to Former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

On April 3,the"Friendship Ambassador"Awarding Ceremony was held at the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (CPAFFC).CPAFFC President Lin Songtian presented the medal and certificate to former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.CPAFFC Vice-President Yuan Mindao.

Abstract of Speech by Baatarkhuu Kh.,Mongolian Sinologist,President of Chinese Historical and Cultural Association in Mongolia

Baatarkhuu Kh.,Mongolian Sinologist and President of Chinese Historical and Cultural Association in Mongolia,shared his understanding of Chinese modernisation through his translation practices.

Address by Vito Rosario Petrocelli, President of the InstitutoItalia-BRICS and Former Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Senate of Italy

I thank the organisers of this important Forum for giving me the opportunity to bring greetings during the Opening Ceremony.The Forum is being held on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative,during which 352 organisations from 72 countries are working together in the Network announced by President Xi Jinping in May 2017 at the Opening Ceremony of the First Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation.

CIIS Co-Holds Dialogue between Iranian President and Chinese Scholars

On February 15,during Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi's state visit to China,China Institute of International Studies(CIIS)and the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in China co-held a dialogue between President Raisi and Chinese scholars.Iran's Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian,the Iranian Ambassador to China Mohammad Keshavarz-Zadeh,and the Chinese Ambassador to Iran Chang Hua attended the event.

CIIS President Talks with Think Tank Experts during Europe Visit

From February 21 to 25,CIIS President Xu Bu visited the United Kingdom,Belgium,and Switzerland and had extensive and in-depth communication with experts and scholars from more than ten think tanks in the three countries.

Abstract of Speech by Rashad S.Karimov,Sinologist from Azerbaijan,Former Chief Adviser for Asian and Foreign Policy at the President's Centre for Strategic Studies of Azerbaijan

Mr.Rashad S.Karimov,Former Chief Adviser for Asian and Foreign Policy at the President’s Centre for Strategic Studies of Azerbaijan and a sinologist,started from the concrete practices of the Belt and Road Initiative in Azerbaijan and illustrated the relationship between implementing the Initiative and championing the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind.

Agent Blue: A Secret Military and Environmental Chemical Weapon Used for Food Denial in South Vietnam during the Vietnam Civil War (1962-1965)

During the last 60 years, the southern Vietnam environment and Vietnamese living in the Mekong Delta have bio-accumulated arsenic from natural and anthropic (Vietnam Civil War (1962-1965)) sources via their drinking water (groundwater from tube wells) and food supply leading to an increasing risk of chronic poisoning over time. A synthesis and analysis of publications and records is presented to document the Republic of Vietnam (RV), the official name of the South Vietnam Government, and United States (US) militaries contribution to arsenic levels and toxic spikes in the Vietnam Mekong Delta groundwater. During the Vietnam Civil War, Agent Blue, in powder form, was shipped to Port Saigon, via the Saigon River, and transported to the Tan Son Nhut Air Force base during the Vietnam Civil War. After the official start of the American-Vietnam War (1965-1973) the tactical herbicides were re-routed to Bien Hoa Air Force base (1965 to 1971). Approximately 3.2 million liters of Agent Blue (468,008 kg As) was sprayed or dumped by the RV military with the assistance and support of the Central Intelligence (CIA), US Army and US Navy, during the 1962-1965 Khai Huang (Hamlet) Program. A portion of an additional 4.6 million liters of Agent Blue (664,392 kg of As) was sprayed between 1962 and 1965 by the US Air Force as part of Operation Ranch Hand and prior to the official start of the American-Vietnam War in August 1964. Operation Rand Hand began in 1962 and ended in 1971. The Institute of Medicine estimated a total of 7.8 million liters (1,132,400 kg As) of Agent Blue was applied to southern Vietnam landscape from 1962 to 1971. This total includes both the 1962 to 1965 RV Khai Huang program with the assistance of the CIA, US Army and US Navy, and the total Agent Blue applied by US Air Force Operation Ranch Hand from 1962 to 1971. The primary objective of this study was to document how Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, became a secret US military and environmental chemical weapon used by the RV and US militaries in southern Vietnam during the Vietnam Civil War years (1962-1965). This assessment found that the anthropic arsenic, including Agent Blue, added a toxic burden to the Mekong Delta soils, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, food supply, and human health. However, there are missing details regarding political decisions and a full accounting of the geographic locations sprayed and amount of Agent Blue used. Vietnam War Archives have paper correspondence and RV herbicide spray records that shed greater light on this period. These records are over 50 years old and need to be electronically scanned, stored, and made available for additional historical analyses.

The Role of Rivers in the United States 19th Century Territorial Expansion from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean

This study explores the key role of rivers in the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century. In the early 1800s, President Jefferson envisioned a United States that extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. At the time, the entire United States territory was located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi River. Much of the land west of the Mississippi River was claimed by Spain, France, or Canada. In 1803, President Jefferson was able to purchase the Missouri River watershed from France via the Louisiana Purchase. This allowed the United States to extend its land claim west from the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers to the head waters of the Missouri River at the continental divide in the Rocky Mountains. President Jefferson commissioned William Clark and Meriwether Lewis, in 1803, to explore, discover and describe the Missouri River watershed and find a water route to the Pacific Ocean. The Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery trip found no such waterway link but did continue to explore the Pacific Northwest lands north and west of the continental divide. The only way that the Pacific Northwest could be claimed as part of the United States was for Americans to settle there before the Canadians did. Starting in the 1820s, many Americans traveled via the Oregon Trail to the Willamette Valley (Land of Flowing Milk and Honey) in Oregon. The primary objectives of this study are to document how the United States: 1) extended its land claims west from the Mississippi River to the North American continental drainage divide;2) established an American claim to the Pacific North West territory;and 3) fulfilled President Jefferson’s vision of a United States extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

“president”在英语报刊中的一词多义探析:基于原型理论视角

一词多义是人类语言的普遍现象,该现象在英语词汇中尤为常见。"多义"词汇各个语义项之间存在着某种必然的联系。原型范畴理论的建立对这种现象中所存在的联系提供了解释,该理论是20世纪70年代美国心理学家Eleanor Rosch提出来的一种新的概念构建模式,范畴的各个成员之间从范畴原型出发,并且表现出不同程度的家族相似性(向心性)。运用原型范畴理论来分析报刊英语里"president"存在的一词多义现象,不仅有利于广大英语爱好者更好地阅读英文报刊杂志,而且有利于师生在教学中对多义词的理解和运用。

大学校长身后的权力关系分析——从Rector、Chancellor、President看大学校长

从大学发展史来看,"Rector、Chancellor、President"这三个词都可译为"大学校长",但这三个概念产生于不同文化背景,体现了不同的权力关系格局。与这三个概念所蕴涵的大学校长身后权力关系格局相比较,中国的大学校长身处一种特殊的权力关系格局,很难对应于前述三个概念中的任何一个。中国大学改革的首要任务是要理顺制约大学校长的权力关系格局,而不是一相情愿地发现并任命优秀校长。