MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PRESSOR EFFECT OF ELECTROACUPUNCTURE:Ⅰ.ESSENTIAL NEURAL SUBSTRATES IN BRAIN

The electroacupuncture(EA)being delivered to“Zusanli-Sanyinjiao”acupomts reduced a pressor-tachycardia effect,this effect still remained(nearly unchanged)after decerebration between superior and inferior colliculus,indicating that the essential cen-tets of EA-pressor effect(EA-PE)are located in lower brain stem.The EA-PE could be at-tenuated by preinjection of atropine or phentolamine bilaterally into rostral ventrolateralmedulla(RVL)(but was not significantly influenced by propranolol or haloperidol).Elec-trolytic lesions of bilateral nucleus parabrachialis(NPB),reduced the EA-PE,while lesionof the area postrema did not.Taken together with our previous results that lesions of bilateral locus coeruleus(LC)also remarkably decreased the EA-PE,α-adrenoceptors in RVL mediated NPB-pressor re-sponse,and both α-adrenoceptors,M-cholinoceptors are involved in LC-pressor response:the present results indicate that activation of NPB-RVL(α-receplor)and LC-RVL(α-and Mreceptor)pressor system by EA is the essential central mechanism underlying EA-PE.

MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PRESSOR EFFECT OF ELECTROACUPUNCTURE:Ⅱ.ROLES OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC EFFERENTS

In urethane-anesthetized,curare-immobilized,and artificially ventilatedrats,bilateral cervical vagotomy or atropine(i.v.)attenuated the pressor and tachycardiaresponses to electroacupuncture(EA),but markedly reduced the EA-tachycardia effect.Onthe contrary,the EA-pressor effect was remarkably decreased by phentolamine(i,v.).whilethe tacbycardia effect of EA was not.Similar results were obtained under chloral hydrate(instead of urethane)anesthesia.It is suggested that besides the excitation of the sympa-thetic vasoconstrictor nerve the inhibition of the cardiac vagus nerve also contributes to theEA-pressor effect,and both the cardiac vagus and cardiac sympathetic nerves are responsiblefor the tachycardia response to EA.

Assessing the Analgesic Effects of Sucrose to Cold Pressor Pain in Human Adults

Previous studies report that the ingestion of highly concentrated sweet solutions produces a morphine-like analgesia in rats, human infants, and in adult males. To determine whether sweet-induced analgesia occurs with more commonly consumed substances, 30 adult males (Mage = 22.4 years) were exposed to a cold pressor test and pain responsivity was assessed both before and after consuming either an 8% sucrose solution, water, or nothing. Between-groups comparisons revealed that relative to the Sucrose or Nothing groups, the Water group showed increased pain tolerance. Neither pain thresholds nor ratings of pain intensity and unpleasantness on a visual analogue scale differed among groups. The results support previous findings in both humans and animals that the palatability or hedonic value of food or drink may be the key predictor of its analgesic effect.

Cold Pressor Task中威胁性图片信息相关事件电位研究

目的：本研究选用冷压疼痛诱导范式（Cold Pressor Task,CPT）作为诱发疼痛的手段,探讨疼痛条件下,威胁性信息的ERPs反应。方法：采用组内设计,在CPT中给被试提供威胁型（冻伤和无关威胁）和中性图片。结果：冻伤威胁性信息与无关威胁信息和非威胁信息之间在CPT疼痛的相关事件电位存在显著差异。重复测量方差分析显示刺激类别在150-200 ms区间、200-300 ms区间、300-400ms区间和400-500 ms区间平均波幅的主效应都显著（F值分别为7.80、13.93、6.83、36.21,P〈0.01）,通过两两比较刺激发现,无关威胁图片与中性图片在四个时间区间差异都不显著,P〉0.05,但无关威胁图片和中性图片都与威胁性冻伤图片存在显著差异：150-200ms区间[F1a（1,11）=19.10,P〈0.01;F1b（1,11）=5.78,P〈0.05]。200-300 ms区间中[F2a（1,11）=36.69,P〈0.01;F2b（1,11）=14.56,P〈0.01]。300-400 ms区间[F3a（1,11）=65.28,P〈0.01;F3b（1,11）=35.57,P〈0.01]。400-500ms区间[F4a（1,11）=36.52,P〈0.01;F4b（1,11）=53.51,P〈0.01]。结论：在疼痛情境下,接受与CPT相关的威胁性信息时脑电活动与接受中性信息和无关的威胁信息脑电图活动存在显著不同。相对无关信息刺激,与情境匹配的威胁性信息引起更多的关注和加工。这种不同不仅存在于早期的注意指向阶段,也存在于晚期的随意加工和反应选择阶段。

A Comparative Study between Intravenous Fentanyl and Intravenous Lidocaine on Attenuation of Hemodynamic Pressor Responses to Laryngoscopic Intubation: A Prospective Cohort Study, Ethiopia

Introduction: Laryngoscopic intubation is an insertion of endotracheal tube into the trachea for maintenance of airway during general anesthesia. Smooth intubation requires attenuation of pressor responses and maintenance of baseline hemodynamic stability. The primary outcome of this study is to compare intravenous fentanyl and lidocaine as an anesthetics adjuvant on attenuation of hemodynamic pressor responses to Laryngoscopic intubation in elective surgical adult patients. Methods: This prospective cohort study recruits 114 patients who underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia with laryngoscopy and endotracheal tube intubation. The study was conducted from January 1, 2018 to March 30, 2018. Systemic random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Those patients that received intravenous fentanyl 2 micrograms per kilogram three minutes before intubation as an anesthetics adjuvant are considered as Fentanyl-group (group F). The Lidocaine-group (group L) was those patients who receive 2% intravenous lidocaine 1.5 milligrams per kilogram three minutes before intubation as anesthetics adjuvant. Hemodynamic parameters (heart rate and blood pressure) and other variables were documented starting from 3 minutes before intubation to 5 minutes after intubation. Results: The mean heart rate at first minute after intubation was significantly lower in fentanyl group (98.91 ± 15.6 beats per minute (bpm)) compared to lidocaine (107 ± 15.45 bpm), t (112) = 2.8, p = 0.006. Systolic blood pressure was also significantly lower in fentanyl group (141.9 ± 18.9 millimeters of mercury (mmHg)) compared to lidocaine (150 ± 18.098 mmHg), t (112) = 2.45, p = 0.016 at first minute after intubation. At third minute after intubation, heart rate was significantly lower in fentanyl group compared to lidocaine, t (112), p = 0.037. No difference was in heart rate and blood pressure among the group at 5th minute after intubation (p > 0.05). Conclusion and Recommendations: Fentanyl was better on attenuation of hemodynamic pressor responses to laryngoscopic intubation when compared to lidocaine. Therefore, using fentanyl pre-operatively to attenuate pressor responses especially during intubation is important.

Optical terminal analysis of a multigrating tiled compressor in a PW-class CPA-laser

In the highest-power chirped-pulse amplification lasers, the pulse must be stretched in time, amplified, compressed in a grating compressor and subsequently focused by off-axis parabola to obtain a high peak power. In the optical terminal, the temporal and spatial effects of mismatched multigrating tiled compressor on the far-field pulse are critical factors to be analysed. In this paper, a k-space raytracing model is proposed for the temporal and spatial analyses of possible errors in a four-grating single-pass tiled compressor. The results show that the last grating affects mainly the partial focal spot, while the middle two gratings affect the temporal waveform, and the partial focal spot needs much higher error control than that in the temporal domain in a picosecond pulse compression.

The Effect of Brief Mindfulness Meditation on Cold-Pressor Induced Pain Responses in Healthy Adults

We hypothesised a 10 minute mindfulness based intervention performed by a novice therapist would have a beneficial effect on pain responses in naive participants. Twenty-four participants were randomly assigned to the control group or mindfulness meditation group. The control group sat quietly for 10 minutes in between two cold pressor tasks. The mindfulness meditation intervention group practiced 10 minutes of mindfulness meditation in between cold-pressor tasks following standardised mindfulness of breathing meditation technique instructions provided by a male investigator. A significant interaction effect was found between anxiety towards pain ratings (pre-intervention vs. post-intervention) and intervention (F = 6.29, p = 0.02). There was a significant decrease (t = 4.07, p = 0.002) in anxiety towards pain ratings in the mindfulness meditation group following intervention. A significant interaction effect was found between pain threshold times (pre-intervention vs. post-intervention) and intervention (F = 18.45, p 0.001) in pain threshold times in the mindfulness meditation group following intervention. A significant interaction effect was found between pain tolerance times (pre-intervention vs. post-intervention) and intervention (F = 18.34, p < 0.001). A significant increase (t = -4.20, p = 0.001) in pain tolerance times in the mindfulness meditation group following intervention was also found. The results suggest a single 10 minute mindfulness meditation intervention administered by a novice therapist can improve pain tolerance, pain threshold and decrease anxiety towards pain in na?ve healthy university aged individuals.

E往直前 试驾奔驰E200 Kompressor

在奔驰的各车系中,E级轿车是最成功的车型,甚至可以说是世界上最成功的车型之一,它以23％的市场占有率在同类汽车市场中遥遥领先。在消费者对汽车最讲究的西欧,该车占领了同类市场的 25％,而在德国,E系列轿车的市场分额更占到了 30％以上,在奔驰的各车型中,E级车的产销量也是最大的,几乎每4辆梅赛德斯-奔驰轿车就有一辆是E级轿车。我们这次试驾的奔驰E200 Kom- pressor,虽然在E级车中只算低端车型,但依然有几乎完美的表现。

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BRAIN MONO-AMINE NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND ENDOGE-NOUS OPIOID PEPTIDES DURING INHIBITION OF DEFENCE PRESSOR RESPONSE BY INPUTS OF DEEP PERONEAL NERVE IN RABBITS

It has been reported that stimulation of hypothalamic defence area (HDA) led to the increased release of central NA and other monoamine neurotransmitters,

DOES ADRENAL GLAND PARTICIPATE IN PRESSOR RESPONSE OF VAGUS POSTPITUITARY REFLEX?

H. C. Chang et al. observed the release of acetycholine (ACH) in the central nervous system during stimulating the central end of the vagus nerve on the isolated head preparation of the dog. It is this ACH that releases the vasopressin, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone in neurohypophysis. The pathway of this reflex may

Electrical Stimulation of Deep Peroneal Nerve Mimicking Acupuncture Inhibits the Pressor Response via Capsaicin-lnsensitive Afferents in Anesthetized Rats

Objective： To assess the inhibitory modulation of blood pressure by stimulation of the deep peroneal nerve （DPN） and to determine the involvement of nociceptive fibers in the modulation. Methods： All the animals were divided into six groups （A-F）. The rats in groups A and B received no pretreatment. The rats in groups C and D received subcutaneous injection of capsaicin or control vehicle, respectively, near the DPN for 2 days. Those in groups E and F had the DPN exposed to capsaicin or control vehicle, respectively, for 20 min. Subsequently, pressor responses were induced by stimulation of paraventricular nucleus （PVN） either electrically （groups A and C-F） or chemically via injection of glutamate （group B）. After two stable pressor responses （baseline）, all groups were subject to 5-min DPN stimulation followed by PVN stimulation for 10 s. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram were recorded. The pressor response was calculated as the difference in the mean arterial pressure （MAP） before and after PVN stimulation, and changes from baseline in pressor response after DPN stimulation were compared between the groups. Results： Increases of MAP of 22.88 ＋ 2.18 mm Hg and 20.32 ＋ 5.25 mm Hg were induced by electrical （group A） or chemical （group B） stimulation of the PVN, respectively. These pressor responses were inhibited by stimulation of the DPN, and the MAP was reduced to 12.00 _＋ 2.10 mm Hg in group A （n=6, P〈0.01） and 7.00 ＋ 2.85 mm Hg in group B （n=6, P〈0.01）. Subcutaneous injection of capsaicin （125 mg/kg） near the DPN in group C （n=7） had no effect on the inhibitory effect of DPN stimulation compared with the group D （n=9）, and neither did blockade of nociceptive fibers with capsaicin in group E （n=6） compared with group F （n=8）. Conclusion： Stimulation of the DPN mimicking acupuncture has an inhibitory effect on the pressor response, and the effect is mediated by capsaicin-insensitive afferent fibers in the DPN.

SOME HUMORAL FACTORS AND THEIR INTERACTION ON ACUTE HYPOXIC PULMONARY PRESSOR RESPONSE

To determine the effect of humoral factors and their interaction on the developement of acute hypoxic pulmonary pressor response (HPPR), we performed studies in 16 mongrel dogs. We measured plasma levels of noradrealin (NE), angiotensin Ⅱ (AII), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6KPGF1α), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) before, during and after HPPR. Multiple regression analysis showed that the changes of pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) and pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (PADP) correlated well with those of plasma concentration of NE, PGF2α and 6KPGF1α, respectively (r were equal to 0.633 and 0.668, respectively, P<0.01). The results of orthogonal experiment analysis with an injection of exogenous NE, PGF2α and PGIα into main pulmonary artery of dogs showed that NE and the interaction of PGF2α and PGI2α increased PASP (P<0.05) and PGI2 attenuated PASP (P<0.01). The interaction of PGF2α and PGI2 and of PGF2α and NE increased PADP(P<0.01) and PGI2 attenuated PADP (P<0.01).

两种实验性疼痛的性别差异及其相关因素分析

目的:调查女性对冷压痛是否存在与男性相同的行为二分法,根据此二分法检测袖带加压疼痛的性别差异,并分析心理因素与疼痛敏感度的相关性。方法:选择健康男性和女性各30例,根据冷压试验(cold-pressor test,CPT)的耐受时间(pain endurance time,PET)分为疼痛敏感组(pain-sensitive,PS)和疼痛耐受组(pain-tolerant,PT)。两组均进行袖带压力试验(cuff-pressure algometry test,CPA)。记录随时间变化的疼痛强度,并检测焦虑和恐惧水平。结果:女性在CPT中表现出与男性相同的行为二分法。但在CPA中女性PS组疼痛强度高于PT组,而两组男性无差异。女性PS组特质焦虑和恐惧高于PT组,两组男性无差异。CPA中女性PS组比男性PS组疼痛强度高,但女性PT组比男性PT组低。女性PS组特质焦虑高于男性PS组,而女性PT组低于男性PT组。女性CPT的PET与特质焦虑和恐惧水平均呈负相关,但男性却无相关性。结论:CPT中两性别均表现出行为二分法,但CPA中仅女性表现出行为二分法。疼痛的性别差异与心理因素有关,女性的疼痛敏感度与特质焦虑和恐惧的关系更为密切。

双燃料集装箱LNG燃料供应系统仪表控制设计方案

随着我国能源结构调整和节能减排战略的逐步实施,LNG作为清洁能源之一,在船舶行业越来越得到广泛应用。为定时定量地提供给船舶主机或其他用气设备,LNG燃料供应系统尤为关键。文章以集装箱船为母型船,详细介绍了LNG燃料供应系统(FGSS)改装时涉及的仪表控制设计方案,包括FGSS的组成、主要设备的仪表控制逻辑和各设定点的主要参数。

多联式空调(热泵)机组室外机压缩机四倍频噪声波动原因分析及改善

某型号多联式空调(热泵)机组室外机压缩机四倍频噪声存在波动,最高在60 dB(A)以上,影响产品舒适性。为了分析室外机压缩机四倍频噪声波动的原因,对压缩机结构噪声传递路径上各节点的振动特性进行测试,同时分析压缩机单体振动和噪声特性,确定室外机压缩机四倍频噪声波动是由压缩机单体振动波动引起。分析压缩机内部结构参数及噪声数据发现,定转子间隙是影响压缩机四倍频噪声的关键参数。改善压缩机生产和检验工艺,将定转子间隙控制在0.48 mm以上,室外机压缩机四倍频噪声可以控制在50 dB(A)以内。

膀胱癌相关基因的研究进展

膀胱癌在中国为最常见的泌尿系统肿瘤。膀胱癌的发生发展是一个多步骤的过程,异常基因型的长期积累导致恶性表型的出现。与膀胱癌相关的基因主要有癌基因(如H-ras、FGFR3、erbB2、CCND1、mdm2等)、抑癌基因(如INK4A/ARF、Rb、TP53、PTEN、TSC1、PTCH、DBCCR1等)及DNA错配修复基因等。本文就与膀胱癌相关的几类主要基因的研究进展作一综述。

自主神经功能在急性高原反应发病中的意义

目的探讨自主神经系统(ANS)功能在急性高原反应(AMS)发病中的意义。方法43名健康青年男性在完成进舱前的5min短程心率变异性(HRV)、冷加压试验(CPT)及血浆去甲肾上腺素(NA)浓度检测后,进入低压氧舱模拟急进海拔4500m1天。所有受试者在模拟高原第2、10、20h接受HRV动态检测,并再次接受CPT及NA检测,出舱前进行AMS症状评分。根据AMS评分,25名评分≤10分者定为轻度AMS组,即A组;18名评分>10分者定为中重度AMS组,即B组。结果与A组相比,B组进舱前CPT中收缩压升高幅度较高(P<0.05);B组在模拟4500m第10hHRV中正常RR间期标准差(SDNN)、相邻RR间期差值的均方根(rMSSD)、爱丁堡指数(PNN50)、高频(HF)及总功率(TP)较低(均P<0.05),第20hPNN50及HF也较低(P<0.01,P<0.05),而LF/HF及血浆NA较高(P<0.05)。AMS评分与进舱前SDNN、rMSSD、LF、TP及NA呈显著正相关(均P<0.05);与模拟高原SDNN、rMSSD、PNN50及HF呈显著负相关(SDNN、rMSSD、PNN50P<0.01,HFP<0.05),而与NA呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。结论ANS在AMS的发病中具有重要作用,联合采用多种方法进行ANS功能检测可能在一定程度上预测AMS易感人群,并有助于诊断AMS。

手舟骨微创内固定解剖学基础

目的 :为手舟骨微创条件下的内固定提供解剖学依据。方法 :86块成人干燥手舟骨 ,仔细观察其形态及主要血管压迹 ,并根据可能进行的内固定方式用游标卡尺对手舟骨的各部位进行测量 ,解剖 4例经过灌注的手标本。结果 :舟骨结节远端的厚度为 (7.4± 0 .9)mm、宽度为 (6.2± 0 .7)mm ,高度为 (10 .5± 1.4)mm ;舟骨腰部的厚度为 (12 .2± 1.3 )mm、宽度为 (9.5± 1.0 )mm ;舟骨体部的高度为 (18.0± 1.7)mm ,最小厚度为 (7.3± 0 .9)mm ;舟骨的纵轴长度为 (2 6.8± 2 .5 )mm。手舟骨的主要血管来自桡背侧部 ,由体部沿嵴部贯穿整个纵轴。结论 :手舟骨的相关参数均为设计螺钉的关键指标。关节镜监视下的手舟骨骨折内固定的进钉应从手舟骨结节的远端中点进入 ,方向平行于手舟骨的主要血管束。

多普勒组织成像技术在冠心病的冷加压负荷超声心动图中的应用研究

本文对１３例经冠脉造影确诊的冠心病患者和１５例正常人运用多普勒组织成像技术（ＤＴＩ）和传统的二维超声心动图（２ＤＥ）观察冷加压试验（ＣＰＴ）前后的室壁运动情况。结果显示冠心病患者的室壁活动速度低于正常人，冷加压试验后正常人室壁活动速度明显高于静息时，冠心病患者则相反，尤以冠脉多支病变及冠脉中重度狭窄者为著。ＣＰＴ时与静息时Ｓ及ＤＥ的差值ΔＳ及ΔＤＥ是更有意义的指标。在正常组ΔＳ＞２．０ｃｍ／ｓ，ΔＤＥ＞３．０ｃｍ／ｓ，在冠脉轻度狭窄组ΔＳ＜１．５ｃｍ／ｓ，ΔＤＥ＜１．６ｃｍ／ｓ，在冠脉单支病变组中ΔＳ及ΔＤＥ＜１．０ｃｍ／ｓ，双支病变组中则＜０．８ｃｍ／ｓ，而在冠脉中、重度狭窄组及多支病变组中两者均呈负值。ＤＴＩ对冠心病的诊断优于２ＤＥ（敏感性ＤＴＩ为８５．５％，２ＤＥ为５３．１％；特异性ＤＴＩ为９４．１％，２ＤＥ为９９％；准确性ＤＴＩ为９０．９％，２ＤＥ为８０．４％），是一种新的较敏感的检测冠心病的方法。ＣＰＴ安全简便，对诊断冠心病具有一定的临床价值。

急进高原自主神经功能变化与急性高原反应的关系

目的研究急进高原前、后心血管自主神经（autonomic nervous system, ANS）功能变化及其与急性高原反应（acute mountain sickness, AMS）之间关系，揭示ANS在AMS发病中的作用，探求预防AMS的可能途径。方法对99名健康男性青年在海拔450m平原和空运急进3700m高原后2～4d内进行心率变异性（ heart rate variability, HRV）和冷加压试验（cold pressor test ,CPT）检测；在急进高原后l～5d接受AMS发病情况调查。结果急进高原后第1天AMS发病率92％，其中，中重度AMS占10％、轻度占36％、基本无反应占54％。LF/HFn随AMS程度减轻而减少，HFn随AMS程度加重而增加。中重度、轻度、基本无AMS反应组平原时收缩压（SBP）分别为（123．42±7．14）mmHg、（120．6±11．22）mmHg、（122．58±10．92）mmHg，均显著高于无反应纽（111．31±9．48）mmHg，（P〈0．05）；中重度AMS组在平原CPT后心率（tm）变化幅度[（7．57±8．22）b/min]显著低于基本无反应组[（25．47±19．26）b/min，（P〈0．05）]。急进高原后，中重度、轻度、基本无AMS反应纽CPT后SBP变化幅度分别为（8．14±4．95）mmHg、（9．56±7．77）mmHg、（9．97±6．80）mmHg，均显著低于无反应组[（17．00±12．75）mmHg，（P〈0．05）]；HR变化幅度分别为（11．13±6．08）b/min、（10±7．5）b/min、（12．25±8．14）b/min，均显著低于无反应组（[19．71±9．35）b/min，P〈0．05]。AMS症状积分与平原时LF/HF正相关（r=0．437，P〈0．01），与平原时CVF后HR变化幅度呈负相关（r=-0．35，P=0．01）。结论平原交感神经活动较高者其ANS的应激调节能力相对较小，对AMS易感性较高。改善ANS功能可能有助于预防AMS。