Screening, Treatment and Control of High Blood Pressure on Five Sites in Mali

Introduction: High blood pressure is defined as blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg for systolic and or 90 mm Hg for diastolic. It constitutes a major public health problem, the leading chronic disease in the world. The objective was to determine the prevalence, treatment rate and control of hypertension. Methods: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study which took place over a period of 6 months in a hospital environment and in the general population. Results: Of the 1000 participants, 637 had hypertension, giving a prevalence of 63.70% with a female predominance. Thirty-three percent (33%) were unaware of their high blood pressure. The age group 60 and more was the most represented (44%). A proportion of 33 and 23.20 were overweight and obese participants, respectively. Male subjects were more overweight than female, unlike obesity which was more common among female subjects. Sixty-two percent (62%) of hypertensives were treated, of whom 44% were non-compliant. The excessively high cost and consumption of medications as needed were the main factors in therapeutic non-compliance. Twenty-two percent (22%) of all hypertensive patients and 35% of treated hypertensive patients were controlled. Women were more treated but less observant and less controlled than men. Therapeutic coverage and combination therapy rates were lower in rural areas. Hypertensives who had a high level of education were better treated and controlled than those who had no level. Conclusion: High blood pressure remains a real public health problem in Mali. It is more common in people aged 60 and over and in females. One in three hypertensives were unaware of their hypertension. The majority received antihypertensive treatments, but only a minority of them had their hypertension controlled.

Blood Pressure Profile and Glycemic Control of Type 2 Diabetics and Hypertensives at the Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital: A Review of 116 Cases

Objective: The association hypertension and diabetes is important. The two pathologies may influence each other. The aim was to study the correlation between glycemic control and blood pressure control and to determine the factors associated with blood pressure control. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with an analytical focus over 7 months. Patients were recruited as outpatients and all underwent ambulatory blood pressure measure, glycated hemoglobin and creatinine measurements, and assessment of compliance with treatment. Results: During this period 116 patients were collected. The predominance was female 69%. The mean age of the patients was 62 ± 7 years with a peak between 60 and 70 years. The average age of hypertension was 12 years and that of diabetes 6 1/2 years. The most frequently associated cardiovascular risk factor was a sedentary lifestyle (71.5%) after age. 57.8% of patients were not controlled at the office, with a predominance of systolic hypertension (58.2%). 61.6% of patients were controlled by ambulatory blood pressure measure, a rate of 47.8% of white coat hypertension. Glycemic control was observed in 42.2% of cases and 87% of patients had good renal function (glomerular filter rate ≥ 60 ml/mn). Therapeutic compliance was good in 53.4% of cases and dual therapy was the most used therapeutic modality 44.8% (52 patients) followed by triple therapy. The factors associated with poor blood pressure control were glycemic imbalance, non-compliance and monotherapy. Dual therapy had a protective effect. Conclusion: The association of hypertension and type 2 diabetes is frequent. The risk of occurrence increases with age. Ambulatory blood pressure measure is the best method to assess blood pressure control. Optimization of blood pressure control should also include optimization of glycemic control.

Control system design for a pressure-tube-type supercritical water-cooled nuclear reactor via a higher order sliding mode method

Nuclear power plants exhibit non-linear and time-variable dynamics.Therefore,designing a control system that sets the reactor power and forces it to follow the desired load is complicated.A supercritical water reactor(SCWR)is a fourth-generation conceptual reactor.In an SCWR,the non-linear dynamics of the reactor require a controller capable of control-ling the nonlinearities.In this study,a pressure-tube-type SCWR was controlled during reactor power maneuvering with a higher order sliding mode,and the reactor outgoing steam temperature and pressure were controlled simultaneously.In an SCWR,the temperature,pressure,and power must be maintained at a setpoint(desired value)during power maneuvering.Reactor point kinetics equations with three groups of delayed neutrons were used in the simulation.Higher-order and classic sliding mode controllers were separately manufactured to control the plant and were compared with the PI controllers speci-fied in previous studies.The controlled parameters were reactor power,steam temperature,and pressure.Notably,for these parameters,the PI controller had certain instabilities in the presence of disturbances.The classic sliding mode controller had a higher accuracy and stability;however its main drawback was the chattering phenomenon.HOSMC was highly accurate and stable and had a small computational cost.In reality,it followed the desired values without oscillations and chattering.

Prediction on Failure Pressure of Pipeline Containing Corrosion Defects Based on ISSA-BPNNModel

Oil and gas pipelines are affected by many factors,such as pipe wall thinning and pipeline rupture.Accurate prediction of failure pressure of oil and gas pipelines can provide technical support for pipeline safety management.Aiming at the shortcomings of the BP Neural Network(BPNN)model,such as low learning efficiency,sensitivity to initial weights,and easy falling into a local optimal state,an Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm(ISSA)is adopted to optimize the initial weights and thresholds of BPNN,and an ISSA-BPNN failure pressure prediction model for corroded pipelines is established.Taking 61 sets of pipelines blasting test data as an example,the prediction model was built and predicted by MATLAB software,and compared with the BPNN model,GA-BPNN model,and SSA-BPNN model.The results show that the MAPE of the ISSA-BPNN model is 3.4177%,and the R2 is 0.9880,both of which are superior to its comparison model.Using the ISSA-BPNN model has high prediction accuracy and stability,and can provide support for pipeline inspection and maintenance.

基于BP神经网络的胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系预测

在前期宏观试验基础之上,采用离散元模拟和BP神经网络相结合的方法获取不同胶凝材料掺量和围压下胶结砂砾石的应力-应变关系。根据前期胶凝材料掺量分别为20、40、60、80、100 kg/m3的胶结砂砾石三轴排水剪切试验结果,开展离散元数值模拟。以试验数据为学习样本,开展BP神经网络模型训练,预测胶凝材料掺量分别为30、50、70、90 kg/m3的胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系,并将预测结果和离散元模拟结果进行对比。研究结果表明,BP神经网络能够实现胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系的预测,并在较低围压下具有较好的精度。

基于CSSA-BPNN模型的胶结充填体动态抗压强度预测

充填采矿法二步骤回采时胶结充填体稳定性受爆破扰动而降低。为快速准确地获得充填体动态抗压强度,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)进行了40组不同应变率的单轴冲击实验,以灰砂比、充填体密度、养护龄期和平均应变率作为输入参数,充填体动态抗压强度作为输出参数,建立了一种基于Logistic混沌麻雀搜索算法(CSSA)优化BP神经网络(BPNN)的预测模型,并与传统BPNN和麻雀搜索算法优化的BPNN进行了对比分析。结果表明:CSSA-BPNN模型的平均相对误差为4.11%,预测值与实测值之间拟合的相关系数均在0.96以上,模型预测精度高。CSSA-BPNN模型的均方根误差为0.395 0 MPa,平均绝对误差为0.359 2 MPa,决定系数为0.995 2,均优于另外两种预测模型。实现了对充填体动态抗压强度的准确预测,可大幅减小物理实验量,为矿山胶结充填体的强度设计提供了一种新方法。

基于泥水平衡盾构掘进参数的PSO-BP神经网络掘进地层识别模型研究

为解决泥水平衡盾构机在掘进时无法准确地实时识别掘进地层的问题,以珠三角水资源配置工程为例,研究泥水平衡盾构机的盾构推力、掘进速度、刀盘转速、刀盘扭矩在不同地层下的变化规律,提出基于掘进参数的PSO-BP神经网络掘进地层识别方法,建立盾构推力、掘进速度、刀盘转速、刀盘扭矩4种掘进参数为输入集,地层编码为输出集的地层识别模型。工程数据的验证结果表明,该模型在珠三角水资源配置工程数据集上的掘进地层的识别准确率达99.07%,PSO-BP神经网络算法的识别准确率明显高于BP、RF、RBF、CNN等机械学习算法。

基于模糊BP神经网络的智能轮椅BLDCM控制

现阶段多数轮椅电机仍使用传统PID控制,该控制方式存在控制精准度较低、超调量较大以及抗扰动能力差等问题。为解决以上问题,通过对无刷直流电机进行研究,在分析了其控制方法后,提出一种基于模糊BP神经网络的BLDCM控制方法。首先,研究了BLDCM结构并搭建数学模型。其次,在模型基础上构建了模糊BP神经网络PID控制器。最后,在Matlab/Simulink中搭建整个电机控制系统进行三种不同工况下的运动控制仿真,并与传统PID控制算法进行对比。实验结果表明:模糊BP神经网络PID控制策略能获得更好的PID控制参数,具有良好的抗扰动能力,有效的改善了整个轮椅控制系统的动态性能。

In-situ pressure-preserved coring for deep exploration:Insight into the rotation behavior of the valve cover of a pressure controller

In-situ pressure-preserved coring(IPP-Coring)is considered to be the most reliable and efficient method for the identification of the scale of oil and gas resources.During IPP-Coring,because the rotation behavior of the pressure controller valve cover in different medium environments is unclear,interference between the valve cover and inner pipe may occur and negatively affect the IPP-Coring success rate.To address this issue,we conducted a series of indoor experiments employing a high-speed camera to gain greater insights into the valve cover rotation behavior in different medium environments,e.g.,air,water,and simulated drilling fluids.The results indicated that the variation in the valve cover rotation angle in the air and fluid environments can be described by a one-phase exponential decay function with a constant time parameter and by biphasic dose response function,respectively.The rotation behavior in the fluid environments exhibited distinct elastic and gravitational acceleration zones.In the fluid environments,the density clearly impacted the valve cover closing time and rotation behavior,whereas the effect of viscosity was very slight.This can be attributed to the negligible influence of the fluid viscosity on the drag coefficient found in this study;meanwhile,the density can increase the buoyancy and the time period during which the valve cover experienced a high drag coefficient.Considering these results,control schemes for the valve cover rotation behavior during IPP-Coring were proposed for different layers and geological conditions in which the different drilling fluids should be used,e.g.,the use of a high-density valve cover in high-pore pressure layers.

Effect of Home Blood Pressure Telemonitoring Plus Additional Support on Blood Pressure Control:A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective Current clinical evidence on the effects of home blood pressure telemonitoring(HBPT)on improving blood pressure control comes entirely from developed countries.Thus,we performed this randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether HBPT plus support(patient education and clinician remote hypertension management)improves blood pressure control more than usual care(UC)in the Chinese population.Methods This single-center,randomized controlled study was conducted in Beijing,China.Patients aged 30-75 years were eligible for enrolment if they had blood pressure[systolic(SBP)≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic(DBP)≥90 mmHg;or SBP≥130 mmHg and/or DBP≥80 mmHg with diabetes].We recruited 190 patients randomized to either the HBPT or the UC groups for 12 weeks.The primary endpoints were blood pressure reduction and the proportion of patients achieving the target blood pressure.Results Totally,172 patients completed the study,the HBPT plus support group(n=84),and the UC group(n=88).Patients in the plus support group showed a greater reduction in mean ambulatory blood pressure than those in the UC group.The plus support group had a significantly higher proportion of patients who achieved the target blood pressure and maintained a dipper blood pressure pattern at the12th week of follow-up.Additionally,the patients in the plus support group showed lower blood pressure variability and higher drug adherence than those in the UC group.Conclusion HBPT plus additional support results in greater blood pressure reduction,better blood pressure control,a higher proportion of dipper blood pressure patterns,lower blood pressure variability,and higher drug adherence than UC.The development of telemedicine may be the cornerstone of hypertension management in primary care.

Clinical application of flexible ureteroscopic sheath with controllable intraluminal pressure in treating ureteral stones

Objective:The purpose of the study was to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of a combined perfusion suction platform with pressure feedback control function and an ureteroscopic suction sheath that can measure the ureteropelvic pressure in implementing lithotripsies.Methods:Fifty-two patients who underwent lithotripsy under intelligent monitoring of ureteral intraluminal pressure from June 2016 to January 2018 were retrospectively recruited.The inclusion standard was stone diameter>1.5 cm but<2.5 cm.After the 12/14 Fr suction sheath was placed,manometer interface and suction interface of the sheath were connected to the platform via the pressure sensor and suction tube,respectively.The ureteroscope was connected to the platform perfusion pump,and the crushed stones were aspirated out under negative pressure.Results:According to the location of the stone,21(40.4%)cases were classified as upper ureteral stones,19(36.5%)were midureteral stones,and 12(23.1%)were lower ureteral stones.Forty-seven patients underwent successful primary sheath placement and lithotripsy with a mean operative time of 34.5(standard deviation 18.3)min.Retrograde stone migration did not occur.There were eight patients with hematuria postoperatively.Serious complication was 1.9% with one case of ureteral perforation.Stone clearance was 95.7% at Day 1e2 postoperatively,and 100% at Day 30 postoperatively.Conclusion:Ureteroscopic lithotripsy with intelligent pressure control using our device improved the efficiency of the lithotripsy and rate of stone clearance.The safety of the operation can be ensured.It is worth popularization and application in clinical practice.

基于BP神经网络的集中供热二次网回水温度预测控制研究

针对集中供热系统二次管网存在的水力失调问题,设计了二次网水力平衡调节及回水温度预测模型,并实施智能控制策略,以实现二次网回水温度的精准控制。首先,构建BP神经网络预测模型,将此模型的输出视为二次网回水温度给定值;其次,在整个系统控制中,实施BP神经网络与PID控制器相结合的策略,进行二次网回水温度的控制。以高邑县某小区换热站数据为基础,通过阶跃响应曲线法建立二次网回水温度控制系统的数学模型,并通过BP-PID控制进行仿真实验。实验结果表明,与传统PID控制器相比,BP-PID控制器具有调节时间短、超调量小的优点,能够快速达到平稳状态。

Operational feasibility study of stagnation pressure reaction control for a mid-caliber non-spinning projectile

Controlled,guided munitions can reduce dispersion in the shot,while providing the capability of engaging both stationary and maneuvering targets.The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research has developed a fin-less control technology called Stagnation Pressure Reaction Control(SPRC)that takes stagnation pressure air and directs it sideways to control non-spinning projectiles.In a previous study,this technology was demonstrated at Mach 2 wind-tunnel conditions to achieve up to 1.5°controllable angle of incidence for a non-spinning,aerodynamically unstable projectile-like test object.In an operational scenario,the decelerating projectile will experience a decline in control force while the simultaneous forward shift of the center of pressure increases the need for control force.Furthermore,angles of incidence exceeding 1.5°will be experienced under realistic flight conditions,especially against maneuvering targets.This work addresses these challenges and presents an operational feasibility study for a practical application of SPRC in a non-spinning mid-caliber gun-launched projectile,using experiment data on control latency and force of the earlier study.It illustrates the combined effect of the control-and stability dynamics and underlines the potential of an SPRC projectile as a precisionoperation ammunition.This research revealed that SPRC technology can stabilize and control the hypothesized projectile in a direct fire scenario against stationary and maneuvering targets.

Pressure control method and device innovative design for deep oil in-situ exploration and coring

Deep oil exploration coring technology cannot accurately maintain the in-situ pressure and temperature of samples, which leads to a distortion of deep oil and gas resource reserve evaluations based on conventional cores and cannot guide the development of deep oil and gas resources on Earth. The fundamental reason is the lack of temperature and pressure control in in-situ coring environments. In this paper, a pressure control method of a coring device is studied. The theory and method of deep intelligent temperature-pressure coupling control are innovatively proposed, and a multifield coupling dynamic sealing model is established. The optimal cardinality three term PID (Proportional-Integral-Differential) intelligent control algorithm of pressure system is developed. The temperature-pressure characteristic of the gas-liquid two-phase cavity is analyzed, and the pressure intelligent control is carried out based on three term PID control algorithms. An in-situ condition-preserved coring (ICP-Coring) device is developed, and an intelligent control system for the temperature and pressure of the coring device is designed and verified by experiments. The results show that the temperature-pressure coupling control system can effectively realize stable sealing under temperature-pressure fields of 140 MPa and 150 °C. The temperature-pressure coupling control method can accurately realize a constant pressure inside the coring device. The maximum working pressure is 140 MPa, and the effective pressure compensation range is 20 MPa. The numerical simulation experiment of pressure system control algorithm is carried out, and the optimal cardinality and three term coefficients are obtained. The pressure steady-state error is less than 0.01%. The method of temperature-pressure coupling control has guiding significance for coring device research, and is also the basis for temperature-pressure decoupling control in ICP-Coring.

Passive Control of Base Pressure in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle with Area Ratio 2.56 at Mach 1.8

In this study,a duct is considered and special attention is paid to a passive method for the control of the base pressure relying on the use of a cavity with a variable aspect ratio.The Mach number considered is 1.8,and the area ratio of the duct is 2.56.In particular,two cavities are examined,their sizes being 3:3 and 6:3.The used L/D spans the interval 1–10 while the NPRs(nozzle pressure ratio)range from 2 to 9.The results show that the control becomes effective once the nozzles are correctly expanded or under-expanded.The pressure contours at different NPR and L/D are presented.It is shown that the NPR and cavity location strongly influence the base pressure.The NPR,Mach number,and cavity aspect ratio have a strong effect on the base pressure in the wake region.

Hygienic and Dietary Measures in Cameroonian Hypertensive Patients Followed at the Douala General Hospital: Knowledge, Compliance and Effect on Blood Pressure Control

Introduction: The management of hypertension is mostly based on pharmacotherapy and hygienic and dietary measures (HDMs) for which little data is available in Cameroon. The concern to improve the quality of life of hypertensive patients led us to study the knowledge, compliance and effect of HDMs among Cameroonian hypertensive patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out at the Douala General Hospital;the census of patients was carried out from 05 March to 10 May 2018. The data evaluated were knowledge and compliance with HDMs with an inference of their effect on blood pressure control. Results: We recruited 330 participants at mean age of 60 ± 11 years, 37.9% men;57.3% with blood pressure (BP) controlled. Out of 330 subjects, 308 (93.3%) who had been educated about dietary health measures for hypertension were assessed on knowledge, compliance and effect of these measures against 22 (6.7%) who had never heard about them. Around 85.7% of participants had good knowledge of HDMs and 78.9% had good compliance with them. There was no statistically significant influence of knowledge and compliance with HDMs on blood pressure control. Conclusion: The level of knowledge and adherence to HDMs of hypertensive patients at the Douala General Hospital was appreciable. It is however appropriate for physicians to intensify patient education on HDMs and BP control.

基于BP神经网络的爆炸用激波管峰值压力预测方法

针对爆炸用激波管缺乏相应的经验公式和数值模拟时效性差的问题,同时为了快速得到激波管内的峰值压力,建立预测爆炸用激波管试验段峰值压力的四层反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络。采用数值模拟方法计算激波管试验段峰值压力,计算结果与激波管爆炸试验结果进行对比,平均相对误差为2.69%。证明激波管数值模型的准确性后,将数值模拟得到的195组激波管测得的峰值压力作为输出层,激波管驱动段TNT的药量、药柱的长径比以及爆炸比例距离作为神经网络的输入层。为了加快神经网络迭代速度和提高预测精度,使用自适应矩估计(adaptive moment estimation,ADAM)算法作为神经网络误差梯度下降的优化算法。结果表明,训练好的神经网络得到的预测结果与模拟值基本吻合,预测结果与数值模拟结果的平均相对误差为3.26%。BP神经网络模型能够反映激波管爆炸的峰值压力与影响因素之间的映射关系,采用BP神经网络模型计算时比数值模拟节约了大量运算时间。

Control of Blood Pressure and Complication Presence in Khartoum State, Sudan

Background: Hypertension is a common chronic disease and an important public health problem. The prevention of complications depends on hypertension control. Aim: To assess blood pressure control, complication presence, and their influencing factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with hypertension attending a private medical facility, a governmental facility, and a primary health care center in Khartoum, Sudan, between September 2022 and February 2023. Statistical Package for Special Sciences version 25 was used for data analysis;frequency and percentage were used to describe the qualitative variables. A chi-square test was used for co-relation analysis;a P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and the confidence interval was 95%. Results: The study included 250 participants;55.6% were males. Their age was 58.77 ± 6.80 years, and they had hypertension for 10.7 ± 8.51 years. The duration of the disease was 10.7 ± 8.51 years. Systolic blood pressure was 127.1 ± 11.3 mm hg, and diastolic blood pressure was 81.6 ± 7.1 mm hg. Of the participants, 76.4% had controlled hypertension, while 27.6% had complications due to hypertension. Controlled blood pressure was associated with females, age group 40 - 60 years, normal waist circumference, and high adherence level (P ≤ 0.05). The presence of complications was associated with males, participants older than 60 years, and a low adherence level (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: In Sudan, the level of control is good;nonetheless, not all patients achieve it. Availability and access to treatment facilities and medications should be improved. Proper patient counseling should be offered, as well as continuous care.

Clinical Analysis of Diabetic Nephropathy Risk Factors and Correlation with Blood Pressure Control

Objective:To explore the risk factors of diabetic nephropathy and its correlation with blood pressure control.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 80 patients with diabetic nephropathy(diabetic nephropathy group)and another 80 patients with diabetes(diabetic group)who were admitted to the Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology at our hospital from October 2021 to October 2022 was conducted.The general data of the two groups were compared,the influencing factors associated with the two groups were analyzed unilaterally,and unconditional dichotomous logistic regression was performed to analyze the influencing factors in patients with diabetic nephropathy.Results:There were no significant differences in high-density lipoprotein,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,and creatinine between the two groups(P>0.05);however,compared with the diabetic group,the DN group had significantly elevated glycated hemoglobin,low-density lipoprotein,24-h urine protein,insulin resistance,and diabetes duration≥10 years(P<0.05).Conclusion:The clinical research on the correlation between the incidence of hypertension and the control of blood pressure in patients with diabetic nephropathy should be strengthened in order to formulate reasonable and feasible treatment plans.

An intelligent control method based on artificial neural network for numerical flight simulation of the basic finner projectile with pitching maneuver

In this paper,an intelligent control method applying on numerical virtual flight is proposed.The proposed algorithm is verified and evaluated by combining with the case of the basic finner projectile model and shows a good application prospect.Firstly,a numerical virtual flight simulation model based on overlapping dynamic mesh technology is constructed.In order to verify the accuracy of the dynamic grid technology and the calculation of unsteady flow,a numerical simulation of the basic finner projectile without control is carried out.The simulation results are in good agreement with the experiment data which shows that the algorithm used in this paper can also be used in the design and evaluation of the intelligent controller in the numerical virtual flight simulation.Secondly,combined with the real-time control requirements of aerodynamic,attitude and displacement parameters of the projectile during the flight process,the numerical simulations of the basic finner projectile’s pitch channel are carried out under the traditional PID(Proportional-Integral-Derivative)control strategy and the intelligent PID control strategy respectively.The intelligent PID controller based on BP(Back Propagation)neural network can realize online learning and self-optimization of control parameters according to the acquired real-time flight parameters.Compared with the traditional PID controller,the concerned control variable overshoot,rise time,transition time and steady state error and other performance indicators have been greatly improved,and the higher the learning efficiency or the inertia coefficient,the faster the system,the larger the overshoot,and the smaller the stability error.The intelligent control method applying on numerical virtual flight is capable of solving the complicated unsteady motion and flow with the intelligent PID control strategy and has a strong promotion to engineering application.