Multiphysics processes in the interfacial transition zone of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites under induced curing pressure and implications for mine backfill materials: A critical review

The mesoscale fiber-matrix interfacial transition zone(FM-ITZ) under induced curing pressure plays a key role in the effectiveness of fiber reinforcement and the engineering application of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites(FRCCs). This critical review establishes the link among induced curing pressure(i.e., external loading condition), multiphysics processes(i.e., internal governing mechanism), and interface behavior(i.e., material behavior) for FRCC materials through analysis of the state-of-the-art research findings on the FM-ITZ of FRCC materials. The following results are obtained. For the mechanical process, the induced curing pressure changes the stress state and enhances multicracking behavior, which can strengthen the FM-ITZ. For the hydraulic process, the strengthened seepage of the FM-ITZ under induced curing pressure weakens the effective stress and exaggerates the deficiency in water retention capacity between the bulk matrix and the FMITZ. For the thermal process, the induced curing pressure causes a steep temperature gradient in the FM-ITZ and thus influences the temperature evolution and thermally-induced microcracks in the FM-ITZ. For the chemical process, the induced curing pressure enhances hydration kinetics and results in the formation of additional hydration products in the FM-ITZ. Moreover, recommendations are proposed on the basis of findings from this review to facilitate the implementation of fiber reinforcement in cemented paste backfill technology.

A Comprehensive Method for the Optimization of Cement Slurry and to Avoid Air Channeling in High Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions

Air channeling in the annulus between the casing and the cement sheath and/or between the cement sheath and formation is the main factor affecting the safe operation of natural gas wells at high temperatures and pressures.Prevention of this problem requires,in general,excellent anti-channeling performances of the cement sheath.Three methods to predict such anti-channeling performances are proposed here,which use the weightless pressure of cement slurry,the permeability of cement stone and the volume expansion rate of cement sheath as input parameters.Guided by this approach,the anti-channeling performances of the cement slurry are evaluated by means of indoor experiments,and the cement slurry is optimized accordingly.The results show that the dangerous transition time of the cement slurry with optimized dosage of admixture is only 76 min,the permeability of cement stone is 0.005 md,the volume shrinkage at final setting is only 0.72%,and the anti-channeling performances are therefore maximized.The effective utilization of the optimized cement slurry in some representative wells(LD10–1-A1 and LD10–1-A2 in LD10–1 gas field)is also discussed.

Field-assisted tunneling enabled pressure-sensitive composites/sensors for smart concrete structures

Spiky spherical nickel powder with sharp nano-tips on its surface is a kind of excellent fillers for developing pressure-sensitive cement-based composites/sensors for traffic detection,structural health monitoring,and border and military security.The sharp nano-tips on the surface of spiky spherical nickel particles can induce field emission and tunneling effects,which leads to the ultrahigh pressure-sensitive responses of the cement-based composites.In this paper,we systematically introduce research on nanotip-induced ultrahigh pressure-sensitive cement-based composites/sensors,with attentions to their pressure-sensitive property and sensing mechanism,pressure-sensitive characteristic model,and smart structure system for traffic detection.

Estimating shear strength of high-level pillars supported with cemented backfilling using the HoekeBrown strength criterion

Deep metal mines are often mined using the high-level pillars with subsequent cementation backfilling(HLSCB)mining method.At the design stage,it is therefore important to have a reasonable method for determining the shear strength of the high-level pillars(i.e.cohesion and internal friction angle)when they are supported by cemented backfilling.In this study,a formula was derived for the upper limit of the confining pressure σ3max on a high-level pillar supported by cemented backfilling in a deep metal mine.A new method of estimating the shear strength of such pillars was then proposed based on the Hoek eBrown failure criterion.Our analysis indicates that the horizontal stress σhh acting on the cemented backfill pillar can be simplified by expressing it as a constant value.A reasonable and effective value for σ3max can then be determined.The value of s3max predicted using the proposed method is generally less than 3 MPa.Within this range,the shear strength of the high-level pillar is accurately calculated using the equivalent MohreCoulomb theory.The proposed method can effectively avoid the calculation of inaccurate shear strength values for the high-level pillars when the original HoekeBrown criterion is used in the presence of large confining pressures,i.e.the situation in which the cohesion value is too large and the friction angle is too small can effectively be avoided.The proposed method is applied to a deep metal mine in China that is being excavated using the HLSCB method.The shear strength parameters of the high-level pillars obtained using the proposed method were input in the numerical simulations.The numerical results show that the recommended level heights and sizes of the high-level pillars and rooms in the mine are rational.

High strain rate compressive strength behavior of cemented paste backfill using split Hopkinson pressure bar

The stability of cemented paste backfill(CPB)is threatened by dynamic disturbance,but the conventional low strain rate laboratory pressure test has difficulty achieving this research purpose.Therefore,a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)was utilized to investigate the high strain rate compressive behavior of CPB with dynamic loads of 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 MPa.And the failure modes were determined by macro and micro analysis.CPB with different cement-to-tailings ratios,solid mass concentrations,and curing ages was prepared to conduct the SHPB test.The results showed that increasing the cement content,tailings content,and curing age can improve the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus.Under an impact load,a higher strain rate can lead to larger increasing times of the dynamic compressive strength when compared with static loading.And the dynamic compressive strength of CPB has an exponential correlation with the strain rate.The macroscopic failure modes indicated that CPB is more seriously damaged under dynamic loading.The local damage was enhanced,and fine cracks were formed in the interior of the CPB.This is because the CPB cannot dissipate the energy of the high strain rate stress wave in a short loading period.

Engineering behaviour of in situ cored deep cement mixed marine deposits subjected to undrained and drained shearing

The deep cement mixing(DCM)is used to improve the capacity and reduce the settlement of the soft ground by forming cemented clay columns.The investigation on the mechanical behaviour of the DCM samples is limited to either laboratory-prepared samples or in-situ samples under unconfined compression.In this study,a series of drained and undrained triaxial shearing tests was performed on the in-situ cored DCM samples with high cement content to assess their mechanical behaviours.It is found that the drainage condition affects significantly the stiffness,peak and residual strengths of the DCM samples,which is mainly due to the state of excess pore water pressure at different strain levels,i.e.being positive before the peak deviatoric stress and negative after the peak deviatoric stress,in the undrained tests.The slope of the failure envelope changes obviously with the confining pressures,being steeper at lower stress levels and flatter at higher stress levels.The strength parameters,effective cohesion and friction angle obtained from lower stress levels(c′0 andφ′0)are 400 kPa and 58°,respectively,which are deemed to be true for design in most DCM applications where the in-situ stress levels are normally at lower values of 50-200 kPa.Additionally,the computed tomography(CT)scanning system was adopted to visualize the internal structures of DCM samples.It is found that the clay pockets existing inside the DCM samples due to uneven mixing affect markedly their stress-strain behaviour,which is one of the main reasons for the high variability of the DCM samples.

Study on moisture performance of cement stabilized gravel under hydrodynamic pressure

The start point in this paper is dynamic load damage caused by hydrodynamic pressure to the inside void of cement stabilized macadam base considering the affect of gradation type,testing time and cracking simulation.Then the moisture damage rule of cement stabilized macadam was investigated in the lab by using the hydrodynamic pressure simulation device and testing system.Test results shows that the cement stabilized macadam with dense framework structure has better moisture-resistant performance than mixtures with suspend-dense structure.And the strength deterioration is just one-third of origin one when crack in base is loaded by hydrodynamic pressure.

Influence of Pressure on the Annealing Process of β-Ca_2SiO_4(C_2S) in Portland Cement

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-speciality grout. Dicalcium silicate （Ca2SiO4） is the primary constituent of a number of different types of cement. The β-Ca2SiO4 phase is metastable at room temperature and will transform into β-Ca2SiO4 at 663K. In this work, Portland cement is annealed at a temperature of 950K under pressures in the range of 0-5.5 CPa. The high pressure experiments are carried out in an apparatus with six anvil tops. The effect of high pressure on the obtaining nano-size β-Ca2SiO4 （C2S） process is investigated by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental results show that the grain size of the C2S decreases with the increase of pressure. The volume fraction of the C2S phase increases with the pressure as the pressure is below 3 CPa, and then decreases （P 〉 3 GPa）. The nano-effect is very important to the stabilization of β-Ca2SiO4. The mechanism for the effects of the high pressure on the annealing process of the Portland cement is also discussed.

A coupled model of temperature and pressure based on hydration kinetics during well cementing in deep water

Considering the complicated interactions between temperature,pressure and hydration reaction of cement,a coupled model of temperature and pressure based on hydration kinetics during deep-water well cementing was established.The differential method was used to do the coupled numerical calculation,and the calculation results were compared with experimental and field data to verify the accuracy of the model.When the interactions between temperature,pressure and hydration reaction are considered,the calculation accuracy of the model proposed is within 5.6%,which can meet the engineering requirements.A series of numerical simulation was conducted to find out the variation pattern of temperature,pressure and hydration degree during the cement curing.The research results show that cement temperature increases dramatically as a result of the heat of cement hydration.With the development of cement gel strength,the pore pressure of cement slurry decreases gradually to even lower than the formation pressure,causing gas channeling;the transient temperature and pressure have an impact on the rate of cement hydration reaction,so cement slurry in the deeper part of wellbore has a higher rate of hydration rate as a result of the high temperature and pressure.For well cementing in deep water regions,the low temperature around seabed would slow the rate of cement hydration and thus prolong the cementing cycle.

Earth pressure coefficient at rest during secondary compression

In order to obtain the earth pressure coefficient at rest (K0) at higher consolidation pressures during secondary compression, a series of K0 tests for saturated reconstituted clay were conducted. The results indicate that the measured K0 in secondary compression can be described by equations related to internal friction angle, secondary compression coefficient, compression index, recompression index, and sediment time. Effects of consolidation pressures and sediment time on K0 during secondary compression can be attributed to cementation (part of cohesion) increase and internal friction angle decrease. Cementation increase leads to nonlinear variation for K0 and internal friction angle decrease results in increase of K0. K0 computed by equations associated with internal friction angle is overestimated at apparent lower consolidation pressures with different sediment time, which agrees with the measured values well at apparent higher consolidation pressures.

Site observations of weathered granitic soils subjected to cementation and partial drainage using SCPTU

Because of the cementation inherited from the parent rock,weathered granitic soil is usually susceptible to disturbance,which poses considerable challenges for laboratory characterization.The cone penetration test with pore pressure measurements has long been known for its reliability in site investigations and stratigraphic profiling.However,although extensive piezocone test results and experience are available for sedimentary soil,similar advances are yet to be made for weathered granitic soil.Moreover,the experience from sedimentary soil may not be directly applicable to weathered profiles because of the essentially different natures of the two types of geomaterials.This study performs seismic piezocone tests in a weathered granitic profile comprising residual granitic soil,completely weathered granite,and highly weathered granite.Pore pressure is measured at both the cone mid-face and the shoulder,and the effects of penetrometer size and penetration rate are considered.A series of updated soil behavior type charts is proposed to interpret the test results,thereby allowing the effect of weathering to be evaluated.This paper offers an important extension to the sparse data on the in situ responses of weathered materials.

基于CSSA-BPNN模型的胶结充填体动态抗压强度预测

充填采矿法二步骤回采时胶结充填体稳定性受爆破扰动而降低。为快速准确地获得充填体动态抗压强度,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)进行了40组不同应变率的单轴冲击实验,以灰砂比、充填体密度、养护龄期和平均应变率作为输入参数,充填体动态抗压强度作为输出参数,建立了一种基于Logistic混沌麻雀搜索算法(CSSA)优化BP神经网络(BPNN)的预测模型,并与传统BPNN和麻雀搜索算法优化的BPNN进行了对比分析。结果表明:CSSA-BPNN模型的平均相对误差为4.11%,预测值与实测值之间拟合的相关系数均在0.96以上,模型预测精度高。CSSA-BPNN模型的均方根误差为0.395 0 MPa,平均绝对误差为0.359 2 MPa,决定系数为0.995 2,均优于另外两种预测模型。实现了对充填体动态抗压强度的准确预测,可大幅减小物理实验量,为矿山胶结充填体的强度设计提供了一种新方法。

深井固井水泥浆凝固阶段的传压效率时变规律

随着油气井向深层超深层发展,地质条件愈加复杂,开采难度越来越大,尤其是高温高压、窄压力窗口地层是固井工程面临的突出难题。深层超深层压力敏感地层固井过程中,精确控制水泥浆柱压力是保障固井安全与水泥环层间封隔质量的关键。为探究凝固阶段水泥浆的失重规律和传压能力,建立了固井水泥浆静液柱压力评价装置和水泥浆传压效率评价方法,结合微量热仪和超声波静胶凝强度仪,测试了水泥浆水化过程不同厚度水泥浆的水化速率和静胶凝强度,最后分析了水泥浆失重和传压效率的时变规律。研究结果表明:①沉降稳定性良好的水泥浆体系,凝固阶段可根据其水化进程将失重分为水化诱导期的平稳阶段和水化加速期的快速降低阶段;②在水化诱导期内,悬浮分散结构的水泥浆静胶凝强度缓慢发展,其失重速率随厚度降低而加快,遵循胶凝悬挂理论,且该阶段液态水泥浆可高效、快速传递顶部压力,传压效率超过95%;③在水化加速期内,水泥浆变为凝胶网架结构,水化产物增强凝胶网架的强度及其与外界面胶结强度,转移固相重力和上部加压值至外界面,降低水泥浆静液柱压力和传压效率,最终使水泥浆丧失传压能力。结论认为,该规律认识可为压力敏感地层固井憋压候凝工艺的高效实施提供实验和理论支撑,为深层超深层油气的高效开发奠定坚实基础。

高海拔地区低温成型磷酸镁水泥砂浆力学与抗冻性能

磷酸镁水泥(MPC)砂浆因其低温下卓越的强度发展潜力和免于蓄热保湿养护的特性,特别适用于高寒地区破损混凝土结构的修补工作。研究采用现场试验的办法,以成型温度、镁磷质量比、养护制度为变量,跟踪不同龄期下不同条件的磷酸镁水泥砂浆的抗折与抗压强度,厘清了高海拔地区低温成型磷酸镁水泥砂浆力学性能的发展规律。研究又以成型海拔、成型温度、镁磷质量比为变量,以气泡结构和水饱和度为中间指标,以单面盐冻中质量剥蚀和快速冻融循环中相对质量及相对动弹性模量的变化为直接指标,剖析了高海拔地区低温成型磷酸镁水泥砂浆抗冻性能的影响因素。研究结果表明,自然养护相较恒定低温养护对早期强度发展有利,但对后期强度发展有不良影响。低温环境下成型有利于自然养护的磷酸镁水泥砂浆的后期强度。成型海拔、成型温度和镁磷质量比与砂浆的含气量呈负相关,与砂浆的气泡间距系数和水饱和度呈正相关。试验条件下,这三个变量的值越小,砂浆的抗冻性越好。-10℃成型,镁磷质量比为4对砂浆强度最有利;而-10℃成型,镁磷质量比为3对砂浆抗冻性最有利。这些研究成果为高寒地区磷酸镁水泥砂浆的工程应用提供了技术建议与理论支持。

低压养护下低热水泥混凝土的性能研究

研究了不同养护(低压养护、标准养护)条件下掺不同品种水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥OPC、低热水泥LHPC)混凝土的性能,分析了LHPC混凝土的孔结构对其性能的影响。结果表明:相同养护条件下,LHPC混凝土的后期抗压强度高于OPC混凝土;低压养护条件下,LHPC的放热量远低于OPC,LHPC可以持续进行水化,对低压环境的适应性更好,LHPC混凝土的孔结构更加致密,LHPC混凝土的耐久性能更好;混凝土的耐久性能与孔结构呈线性关系,且耐久性能随着孔结构的劣化而降低。

基于BP神经网络的胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系预测

在前期宏观试验基础之上,采用离散元模拟和BP神经网络相结合的方法获取不同胶凝材料掺量和围压下胶结砂砾石的应力-应变关系。根据前期胶凝材料掺量分别为20、40、60、80、100 kg/m3的胶结砂砾石三轴排水剪切试验结果,开展离散元数值模拟。以试验数据为学习样本,开展BP神经网络模型训练,预测胶凝材料掺量分别为30、50、70、90 kg/m3的胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系,并将预测结果和离散元模拟结果进行对比。研究结果表明,BP神经网络能够实现胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系的预测,并在较低围压下具有较好的精度。

低气压对水泥基材料性能及水化进程的影响

采用强度试验、X射线衍射仪和综合热分析仪等手段,研究了低气压对水泥基材料性能及水化进程的影响.结果表明:低养护气压延缓了水泥水化进程,水化产物生成量减小,且养护气压越低,影响效果越显著,3~7 d龄期时出现明显的水化平台期;低养护气压下水泥基材料孔隙结构劣化,凝胶孔占比增长幅度最大;养护气压越低,水泥基材料吸水速率越快,吸水量越大;水泥基材料的吸水量、吸水速率及相对吸水率均随着环境气压的降低明显减小.

钛石膏不同方法制备的Ⅱ型硬石膏对硫铝酸盐水泥性能影响

目的为促进工业固废钛石膏资源再利用,了解硬石膏对硫铝酸盐水泥熟料性能的影响,方法以钛石膏为原料,采用加压水热法和酸浸法合成Ⅱ型硬石膏,研究不同方法合成的硬石膏对硫铝酸盐水泥熟料性能的影响。结果加压水热法和酸浸法合成的硬石膏因合成方法不同,对粒径、形貌、孔隙和表面积等微观性能影响也不同;在硫铝酸盐水泥熟料中添加不同方法合成的硬石膏或天然硬石膏,且不同种类的硬石膏掺量为15%时,硫铝酸盐水泥熟料的抗压强度均达到最大值;随着养护时间延长,硫铝酸盐水泥熟料的抗压强度均明显提高;与掺入天然硬石膏相比,掺入酸浸法合成硬石膏的抗压强度较低,但在硬石膏相同掺量和相同水化时间下,掺入加压水热法合成的硬石膏的硫铝酸盐水泥熟料的抗压强度均高于掺入其他两种硬石膏的。结论加压水热法合成硬石膏在水泥熟料中应用前景广阔,是钛石膏再利用的重要途径。

控压固井注入阶段流体密度和流变性分段预测方法

为解决控压固井注入阶段入井流体密度及流变性预测难的问题,设计了流体密度和流变性测量试验,基于试验结果优选了流变模式,建立了考虑不同流体性能差异的温压耦合模型,提出了流体密度和流变参数的分段预测方法。以川北地区X井为例进行了模拟计算,模拟结果表明:采用分段方法可将赫巴模式、四参数模式等多种流变模式作为优选对象,能更精确地描述流体的流变性;控压固井注入阶段采用常规计算方法,井口回压值偏低,大大增加了地层气侵风险,且不同方法预测的环空温度场相差不大;温度和压力的耦合作用对于流体密度和流变性及其变化规律的影响较大,也会对环空浆柱结构的设计及固井施工效果产生重要影响。研究结果为控压固井设计施工提供了理论依据。

控压固井注入阶段井筒压力预测模型

控压固井技术在应对窄密度窗口地层固井难题时具有显著优势,但目前对注入阶段井筒压力的预测模型研究较少。结合控压固井的工艺流程,将注入阶段分为4个环节。基于流变学理论、井筒传热学理论和压力场理论,考虑注入阶段多流体间流变性能的差异,建立了温度-压力-流体性能参数耦合模型,并采用四循环迭代方法进行求解。以X井的控压固井参数为例进行了模拟计算,预测结果误差较小。对控压期间井筒的温度场、压力场和环空ECD进行了分析,研究结果表明,温度场在不同时间段对井口回压的影响规律不同,当环空流体结构为多液柱结构时,井口回压对温度的敏感性较小;井筒压力变化规律受流体位置的分布影响较大;在其他条件不变的情况下,提高注入排量会增加作业密度窗口,但环空最大ECD基本不变。根据研究结果提出了对应的改进思路,以便对控压参数进行更好地设计。