Effect of dynamic loading conditions on the dynamic performance of MP1 energy-absorbing rockbolts:Insight from laboratory drop test

Energy-absorbing rockbolts have been widely adopted in burst-prone excavation support, and their serviceability is closely related to the frequency and magnitude of seismic events. In this research, the splittube drop test with varying impact energy was conducted to reproduce the dynamic performance of MP1rockbolts under a wide range of seismic event magnitudes. The test results showed that the impact process could be subdivided into four distinct stages, i.e. mobilization, strain hardening, plastic flow(ductile), and rebound stage, of which strain hardening and plastic flow are the primary energy absorbing stages. As the impact energy per drop increases from 8.1 to 46.7 k J, the strain rate of the shank varies between 1.20 and 2.70 s^(-1), and the average impact load is between 240 and 270kN, which may be considered as constant. The MP1 rockbolt has a cumulative maximum energy absorption(CMEA) of 31.9–40.0 k J/m, with an average of 35.0 k J/m, and the elongation rate is 11.4%–14.7%, with an average of 12.7%, both of which are negatively correlated with the impact energy per drop. Regression analysis shows that energy absorption and shank elongation, as well as momentum input and impact duration,conform to the linear relationship. The complete dynamic capacity envelope of MP1 rockbolts is proposed, which reflects the dynamic bearing capacity, elongation, and distinct stages. This study is helpful to better understand the dynamic characteristics of energy-absorbing rockbolts and assist design engineers in robust reinforcement systems design to mitigate rockburst damage in seismically active underground excavations.

Propagation Characteristics of Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Grouted Rockbolt Systems with Bond Defects under Different Confining Conditions

A rockbolt acting in the rock mass is subjected to the combined action of the pull-out load and confining pressure, and the bond quality of the rockbolt directly affects the stability of the roadway and cavern. Therefore, in this study, confining pressure and pull-out load are applied to grouted rockbolt systems with bond defects by a numerical simulation method, and the rockbolt is detected by ultrasonic guided waves to study the propagation law of ultrasonic guided waves in defective rockbolt systems and the bond quality of rockbolts under the combined action of pull-out load and confining pressure. The numerical simulation results show that the length and location of bond defects can be detected by ultrasonic guided waves under the combined action of pull-out load and confining pressure. Under no pull-out load, with increasing confining pressure, the low-frequency part of the guided wave frequency in the rockbolt increases, the high-frequency part decreases, the weakening effect of the confining pressure on the guided wave propagation law increases, and the bond quality of the rockbolt increases. The existence of defects cannot change the strengthening effect of the confining pressure on the guided wave propagation law under the same pull-out load or the weakening effect of the pull-out load on the guided wave propagation law under the same confining pressure.

Analysis of the interaction between bolt-reinforced rock and surface support in tunnels based on convergence-confinement method

To investigate the interaction of the bolt-reinforced rock and the surface support,an analytical model of the convergence-confinement type is proposed,considering the sequential installation of the fully grouted rockbolts and the surface support.The rock mass is assumed to be elastic-brittle-plastic material,obeying the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion or the non-linear Hoek-Brown criterion.According to the strain states of the tunnel wall at bolt and surface support installation and the relative magnitude between the bolt length and the plastic depth during the whole process,six cases are categorized upon solving the problem.Each case is divided into three stages due to the different effects of the active rockbolts and the passive surface support.The fictitious pressure is introduced to quantify the threedimensional(3D)effect of the tunnel face,and thus,the actual physical location along the tunnel axis of the analytical section can be considered.By using the bolt-rock strain compatibility and the rocksurface support displacement compatibility conditions,the solutions of longitudinal tunnel displacement and the reaction pressure of surface support along the tunnel axis are obtained.The proposed analytical solutions are validated by a series of 3D numerical simulations.Extensive parametric studies are conducted to examine the effect of the typical parameters of rockbolts and surface support on the tunnel displacement and the reaction pressure of the surface support under different rock conditions.The results show that the rockbolts are more effective in controlling the tunnel displacement than the surface support,which should be installed as soon as possible with a suitable length.For tunnels excavated in weak rocks or with restricted displacement control requirements,the surface support should also be installed or closed timely with a certain stiffness.The proposed method provides a convenient alternative approach for the optimization of rockbolts and surface support at the preliminary stage of tunnel design.

Principles of rockbolting design

This article introduces the principles of underground rockbolting design.The items discussed include underground loading conditions,natural pressure zone around an underground opening,design methodologies,selection of rockbolt types,determination of bolt length and spacing,factor of safety,and compatibility between support elements.Different types of rockbolting used in engineering practise are also presented.The traditional principle of selecting strong rockbolts is valid only in conditions of low in situ stresses in the rock mass.Energy-absorbing rockbolts are preferred in the case of high in situ stresses.A natural pressure arch is formed in the rock at a certain distance behind the tunnel wall.Rockbolts should be long enough to reach the natural pressure arch when the failure zone is small.The bolt length should be at least 1 m beyond the failure zone.In the case of a vast failure zone,tightly spaced short rockbolts are installed to establish an artificial pressure arch within the failure zone and long cables are anchored on the natural pressure arch.In this case,the rockbolts are usually less than 3 m long in mine drifts,but can be up to 7 m in large-scale rock caverns.Bolt spacing is more important than bolt length in the case of establishing an artificial pressure arch.In addition to the factor of safety,the maximum allowable displacement in the tunnel and the ultimate displacement capacity of rockbolts must be also taken into account in the design.Finally,rockbolts should be compatible with other support elements in the same support system in terms of displacement and energy absorption capacities.

A review on the performance of conventional and energy-absorbing rockbolts

This is a review paper on the performances of both conventional and energy-absorbing rockbolts manifested in laboratory tests. Characteristic parameters such as ultimate load, displacement and energy absorption are reported, in addition to load-displacement graphs for every type of rockbolt. Conventional rockbolts refer to mechanical rockbolts, fully-grouted rebars and frictional rockbolts. According to the test results, under static pull loading a mechanical rockbolt usually fails at the plate; a fully-grouted rebar bolt fails in the bolt shank at an ultimate load equal to the strength of the steel after a small amount of displacement; and a frictional rockbolt is subjected to large displacement at a low yield load. Under shear loading, all types of bolts fail in the shank. Energy-absorbing rockbolts are developed aiming to combat instability problems in burst-prone and squeezing rock conditions. They absorb deformation energy either through ploughing/slippage at predefined load levels or through stretching of the steel bolt. An energy-absorbing rockbolt can carry a high load and also accommodate significant rock displacement, and thus its energy-absorbing capacity is high. The test results show that the energy absorption of the energy-absorbing bolts is much larger than that of all conventional bolts. The dynamic load capacity is smaller than the static load capacity for the energy-absorbing bolts displacing based on ploughing/slippage while they are approximately the same for the D-Bolt that displaces based on steel stretching.

Partially decoupling and collar bonding of the encapsulated rebar rockbolts to improve their performance in seismic prone deep underground excavations

Rockbolt is widely employed all over the world as an effective ground reinforcement element in order to secure the underground workplaces.Ordinary encapsulated rebar or rebar rockbolt is most popular and commonly used as reinforcement in a ground support system because of its accessibility,cost effectiveness and easy practicability.Reinforcement elements in a seismic condition such as rock burst have to dissipate the energy release of the dynamic impact via their deformation and ultimate load capacity,knowing that the former is more important.In other words,achieving early stiff behaviour along with large deformation capacity in rockbolts are the goals for new development in rock reinforcement.Yielding rockbolts are expensive while some of them have large deformation capability with low ultimate load capacity.In this paper,modifications were made on encapsulation of rebar rockbolts to utilise it effectively as a yielding reinforcement in seismic conditions.Applying a sufficient decoupled length in the shank of rebar rockbolts which industry has regularly been using to control the bulking of the stress fractured ground,improves the deformation capacity of the bolt.Additionally,leaving a collar bonding underneath of the bearing pad and plate removes the weaknesses of the head anchorage of rockbolt.Therefore the dynamic performance of the bolt is improved by these easily applicable modifications.The behaviour and performance of encapsulated rockbolts have been discussed first,then the effects of modifications are illustrated.The proposed modification of the rebars is not only cost effective but also easy to apply in the field and improves the performance of reinforcements in seismic prone zones.

Modeling of grout crack of rockbolt grouted system

This paper presents a numerical study on the pullout behavior of the rockbolt grouted system. Among the complicated failure modes of the rockbolt grouted system, the crack of the grout is concerned here. A trilinear cohesive zone model(CZM) is used to simulate the interfacial behavior of rockbolt–grout interface;and a plastic damaged model is adopted for the grout materials. The feasibility of the numerical method is verified by comparing the calculated results with the test observations. The numerical results indicate that two types of cracks of the grout materials can be identified as the inclined crack and the horizontal crack. The inclined crack forms firstly and then the horizontal crack. Both cracks can reduce the interfacial shear stress and thus reduce the load transfer efficiency. Further analysis indicates that the crack of the gout material can induce the obvious drops of load capacity, which is not a safe failure mode. This study leads to a better understanding of the mechanism for rockbolt grouted system.

Filtering detecting signal of rockbolt with harmonic wavelet

Harmonic wavelets not only possess the traditional advantages of a wavelet function,they also have other merits such as clear expressions,more flexible time-frequency divisions,a simple transformation algorithm,a finer box-like frequency spectrum and others.Given the frequency distribution characteristics of the nondestructive testing signals from a rockbolt support system and based on the discrete harmonic wavelet transformation theory,we have effectively abstracted signals from frequency ranges concerned by removing useless high and low frequency signals from the testing signals of the rockbolt support system and obtained filtered signals with a reconstruction algorithm of harmonic wavelets.Finally,we applied the harmonic wavelet transformation in filtering analog signals and measured response signals of rockbolts.The results indicate that harmonic wavelets also have excellent filtering characteristics.

An analytical analysis for the mechanical performance of fully-grouted rockbolts based on the exponential softening model

This paper presented a novel bond-slip model to better reveal the mechanical behavior of the bolt-grout interface for fully-grouted rockbolts under tensile loads by considering the non-linear response in the softening stage.The exponential decay function is adopted for describing the non-linear response in the softening stage.Based on the improved bond-slip model,the corresponding analytical solutions for the interfacial shear stress and the axial force of the bolt under different loading stages are solved.Then,the validity of this proposed model was verified by comparing with the experimental results.The results show that compared with the linear softening model,the proposed model is more suitable for predicting the mechanical performance of fully-grouted rockbolts.Finally,a series of parametric studies are conducted to explore the effect of model parameters on the mechanical properties of fully-grouted rockbolts.The results indicate that compared with the anchor length,the bolt diameter and the bond strength of the bolt-grout interface have a significance influence on the ultimate load of bolt,especially for the elastic and softening stage.Moreover,it can be found that using the linear softening model maybe overestimates the supporting performance of grouted bolt,resulting in an unsafe design for bolt.

Performance of identical rockbolts tested on four dynamic testing rigs employing the direct impact method

Impact drop tests are routinely used to examine the dynamic performance of rockbolts.Numerous impact tests have been carried out in the past decades on independently designed,constructed and operated testing rigs.Each laboratory has developed testing procedures;thus,the results are often reported in different ways by various laboratories.The inconsistency in testing procedures and reporting formats presents a challenge when comparing results from different laboratories.A series of impact tests of identical rockbolts was carried out using the direct impact method(i.e.the mass free-fall method)on the rigs in four laboratories in different countries.The purpose of these tests was to investigate the level of consistency in the results from the four rigs.Each rig demonstrated a high level of repeatability,but differences existed between the various rigs.The differences would suggest that there is noticeable equipment-dependent bias when test results obtained from different laboratories are compared.It was also observed that the energy dissipated for the plastic displacement of the bolt was smaller than the impact energy in the tests.The average impact load(AIL)and the ultimate plastic displacement(D)of the bolt describe the ultimate dynamic performance of the bolt.In the case where the bolt does not rupture,the specific plastic energy(SPE)is an appropriate parameter in describing the impact performance of the bolt.Two other relevant parameters are the first peak load(FPL)and the initial stiffness(K)of the bolt sample.The information from this test series will guide the formulation of standardised testing procedures for dynamic impact tests of rockbolts.

Analytical analysis of pullout resistance of the hydraulic expansion rockbolts on a frictionally coupled model

This paper proposes an empirical formula to estimate the shear strength of hydraulic expansion rockbolts.The field experimental results were obtained from eleven pullout tests to evaluate the results computed by the proposed formula.It was found that shear resistance of hydraulic expansion rockbolts significantly depends on the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of rock,with high correlation coefficients of 0.7651 and0.8587,respectively.The developed formula enables estimation of the maximum pullout load in an analytical process without pullout tests in the field.Conversely,due to the poor interlocking at the initial pullout load,the measured displacements were higher than the estimated ones.To reduce the interlocking effects between bolt and rock,we recommend preloading of 29.4 kN.Preload allows reducing the distance between the measured and estimated displacement and making two load-displacement curves practically identical with marginal differences of 1.1 to 1.5 mm at the maximum pullout load.

Evaluation of the performance of yielding rockbolts during rockbursts using numerical modeling method

Rockburst;Rockburst damage;Yielding rockbolt;Numerical modeling;UDEC;Underground miningThe assessment of yielding rockbolt performance during rockbursts with actual seismic loading is essential for rock-burst supporting designs.In this paper,two types of yielding rockbolts(D-bolt and Roofex)and the fully resin-grouted rebar bolt are modeled via the"rockbolt"element in universal distinct element code(UDEC)after an exact calibration procedure.A two-dimensional(2D)model of a deep tunnel is built to fully evaluate the performance(e.g.,capacity of energy-absorption and control of rock damage)of yielding and traditional rockbolts based on the simulated rockbursts.The influence of different rockburst magnitudes is also studied.The results suggest that the D-bolt can effectively control and mitigate rockburst damage during a weak rockburst because of its high strength and deformation capacity.The Roofex is too"soft"or"smooth"to limit the movement of ejected rocks and restrain the large deformation,although it has an excellent deformation capacity.The resin-grouted rebar bolt can maintain a high axial force level during rockbursts but is easy to break during dynamic shocks,which fails to control rapid rock bulking or ejection.Three types of rockbolts cannot control the large deformation and mitigate rockburst damage effectively during violent rockbursts.The rockburst damage severity can be significantly reduced by additional support with cable bolts.This study highlights the effectiveness of numerical modeling methods in assessing the complex performance of yielding rockbolts during rockbursts,which can provide some references to improve and optimize the design of rock supporting in burst-prone grounds.

Experimental and numerical evaluation on debonding of fully grouted rockbolt under pull‑out loading

The axial loading in rockbolts changes due to stress redistribution and rheology in the country rock mass.Such a change may lead to debonding at rockbolt to grout interface or rupture of the rockbolt.In this study,based on laboratory experiments,ultrasonic guided wave propagation in fully grouted rockbolt under different pull-out loads was investigated in order to examine the resultant debonding of rockbolt.The signals obtained from the ultrasonic monitoring during the pull-out test were processed using wavelet multi-scale analysis and frequency spectrum analysis,the signal amplitude and the amplitude ratio(Q)of low frequency to high frequency were defined to quantify the debonding of rockbolt.In addition to the laboratory test,numerical simulation on the effect of the embedment lengths on ultrasonic guided wave propagation in rockbolt was conducted by using a damage-based model,and the debonding between rockbolt and cement mortar was numerically examined.It was confirmed that the ultrasonic guided wave propagation in rockbolt was very sensitive to the debonding because of pull-out load,therefore,the critical bond length could be calculated based on the propagation of guided wave in the grouted rockbolt.In time domain,the signal amplitude in rockbolt increased with pull-out load from 0 to 100 kN until the completely debonding,thus quantifying the debonding under the different pull-out loads.In the frequency domain,as the Q value increased,the debonding length of rockbolt decreased exponentially.The numerical results confirmed that the guided wave propagation in the fully grouted rockbolt was effective in detecting and quantifying the debonding of rockbolt under pull-out load.

巷道群应力场演化特征与支护技术研究

为探究巷道群开挖应力场演化特征,以杜儿坪煤矿南九盘区巷道群为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法研究巷道群分步开挖方式下垂直应力分布特征,结果发现巷道煤柱侧应力集中强度高于实体煤侧,应力峰值位置与巷帮水平距离煤柱侧大于实体煤侧,煤柱宽度影响应力集中强度,煤柱宽度增大则应力集中强度减弱,巷道群开挖处于高应力集中区,巷道支护设计需考虑足够富裕系数。为开发巷道适应性支护技术,采用现场实测方法测量了地应力、围岩强度及结构等基础参数,结果表明:地应力为中等水平,形成以水平应力为主的构造应力场,巷道群开拓方位朝向有利于地应力方向延伸,地应力大小及方向对巷道围岩稳定影响较小;巷道顶板为由砂质泥岩和薄煤线组成的厚度变化不定的复合煤岩顶板,煤岩体强度大小因裂隙发育而剧烈波动不稳定,控制巷道浅部易离层冒落复合煤岩顶板至关重要。基于巷道群应力场分布规律和围岩地质力学评估结论,确定胶带巷采用预应力锚杆锚索支护技术,并提出详细支护方案和支护参数,现场试验取得良好效果,顶底板最大位移87 mm,两帮最大位移81 mm,为煤矿巷道群开挖支护提供了有益指导。

大同矿区回采巷道覆岩稳定性分类及支护参数优化

为了规范和优化大同矿区巷道支护设计,以大同矿区典型生产矿井为研究对象,采集了80个具有代表性的矿井地质钻孔参数,采用理论分析的方法对覆岩结构特征进行分类,基于大同矿区的覆岩结构特征,提出了以覆岩结构指数为主要指标的巷道顶板稳定性分类方法,并采用数值模拟方法对大同矿区地质条件下锚杆、锚索的联合支护特征进行研究。结果表明:在预应力一定的条件下,当锚杆和锚索长度超出其有效长度后其自由端和锚固端压应力区趋于分离;在锚杆、锚索拉应力允许范围内,提高预紧力有助于提升其锚固效果;锚杆、锚索的联合支护使巷道浅部和深部围岩形成连续的压应力区,有利于巷道稳定。基于巷道围岩稳定性分类和锚杆、锚索支护机理,对大同矿区回采巷道支护参数进行规范和优化,并在大同矿区塔山、同忻、燕子山等多座矿井推广应用,社会经济效益显著。

窄煤柱沿空掘巷围岩稳定协同控制技术研究与应用

为提升矿井采掘接续能力、实现煤炭资源的精采细采,改变以往留设大煤柱导致回采率低的现状,以石槽村煤矿211203工作面回风巷为工程背景,在研究综采工作面采动矿压显现规律基础上,对比分析了巷道3种布置方式的优缺点,提出上覆岩层协同控制系统,分析窄煤柱沿空巷道围岩结构体系各组成元素对上覆岩层的协同控制作用,给出了沿空掘巷围岩控制方法,具体优化方法为:(1)确定窄煤柱合理留设宽度使新掘巷道处于最佳应力环境以确保煤柱稳定性;(2)应用钻孔卸压技术、“三高”锚杆(索)支护技术增强巷道围岩自身承载能力。结合现有支护经验和具体地质条件,设计了211203综采工作面回采巷道围岩变形控制具体支护方案,重点控制煤柱三角区域、肩窝、底角等薄弱部位的稳定。应用表明现场支护效果较好,能满足巷道使用要求。

裂隙与持续荷载影响下砂浆锚杆腐蚀退化的试验研究

锚杆是岩土工程中应用最广泛的锚固结构之一。锚杆腐蚀严重影响锚固结构的长期使用性能,导致锚固工程过早失效破坏。砂浆锚杆的腐蚀退化机理尚不完全清楚,特别是考虑到岩体的天然裂隙和锚杆所受到的持续荷载作用。本文考虑天然裂隙和持续荷载,开展了锚杆腐蚀退化综合试验研究。对不同位置裂隙的混凝土-砂浆-锚杆试件进行了腐蚀试验。采用可施加持续应力装置对锚杆施加连续的轴向载荷,并采用电化学方法加速锚杆腐蚀。通过对不同腐蚀时间的锚杆进行拔出试验,得到了腐蚀试件的黏结滑移关系。进一步讨论了天然裂隙和连续荷载对锚杆腐蚀特性、腐蚀机理和黏结性能退化的影响。结果表明,锚杆腐蚀显著降低了砂浆锚杆的黏结强度和临界滑移长度。腐蚀程度为3.45%~4.98%的锚杆黏结强度较腐蚀前下降39.5%~65.8%。锚杆在天然裂隙附近更容易发生局部腐蚀。天然断裂越靠近加载端,腐蚀引起的黏结强度退化越严重。轴向载荷越大,腐蚀退化越明显。本研究解释了砂浆锚杆在裂隙岩体中的腐蚀退化机制,为锚杆支护耐久性设计提供了参考。

条带充填开采支巷快速掘进支护技术

以山西三元煤矿1#充填工作面的具体工程地质特征及生产技术条件为背景,在保证巷道安全稳定的前提下,提出一种能够科学匹配沿空掘巷围岩现场实际变形破坏的新型支护理念与关键技术。结果表明:巷道掘出后围岩塑性区主要分布于巷道两帮及顶底板,巷道两帮的破坏主要是剪切破坏,顶板处几乎没有塑性区的分布,底板塑性区分布较广泛,导致破碎岩层发生比较强烈的扩容变形,从而进一步加剧了帮部围岩和巷道肩窝的破坏变形。根据锚杆锚索长度计算原理图,并结合1#充填工作面顺槽巷道掘出后扰动应力分布曲线图,最终确定锚杆锚索参数。

采用地基加固用高强钢管的SP-锚杆和SP-土钉

锚杆是隧道的关键支护构件。POSCO集团与韩国材料公司共同开发了SP-锚杆和SP-土钉等钢建材产品,这两类产品均采用了屈服强度800 MPa的钢管,其重量相当于普通锚杆的50%,强度则提高了2倍以上,不仅利于施工,在安装后还可以最大程度地提高安全性,大大降低了安全事故的风险。另外,通过中空钢管向内部灌注砂浆,加固效果更为理想。

基于实际边坡工程的格构梁锚杆二次加固设计分析

随着中国公路建设的高速发展,边坡稳定问题日渐突出,对现状边坡支护结构失效后的边坡加固设计需求日益增加。该文通过介绍边坡加固工程的应用现状,描述格构式锚杆护坡的优点及不足,分析格构梁及锚杆失效的原因,结合工程实例,详细论述了在原有格构式锚杆护坡失效后的五种边坡二次加固措施,其中的锚固措施不仅安全有效,对边坡扰动较小,且施工相对容易,可为日后边坡加固设计提供参考。