Process heating constitutes a significant share of final energy consumption in the industrial sector around the world.In this paper,a high-temperature heat pump(HTHP)using flash tank vapor injection technology(FTVI)is...Process heating constitutes a significant share of final energy consumption in the industrial sector around the world.In this paper,a high-temperature heat pump(HTHP)using flash tank vapor injection technology(FTVI)is proposed to develop low-temperature geothermal source for industrial process heating with temperature above 100°C.With heat sink output temperatures between 120°C and 150°C,the thermo-economic performance of the FTVI HTHP system using R1234ze(Z)as refrigerant is analyzed and also compared to the single-stage vapor compression(SSVC)system by employing the developed mathematical model.The coefficient of performance(COP),exergy efficiency(ηexe),net present value(NPV)and payback period(PBP)are used as performance indicators.The results show that under the typical working conditions,the COP andηexe of FTVI HTHP system are 3.00 and 59.66%,respectively,and the corresponding NPV and PBP reach 8.13×106 CNY and 4.13 years,respectively.Under the high-temperature heating conditions,the thermo-economic performance of the FTVI HTHP system is significantly better than that of the SSVC system,and the larger the temperature lift,the greater the thermo-economic advantage of the FTVI HTHP system.Additionally,the FTVI HTHP system is more capable than the SSVC system in absorbing the financial risks associated with changes of electricity price and natural gas price.展开更多
Flash boiling atomization(FBA)is a promising approach for enhancing spray atomization,which can generate a fine and more evenly distributed spray by increasing the fuel injection temperature or reducing the ambient pr...Flash boiling atomization(FBA)is a promising approach for enhancing spray atomization,which can generate a fine and more evenly distributed spray by increasing the fuel injection temperature or reducing the ambient pressure.However,when the outlet speed of the nozzle exceeds 400 m/s,investigating high-speed flash boiling atomization(HFBA)becomes quite challenging.This difficulty arises fromthe involvement ofmany complex physical processes and the requirement for a very fine mesh in numerical simulations.In this study,an HFBA model for gasoline direct injection(GDI)is established.This model incorporates primary and secondary atomization,as well as vaporization and boilingmodels,to describe the development process of the flash boiling spray.Compared to lowspeed FBA,these physical processes significantly impact HFBA.In this model,the Eulerian description is utilized for modeling the gas,and the Lagrangian description is applied to model the droplets,which effectively captures the movement of the droplets and avoids excessive mesh in the Eulerian coordinates.Under various conditions,numerical solutions of the Sauter mean diameter(SMD)for GDI show good agreement with experimental data,validating the proposed model’s performance.Simulations based on this HFBA model investigate the influences of fuel injection temperature and ambient pressure on the atomization process.Numerical analyses of the velocity field,temperature field,vapor mass fraction distribution,particle size distribution,and spray penetration length under different superheat degrees reveal that high injection temperature or low ambient pressure significantly affects the formation of small and dispersed droplet distribution.This effect is conducive to the refinement of spray particles and enhances atomization.展开更多
为深入研究多孔高压汽油直喷(gasoline direct injection,GDI)喷射器在冷喷射和闪蒸条件下的喷雾特性,选用GDI喷油器,自制高压喷油控制系统,搭建了喷雾定容室试验平台,对3种典型闪蒸条件下的喷雾特性进行了燃油喷射过程实时控制试验,研...为深入研究多孔高压汽油直喷(gasoline direct injection,GDI)喷射器在冷喷射和闪蒸条件下的喷雾特性,选用GDI喷油器,自制高压喷油控制系统,搭建了喷雾定容室试验平台,对3种典型闪蒸条件下的喷雾特性进行了燃油喷射过程实时控制试验,研究了不同喷射压力下乙醇汽油闪蒸喷雾的二维宏观形态和三维空间结构的演变特征。结果表明:闪蒸喷雾的结构主要由环境压力和燃油温度决定;较低的大气压力与较高的燃料温度都会加速闪蒸过程;较高的喷射压力使喷射过程更快、喷雾穿透延长、坍塌程度降低,较低的喷射压力使喷射过程的尖端穿透力较高。得出结论:通过揭示多孔GDI喷射器的闪蒸喷雾的形成规律,可为改善车用发动机性能提供技术参考。展开更多
基金supported by the Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutralization Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund of Jiangsu Province,China(No.BE2022859)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.2021A1515011763).
文摘Process heating constitutes a significant share of final energy consumption in the industrial sector around the world.In this paper,a high-temperature heat pump(HTHP)using flash tank vapor injection technology(FTVI)is proposed to develop low-temperature geothermal source for industrial process heating with temperature above 100°C.With heat sink output temperatures between 120°C and 150°C,the thermo-economic performance of the FTVI HTHP system using R1234ze(Z)as refrigerant is analyzed and also compared to the single-stage vapor compression(SSVC)system by employing the developed mathematical model.The coefficient of performance(COP),exergy efficiency(ηexe),net present value(NPV)and payback period(PBP)are used as performance indicators.The results show that under the typical working conditions,the COP andηexe of FTVI HTHP system are 3.00 and 59.66%,respectively,and the corresponding NPV and PBP reach 8.13×106 CNY and 4.13 years,respectively.Under the high-temperature heating conditions,the thermo-economic performance of the FTVI HTHP system is significantly better than that of the SSVC system,and the larger the temperature lift,the greater the thermo-economic advantage of the FTVI HTHP system.Additionally,the FTVI HTHP system is more capable than the SSVC system in absorbing the financial risks associated with changes of electricity price and natural gas price.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.12272270,11972261).
文摘Flash boiling atomization(FBA)is a promising approach for enhancing spray atomization,which can generate a fine and more evenly distributed spray by increasing the fuel injection temperature or reducing the ambient pressure.However,when the outlet speed of the nozzle exceeds 400 m/s,investigating high-speed flash boiling atomization(HFBA)becomes quite challenging.This difficulty arises fromthe involvement ofmany complex physical processes and the requirement for a very fine mesh in numerical simulations.In this study,an HFBA model for gasoline direct injection(GDI)is established.This model incorporates primary and secondary atomization,as well as vaporization and boilingmodels,to describe the development process of the flash boiling spray.Compared to lowspeed FBA,these physical processes significantly impact HFBA.In this model,the Eulerian description is utilized for modeling the gas,and the Lagrangian description is applied to model the droplets,which effectively captures the movement of the droplets and avoids excessive mesh in the Eulerian coordinates.Under various conditions,numerical solutions of the Sauter mean diameter(SMD)for GDI show good agreement with experimental data,validating the proposed model’s performance.Simulations based on this HFBA model investigate the influences of fuel injection temperature and ambient pressure on the atomization process.Numerical analyses of the velocity field,temperature field,vapor mass fraction distribution,particle size distribution,and spray penetration length under different superheat degrees reveal that high injection temperature or low ambient pressure significantly affects the formation of small and dispersed droplet distribution.This effect is conducive to the refinement of spray particles and enhances atomization.
文摘为深入研究多孔高压汽油直喷(gasoline direct injection,GDI)喷射器在冷喷射和闪蒸条件下的喷雾特性,选用GDI喷油器,自制高压喷油控制系统,搭建了喷雾定容室试验平台,对3种典型闪蒸条件下的喷雾特性进行了燃油喷射过程实时控制试验,研究了不同喷射压力下乙醇汽油闪蒸喷雾的二维宏观形态和三维空间结构的演变特征。结果表明:闪蒸喷雾的结构主要由环境压力和燃油温度决定;较低的大气压力与较高的燃料温度都会加速闪蒸过程;较高的喷射压力使喷射过程更快、喷雾穿透延长、坍塌程度降低,较低的喷射压力使喷射过程的尖端穿透力较高。得出结论:通过揭示多孔GDI喷射器的闪蒸喷雾的形成规律,可为改善车用发动机性能提供技术参考。
文摘采用高速摄影技术在一个定容容器内 ,对溶有 CO2 的燃油在常温常压、常温高压、高温高压 3种环境条件下的喷射过程进行了观察和测量研究。发现对溶有 CO2 的燃油喷射 ,喷雾特性的主要影响因素是环境温度和压力 ,在常温常压、高温高压 2种环境条件下 ,溶气燃油发生闪急沸腾 ,喷雾初始锥角大 ,最大喷雾宽度大 ,大大地促进了燃油的雾化。并对溶有 CO2
