Study on Water Injection Formula by Grey Correlation Method for Offshore Water Flooding Reservoir

Based on the development of the offshore water drive reservoir, the determination of reasonable water injection of monolayer and single well affects the distribution of remaining oil and development effect of oil field water flooding, so this paper, using the grey correlation analysis method, studies the main factors influencing the dividing coefficient of water-injection and weight. This method takes into account the effective thickness, permeability, injection-production well spacing, the number of injection-production wells, and the direction of formation coefficient factors such as the influence of the dividing coefficient for injection. The formula for water-injection multi-factor controlled is established, at the same time, applying water injection formula of this article and the conventional on injection allocation of A-platform offshore injection wells. And the difference of single-well injection-allocation quantity in layers is analyzed. Based on a platform offshore, layers exist in the process of water flooding and the problems such as the contradiction between the layers, put forward the necessity of layered water injection through this article to determine water injection formula and injection allocation on a platform of injection wells by implementing effect which can be found. A platform for water flooding development of water cut under control, natural decline rate reduced to verify the reliability and practicability of the formula to determine injection in this paper. It has certain guiding significance to the offshore for the water-injection development oilfield.

Analytical study on water hammer pressure in pressurized conduits with a throttled surge chamber for slow closure

This paper presents an analytical investigation of water hammer in a hydraulic pressurized pipe system with a throttled surge chamber located at the junction between a tunnel and a penstock, and a valve positioned at the downstream end of the penstock. Analytical formulas of maximum water hammer pressures at the downstream end of the tunnel and the valve were derived for a system subjected to linear and slow valve closure. The analytical results were then compared with numerical ones obtained using the method of characteristics. There is agreement between them. The formulas can be applied to estimating water hammer pressure at the valve and transmission of water hammer pressure through the surge chamber at the junction for a hydraulic pipe system with a surge chamber.

Climate-induced Changes in Spring Maize Water Requirement in Xiliaohe River Watershed

Xiliaohe River watershed plays an important role in regional and national grain security.With the development of society and economy,water consumption that increased dramatically causes water shortages.Crop water requirement can provide quantitative basis for making regional irrigation scheme.In this study,spring maize water requirement is calculated by using PenmanMonteith formula and spring maize coefficient from May to September at 10 meteorological stations in Xiliaohe River watershed from 1951 to 2005.The variation trend of the spring maize water requirement during the whole growing stage,water requirement in every month,and meteorological influencing factors are obtained by using Mann-Kendall method,and the degree of grey incidence between the water requirement and meteorological influencing factors are shown.The results are the spring maize water requirement during the whole growing stages increases at half of the stations in Xiliaohe River watershed,and are remarkably affected by the water requirement in May.The monthly mean,maximum and minimum air temperature form May to September show an increasing trend in Xiliaohe River watershed in recent 55 years.The monthly mean and minimum air temperature increases notably.The relative humidity,precipitation,wind speed and sunshine show a decreasing trend with variety for different months.The monthly maximum air temperature,wind speed,sunshine and monthly mean air temperature have the highest correlation degree with spring maize water requirement from May to September.

Research on Empirical Formula of Displacement Efficiency in Bohai Oilfield

Displacement efficiency is an important index of water drive oilfield. This article takes water drive oilfield as the object to analyze the influence factors of displacement efficiency in limit water cut stage of water drive oilfield. The displacement efficiency experimental data of 99 cores which come from 65 development wells of 34 oilfields have been collected. The authors use the method of multiple linear regression analysis to establish a new empirical formula of displacement efficiency. The relative error of the empirical formula is less than 7% compared to the experimental data.

Experimental Study on the Resistance and Splash Performances of Water Collecting Devices for Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers

In recent years,water collecting systems,with the associated advantages of energy saving and noise reduction,have become the foundation for the development of a scheme to optimize the structure of cooling towers.To explore the feasibility of this approach for mechanical draft cooling towers,a small-scale experimental device has been built to study the resistance and splash performances of three U-type water collecting devices(WCDs)for different water flow rates and wind speeds.The experimental results show that within the considered ranges of wind speed and water flow rate,the pressure drop of the different WCDs can vary significantly.The resistance and local splash performances can also be remarkably different.Some recommendations about the most suitable system are provided.Moreover,a regression analysis of the experimental data is conducted,and the resulting fitting formulas for resistance and splash performance of WCD are reported.

Determation method for water content of diesel contaminated soil

With the increasing researches on geotechnical properties of the diesel contaminated soil( DCS),the water content measured is indispensable part during the early period. In this study,the relative error of water content measurement using the traditional method is as high as 20. 78%,which is no longer suitable for contaminated soil. Through a series of tests to measure the loss coefficient of diesel in the drying time,the authors finally proposed a modified calculation formula for test samples. The results show that the maximum relative error calculated by using the modified formula is 0. 96%,far lower than that of traditional formula,which can provide accurate data for further study of diesel contaminated soil.

地下水型饮用水水源补给区划分——以辽宁省沈阳市北部某地区饮用水水源为例

选择辽宁省沈阳市北部某地区集中式地下水型饮用水水源作为研究区,收集其地形地貌、水源所属地下水含水系统的地质和水文地质概况等相关信息进行分析。选择公式法,根据含水层岩性,采取经验值参数,以水源开采井保护区外为基准,以15 a(5475 d)为地下水质点迁移时间,计算得出补给区面积为40.18 km^(2)。鉴于补给区边界部分横跨村庄,在补给区定界过程中,将横跨村庄纳入补给区范围内,切实加强补给区安全防护。并从补给区环境管理方面提出对策和建议。

马蹄果冻的配方优化

为研究马蹄粉在果冻中的应用效果,以马蹄粉、卡拉胶、果胶、木糖醇为主要原料,以感官评分为指标,进行单因素和正交试验优化马蹄果冻的配方。结果表明,卡拉胶和果胶复合胶添加量、马蹄粉添加量、木糖醇添加量对果冻感官有较大影响。马蹄果冻的最优配方为卡拉胶添加量1.8%,果胶添加量1.2%,马蹄粉添加量5%,木糖醇添加量20%,马蹄香精添加量0.06%。此时制作出来的果冻甜度适宜、口感光滑、组织状态均匀一致,具有马蹄独特香味。该配方下马蹄果冻的感官弹性为0.34、胶黏性为0.077 mJ、咀嚼性为0.57 mJ。

充气式橡胶坝的模型试验及有限差分研究

橡胶坝的挡水性能优越,兼具实用性与景观性,被广泛用在城市河流挡水闸坝和溢流坝等领域。充气式橡胶坝相比充水橡胶坝,安装和拆卸更为方便,但目前充气式橡胶坝采用查表法进行粗略设计,过程复杂且存在误差。鉴于此,设计大比尺模型试验测试充气式橡胶坝在充气、挡水条件下的坝袋截面形状和袋体张拉力分布特点。基于有限差分软件建立充气式橡胶坝的力学模型,通过大比尺模型试验和现行设计规范验证了该模型的准确性。分析充气式橡胶坝在挡水过程中横截面几何形状及尺寸、张拉力与上游水位及内部气压之间的关系。结果表明:坝袋宽度B、接地宽度b随上游水位增大呈非线性增加;坝袋高度H、横截面面积A随上游水位增大呈非线性减小。设计工况下,坝袋高度H、横截面面积A随气压增加呈非线性增大,坝袋宽度B、接地宽度b随气压增大呈非线性减小;坝袋张拉力与气压呈正比关系。基于Chapman-Richard曲线模型对设计工况下的几何尺寸、张拉力与内部气压间的关系进行拟合,提出橡胶坝简化设计计算公式,可用于充气式橡胶坝的设计计算。

《神农本草经》与经方应用之泽泻篇

《神农本草经》记载泽泻“:味甘,寒。主风寒湿痹,乳难,消水,养五脏,益气力,肥健。久服耳目聪明,不饥,延年,轻身,面生光,能行水上。”以《神农本草经》中泽泻的主治作用为线索,分析《伤寒杂病论》中泽泻的应用。泽泻主治消水,消心下之水,常与白术配伍,以泽泻汤为代表方;消膀胱之水,常与茯苓、白术、桂枝等药配伍,以五苓散为代表方;消腰下之水,常与牡蛎、栝楼根、葶苈子等药配伍,以牡蛎泽泻散为代表方;消肾脏之水,常与生地黄、山茱萸等药配伍,以肾气丸为代表方;消血中之水,常与当归、芍药等药配伍,以当归芍药散为代表方。泽泻可调养五脏,培补正气,“养五脏,益气力,耳目聪明”,常与生地黄、山药等配伍,以肾气丸为代表方;“轻身,面生光,能行水上”,常与茯苓、甘草、桂枝等药配伍,以茯苓泽泻汤为代表方。

隧道涌水量预测计算方法综述

预测隧道涌水量对于保障隧道施工安全、进度、洞室稳定和人身安全问题至关重要。国内外学者已提出多种预测方法,但是存在不同适用条件,根据隧道的水文地质条件选取恰当的方法能有效提高预测精度。对解析公式法、经验公式法、数值法、随机性数学模型预测法等多种涌水量预测方法进行了系统梳理和分析,通过对这些方法的基本原理及适用条件进行综合分析,讨论了当前涌水量预测方法存在的不足之处,并提出改进方向。结果表明:解析公式法应用简单,但结果偏差较大;经验公式法源于工程案例总结,适用于相似条件下隧道涌水量预测;数值法通过数学模型模拟,可以解决复杂水文地质条件下的涌水量预测,但对勘察设计阶段获取的水文地质参数提出更高的要求;随机性数学模型方法需要大量数据来保证结果的准确性;其他方法主要依赖于地理信息系统(GIS)技术、同位素分析法等手段,通过科学分析来识别并判断地下水量及其流动通道的地质特征,需要充分的数据支持和详尽的地下勘探结果作为依据。研究成果可为实际工程中选择合适的涌水量预测方法提供参考。

芩莲正积方水提物中总黄酮提取工艺的优化

本文旨在研究芩莲正积方水提物中的总黄酮提取工艺。实验采用水提法,以芩莲正积方总黄酮提取率为指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验考察浸泡时间、提取温度、提取次数、提取时间和料液比对方中总黄酮提取率的影响。芩莲正积方水提物中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为:浸泡时间0h、提取次数1次、提取温度90℃、提取时间60min、料液比1∶20,在该提取工艺下得到的芩莲正积方水提物中总黄酮提取率最高为6.76%。

糖醋酒液诱捕核桃园小黄鳃金龟的效果

为研究核桃园中小黄鳃金龟Pseudosymmachia flavescens(Brenske)成虫的发生规律,探讨糖醋酒液对小黄鳃金龟的诱捕效果,本研究采用正交试验筛选糖醋酒液最佳配方,并于2020年-2022年在陕西省商洛市镇安县核桃园开展不同配方糖醋酒液及诱捕器悬挂不同高度诱捕小黄鳃金龟成虫试验。结果表明,糖∶乙酸∶乙醇∶水为3 g∶4 mL∶3 mL∶20 mL的配方对小黄鳃金龟成虫诱捕效果最佳。商洛市镇安县核桃园小黄鳃金龟成虫的发生期为5月上旬至9月中旬,盛发期为6月中旬至7月中旬。糖醋酒液诱捕器在距地面0.5~1.5 m范围内诱捕量随高度升高增加,当高度升至2.0 m时诱捕量明显下降,悬挂高度1.5 m时诱捕量570头/年、占比50.04%,显著高于其他高度处理。糖醋酒液3∶4∶3∶20配方(m∶V∶V∶V)既可准确监测核桃园小黄鳃金龟成虫种群发生动态,亦可高效诱杀用于防治。

基于动态损失的水动力学模型在永定河生态补水过程中的应用

为精准模拟一维水动力学过程,基于明渠非恒定流的水动力模型,提出耦合改进考斯加科夫(Kostiakov)公式,考虑实际河道渗漏损失动态变化。在同一时间步长上,将水动力模型计算流量作为损失模型流量边界条件,通过损失经验参数a和b计算得出此时间步长河道损失量,对水动力河道损失参数进行实时修正。以永定河流域2022-2024年4场实测补水数据对模型精度进行检验,分析海河“23·7”流域性特大洪水(简称“23·7”洪水)前后永定河河道生态变化特点。结果表明:该模型在永定河流域具有良好适用性,相对误差的绝对值最小为0.004,最大为0.218;“23·7”洪水对永定河河道冲刷作用明显,河道形状发生明显改变,河道糙率与河道下渗损失较洪水冲刷前均减小,永定河下游流域较洪水冲刷前以小流量补水即可实现全流域通水,可为永定河下游生态调水提供参考。

基于首尾和全过程方法的中江县灌溉水有效利用系数测算分析

【目的】对比分析2种灌溉水有效利用系数(IWEUC)测算方法,研究灌区用水损失的主要环节。【方法】以四川省中江县为例,在全县范围内划定了4处分区(TW、TH、ON、FO分区),分别选取典型渠系和典型田块,利用动水测定法、经验公式法和田间灌溉试验进行IWEUC全过程测算分析;统计渠首引水量和其他补充水源供水量得到区域毛灌溉用水总量,并观测作物净灌溉用水量,进行首尾测算分析,与全过程测算结果进行对比。【结果】中江县TW分区渠系水利用系数最大为0.596,TH分区渠系水利用系数最小为0.564,加权平均值为0.580;北部的ON、TW分区由于工程配套良好,其田间水利用系数接近0.90,而TH、FO分区受地形等影响,田间水利用系数在0.85左右;在灌溉保证率75%条件下,全过程测算分析法得到IWEUC结果为0.503,首尾测算分析法得到结果为0.492,二者相对偏差为2.2%。【结论】中江县目前的灌溉水有效利用系数低于全国平均水平,还有较大的节水潜力。

水环境下酚醛树脂基滑动轴承材料组分和摩擦学性能的优化

针对酚醛树脂(PF)基潜水泵滑动轴承材料存在吸水率过大、摩擦性能不足的问题开展了性能优化研究。以酚醛树脂为基体,添加石墨(Gr)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、玻璃纤维(GF)、剑麻纤维(SF)、硫酸钡(BaSO_(4))对酚醛树脂进行改性,利用热压成形制备复合材料。通过正交试验设计,讨论了各填料不同含量对复合材料吸水率、体积膨胀率及摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明:复合材料吸水率和体积膨胀率的影响因素从大到小依次为GF:SF,PTFE,Gr,BaSO_(4);通过分析吸水率和体积膨胀率的均值,发现随着玻璃纤维含量的提高,复合材料吸水率和体积膨胀率降低;水环境下复合材料平均摩擦系数的影响因素从大到小依次为PTFE,Gr,BaSO_(4),GF:SF;复合材料磨损率的影响因素从大到小依次为GF:SF,Gr,BaSO_(4),PTFE。通过试验求得水环境下性能最优的复合材料配方为3%Gr,8%PTFE,20%GF,10%SF,16%BaSO_(4),43%PF。

南水北调中线渠首前馈控制方案快速计算分析

明渠调水工程中为适时适量的满足下游用水需求,需要提前制定控制方案。前馈控制方案的设计往往较为复杂,且影响因素众多,调度人员难以快速做出决策。基于蓄量补偿法对南水北调中线工程刁河节制闸至十二里河节制闸段作前馈控制,基于蓄量补偿计算结果,分析了初始流量、分水流量与前馈控制时间的关系,构建了单、双变量的前馈控制时间快速计算公式。探究了不同因素对蓄量补偿控制下游水位偏差的影响,得到初始流量、分水流量与下游水位最大偏差之间的函数关系式。针对工程运行中的极端工况,原蓄量补偿控制的下游水位偏差过大的问题,采用二次蓄量补偿规则对渠池进行前馈控制,有效减小了下游水位偏差。

近30年吐鲁番哈密地区植被生态需水估算

新疆吐鲁番哈密地区(简称“吐哈地区”)属极端干旱区,光照时间长、昼夜温差大,生态环境脆弱,生态环境问题尤为突出,水资源有效利用对生态环境保护具有重要作用。吐哈地区植被生态需水在总需水量中占据显著比重,对于维护区域生态平衡和可持续发展具有重要意义。基于生态保护重要性分级,统计研究区总植被面积与各生态保护等级区植被面积,分别采用改进的彭曼公式法、潜水蒸散发法与生态分区综合计算法估算1990—2020年吐哈地区不同生态保护等级的植被生态需水量。结果表明:(1)三种方法估算的吐哈地区总植被生态需水量在1990—2020年期间呈现波动变化,改进的彭曼法估算结果由50.18亿m^(3)变化到57.8亿m^(3),潜水蒸散法估算结果由54.42亿m^(3)变化到51.85亿m^(3),生态分区估算结果由45.58亿m^(3)变化到52.03亿m^(3)。(2)极重要生态保护等级区的近30年植被需水量在三种估算方法下均增长,其中改进的彭曼公式法估算结果增长最大,由12.12亿m^(3)增长到18.54亿m^(3)。(3)对比三种植被生态需水估算方法,1990—2020年每5年期间估算的植被生态需水总量变化趋势基本一致,每种方法估算的相应生态保护等级区内植被生态需水量变化趋势一致,说明生态分区估算植被生态需水量的方法是合理的,可为植被生态需水的估算提供参考。

基于Richards方程的区域连续日蒸散量遥感估算

蒸散发作为自然界水循环的重要组成部分,时空尺度上的蒸散量估算一直是研究热点。遥感手段可以实现区域尺度蒸散量的估算,但是受到卫星过境时间的限制,难以获取连续时间序列的蒸散量。土壤水分作为蒸散发的重要控制因素,结合土壤水分数据改进遥感蒸散发模型,在提高遥感蒸散量估算精度方面也具有重要意义,但是目前大多数遥感方法对土壤水分胁迫性的考虑仍有不足。针对目前蒸散发研究在土壤水分胁迫和连续性方面的不足,以涡度相关法计算的蒸散量作为实际蒸散量,结合联合国粮农组织推荐的单作物系数法,将土壤含水量信息引入Penman-Monteith(P-M)公式计算实际蒸散量,并用Richards方程进行蒸发条件下一维垂向土壤水分运动过程的数值模拟,实现土壤水分胁迫下的连续日蒸散量的估算,并结合遥感数据实现区域尺度的扩展。结果表明:涡度相关法计算的实际日蒸散量与P-M公式计算的潜在日蒸散量具有很强的相关性,相关系数达到0.918;引入土壤含水量信息后的P-M公式,日蒸散量的估算精度显著提升,均方根误差达到0.133 mm/d;基于Richards方程的土壤水分胁迫下连续日蒸散量的估算结果与实测值较为接近,均方根误差为0.288 mm/d;受研究区南北高中间低的地势影响,日蒸散量的高值集中在研究区中部的水域和耕地区域,不同土地利用类型下的平均日蒸散量水域>耕地>林地>草地>未利用土地,且区域扩展的结果与站点的实测结果在时间序列上表现出一致的变化规律。文章可为土壤水分对蒸散发的影响机理研究以及区域蒸散量的估算提供参考。

预制粉蒸鮰鱼菜品研制及复合保水剂处理后冷冻对鮰鱼品质的影响

为探究粉蒸鮰鱼的预制工艺,以斑点叉尾鮰鱼肉块为研究对象,以感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验确定粉蒸鮰鱼最优工艺条件的各组分添加量为食盐1.5%,鸡汁1%,姜汁2%在4℃下腌制15 min,然后按100∶30的比例裹上浸泡15 min的米粉蒸制10 min。在此条件下对斑点叉尾鮰鱼肉块进行不同预处理,之后对3组样品的感官评分、营养组成、色泽、质构和电子鼻测定结果的差异进行分析,对比出冷冻及保水剂处理后冷冻鮰鱼块贮藏品质的变化。结果表明,浸泡+冷冻组的粉蒸鮰鱼肉的感官评分、基本组成、色泽与新鲜组差别不大,挥发性成分有一定差异,嫩度显著降低。