Influences of Mixed Traffic Flow and Time Pressure on Mistake-Prone Driving Behaviors among Bus Drivers

Bus safety is a matter of great importance in many developing countries, with driving behaviors among bus drivers identified as a primary factor contributing to accidents. This concern is particularly amplified in mixed traffic flow (MTF) environments with time pressure (TP). However, there is a lack of sufficient research exploring the relationships among these factors. This study consists of two papers that aim to investigate the impact of MTF environments with TP on the driving behaviors of bus drivers. While the first paper focuses on violated driving behaviors, this particular paper delves into mistake-prone driving behaviors (MDB). To collect data on MDB, as well as perceptions of MTF and TP, a questionnaire survey was implemented among bus drivers. Factor analyses were employed to create new measurements for validating MDB in MTF environments. The study utilized partial correlation and linear regression analyses with the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) method to explore the relationships between MDB and MTF/TP. The results revealed a modified scale for MDB. Two MTF factors and two TP factors were found to be significantly associated with MDB. A high presence of motorcycles and dangerous interactions among vehicles were not found to be associated with MDB among bus drivers. However, bus drivers who perceived motorcyclists as aggressive, considered road users’ traffic habits as unsafe, and perceived bus routes’ punctuality and organization as very strict were more likely to exhibit MDB. Moreover, the results from the three MDB predictive models demonstrated a positive impact of bus route organization on MDB among bus drivers. The study also examined various relationships between the socio-demographic characteristics of bus drivers and MDB. These findings are of practical significance in developing interventions aimed at reducing MDB among bus drivers operating in MTF environments with TP.

Pressure and Time Dependences of the Supercooled Liquid-to-Liquid Transition in Sulfur

Thermal behavior of bulk amorphous sulfur is investigated by in situ temperature measurements at high pressures of 0.9, 1.4 and 2.1 GPa, and under different heating rates of 8, 10 and 12K/min at 0.9 GPa. The results show that the onset temperature of the transition from the supercooled Hquid to the liquid state for sulfur increases with the pressure and the heating rate. It is deduced that the transition does not follow the Clapeyron equation, indicating considerable coupling of the molecular structure change in the transition. Along with the data at ambient pressure and high pressure, we present a dynamic diagram to demonstrate the relationship between the amorphous solid, supercooled liquid, liquid, and crystal phases of sulfur, and suggest an experimental approach to establish pressure-temperature-time transition diagrams for supercooled liquid and liquid.

Time history of seismic earth pressure response from gravity retaining wall based on energy dissipation

The seismic design of gravity retaining walls is based mostly on the pseudo static method.The seismic earth pressure is assumed to be a constant without considering the wave traveling effect when the seismic wave propagates through the slope.However,under continuous ground motion,the actual earth pressure on the retaining wall varies with time.The present seismic earth pressure calculation method yields results that differ significantly from the actual scenario.Considering this,a slip surface curve was assumed in this study.It is more suitable for engineering practice.In addition,a theoretical calculation model based on energy dissipation was established.The time history of seismic earth pressure response under continuous ground motion was calculated using the equilibrium equation between the external power and the internal energy dissipation power of the sliding soil wedge.It can more effectively reflect the stress scenario of a retaining wall under seismic conditions.To verify the applicability of the proposed approach,a large-scale shaking table test was conducted,and the time history of the seismic earth pressure response obtained from the experiment was compared with the calculation results.The results show that the proposed approach is applicable to the calculation of the time history of seismic earth pressure response of gravity retaining walls.This lays the foundation for the seismic design of retaining structures by using dynamic time history.

Temporal and spatial compliance behaviour of pedestrians under the influence of time pressure at signalized intersections:A pedestrian simulator study

Pedestrian safety is at high stakes due to the non-compliance practices of pedestrians at signalized intersections.Additionally,when pedestrians are hurrying,they deliberately engage in such unsafe behaviour.Therefore,the purpose of this study was to understand how time pressure(i.e.,feeling of hurry or saving time)affected pedestrians'decisions to follow traffic rules at signalized junctions.To achieve the study objectives,a pedestrian simulator setup was used to collect the crossing behaviour of forty participants at a four-legged signalized intersection.Non-compliance,one of the riskiest pedestrian behaviours,was examined with respect to three different forms,comprising dangerous temporal non-compliance(D-TNC),non-dangerous temporal non-compliance(ND-TNC),and spatial non-compliance(SNC)behaviour under two distinct conditions:baseline(i.e.,no time pressure)and time pressure conditions.The effects of demographics,usual walking features,and time pressure on D-TNC and ND-TNC were investigated using a multinomial regression model,while SNC behaviour was investigated using a binary regression model.It was interesting to note that the majority of the factors related to pedestrians’usual walking behaviour had an impact on all kinds of non-compliance behaviours.Importantly,the results also showcased that time pressure had a contrasting impact on D-TNC and ND-TNC behaviour whereas SNC behaviour increased under time pressure.Additionally,the varying impacts of D-TNC,ND-TNC,and SNC were also reflected in the occurrence of the crashes,which were probably triggered by discrepancies in the influence of time pressure on non-compliance behaviours.These findings highlight the need for technical solutions,educational outreach,and efficient enforcement practices to reduce pedestrians'non-compliant behaviour.

An EPR Study on Intramolecular Spin Exchange and Rotational Mobility of Nitroxides Linked by a Long-chain

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Exact Mass Measurements for α-Allenic Alcohol by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization/Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

The atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry (APCI/TOF MS) was applied to determine the mass of five α allenic alcohols via their protonated molecular ions using positive ion mode. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as the internal reference. All results were obtained under the resolution of about 5000 FWHM (full width at the half maximum). Solvent effects were studied and the satisfied results were obtained in acetonitrile. Compared with the theoretical values, all absolute errors were less than 1.0 mmu. The effects of nozzle potential, push pulse potential, pull pulse potential, pull bias potential and acquisition rate on exact mass determination were also discussed. APCI/TOF MS is proven to be a very sensitive analytical technique and an alternative ionization mode in analyzing thermally labile compounds with relatively weak polarity, such as α allenic alcohol.

Behavior of Element Vaporization and Composition Control of Fe-Ga Alloy during Vacuum Smelting

Saturated vapor pressure, critical evaporation temperature and evaporation loss rate of Fe-Ga alloy were calculated under different conditions of Ga and Fe contents with activity coefficients. The relationship between the change of Ga content and melting time was determined. The results demonstrated that saturated vapor pressure of Ga was higher than that of Fe under the same conditions. The difference value of critical evaporation temperature of Ga with and without Ar was nearly 800 K. The critical evaporation temperature of Fe was higher than that of Ga under vacuum, indicating that Ga was more volatile than Fe. At 1800 K, the evaporation rate of Ga was 84 times higher than that of Fe in the melt of Fe81Ga19 alloy. Under this condition, the change of Ga content and smelting time kept a linear relationship. The higher the temperature was, the faster the Ga content decreased, which was consistent with theoretical calculations.