CdTe/Si复合衬底Ex-situ退火研究

复合衬底CdTe/ZnTe/Si的晶体质量是导致随后外延的HgCdTe外延膜高位错密度的主要原因之一,因此如何提高复合衬底CdTe/Si晶体质量是确保硅基碲镉汞走上工程化的关键所在。降低复合衬底CdTe/Si位错密度方法一般有:生长超晶格缓冲层、衬底偏向、In-situ退火和Ex-situ退火等,本文主要研究Ex-situ退火对复合衬底CdTe/Si晶体质量的影响。研究表明复合衬底经过Ex-situ退火后位错密度最好值达4.2×105cm-2,双晶半峰宽最好值达60arcsec。

The contribution of botanic gardens to ex situ conservation through seed banking

Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation calls for 'at least 75 per cent of threatened plant species in ex situ collections, preferably in the country of origin, and at least 20 per cent available for recovery and restoration programmes by 2020'.Botanic gardens make a significant contribution to ex situ conservation of wild species with more than a third of plant species represented in botanic gardens collections. These collections are a combination of living collection and seed banked material. Seed banking can provide an efficient form of conservation for wild plant genetic diversity.Information from Botanic Gardens Conservation International's(BGCI) databases(GardenSearch,PlantSearch, ThreatSearch and GlobalTreeSearch) has been analysed as well as survey data to report on global, regional and national seed banking trends.Information from BGCI's databases indicates that there are at least 350 seed banking botanic gardens in 74 countries. In total 56,987 taxa have been banked including more than 9000 taxa that are threatened with extinction. 6881 tree species are stored in ex situ seed bank collections. More than half(3562) of these tree species are single country endemics and represent species from more than 166 countries.This study suggests that institutions are increasingly conserving plant species via seed banking.However the majority of species in collections that have a conservation assessment are not threatened with extinction. This disjunction between species that are threatened and those conserved in seed banks needs to be addressed. Data from BGCI's databases can be used to enable prioritisation of threatened plant species for collection and conservation in seed banks. Further recommendations for botanic gardens involved in seed conservation are presented.

Ex situ Flora of China

The role of living collections-based research and discovery has been a prominent feature throughout the history of evolution and advance of botanical science: such research is the core and soul of the botanical gardens. Currently, there are c. 162 Chinese botanical gardens, harboring c. 20,000 species in China. As an example of initiatives to utilize the garden cultivated flora to address plant diversity conservation and germplasm discovery for sustainable agriculture and the bio-industries, the Ex situ Flora of China project aims to catalog and document this mega-diversity of plants that are cultivated in the Chinese botanical gardens. The concept of Ex situ Flora of China is a complete new formulation of species, based on garden cultivated individuals and populations, to obtain better morphological descriptions, provide multipurpose applicability and a fundamental data service that will support national bio-strategies and bioindustries. It emphasises integrative information, accurately collected from living collections across different Chinese botanical gardens, on biology, phenology, cultivation requirements and uses of plant resources, which are normally not available from traditional Floras based on herbarium specimens. The ex situ flora should provide better information coverage for taxonomy, biological and introduction and collection data and color photos of stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seed, as well as useful information of cultivation key points and main use of each plant. In general, the Ex situ Flora of China provides more useful information than the traditional Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. The project of Ex situ Flora of China is planned to be one of the most important initiatives of the plant diversity research platform for sustainable economic and social development in China.

In situ FTIR and ex situ XPS/HS-LEIS study of supported Cu/Al_(2)O_(3)and Cu/ZnO catalysts for CO_(2)hydrogenation

Cu-based catalysts are commonly used in industry for methanol synthesis.In this study,supported catalysts of 5 wt%Cu/Al_(2)O_(3)and 5 wt%Cu/ZnO were prepared,and their surface characteristics during H_(2) reduction and CO_(2)hydrogenation were investigated using in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and high sensitivity low energy ion scattering spectroscopy.During the H2 reduction and CO_(2)hydrogenation processes,it was found that Al_(2)O_(3)can stabilize Cu^(+).In situ FTIR spectra indicated that the 5 wt%Cu/Al_(2)O_(3)can adsorb large amounts of bicarbonate and carbonate species,which then convert into formate during CO_(2)hydrogenation.For the 5 wt%Cu/ZnO,it was found that Cu nanoparticles were gradually covered by a highly defective ZnOx overlayer during H2 reduction,which can effectively dissociate H2.During CO_(2)hydrogenation,the adsorbed bicarbonate or carbonate species can convert into formate and then into a methoxy species.Using these surface sensitive methods,a more in-depth understanding of the synergistic effect among the Cu,Al_(2)O_(3),and ZnO components of Cu-based catalysts was achieved.

Ex situ echo sounder target strengths of ice krill Euphausia crystallorophias

Ice krill is the keystone species in the neritic ecosystem in the Southern Ocean, where it replaces the more oceanic Antarctic krill. It is essential to understand the variation of target strength （TS in dB re l m^2） with the different body size to accurately estimate ice krill stocks. However, there is comparatively little knowledge of the acoustic backscatter of ice krill. The TS of individual, formalin-preserved, tethered ice krill was measured in a freshwater test tank at 38, 120, and 200 kHz with a calibrated split-beam echo sounder system. Mean TS was obtained from 21 individual ice krill with a broad range of body lengths （L： 13-36 iron）. The length （L, mm） to wet weight （W; mg） relationship for ice krill was 11/=0.001 21g^103~L35s （R2=0.96）. The mean TS-to-length relationship were TS38kHz=-177.4＋57log10（L）, （R^2=0.86）; TS120kHz= -129.9＋31.561ogf0（L）, （R2=0.87）; and TS200kHz=-117.6＋24.661ogre（L）, （R2=0.84）. Empirical estimates of the relationship between the TS and body length of ice krill were established at 38, 120, and 200 kHz and compared with predictions obtained from both the linear regression model of Greene et al. （1991） and the Stochastic Distorted Wave Born Approximation （SDWBA） model. This result might be applied to improve acoustic detection and density estimation of ice krill in the Southern Ocean. Further comparative studies are needed with in situ target strength including various body lengths of ice krill.

Research on Satisfaction of ex situ Relocated Households

Based on the survey data of ex situ relocated households in Hubei and Hunan provinces in 2017,the specific satisfaction levels of the relocated farmers in the two provinces and the influencing factors were analyzed in this paper. It is found that the ex situ relocated farmers in Hubei and Hunan provinces have higher levels of satisfaction. The satisfaction of farmers who have been relocated to poverty alleviation is obviously affected by the characteristics of relocation and support policies. Even after controlling the farmer individual characteristic variables and family characteristic variables,the relocation characteristics and support policies still have a significant impact on the satisfaction of the farmers in the anti-poverty relocation,indicating that the relocated farmers with different backgrounds have a similar understanding of the satisfaction of the ex situ anti-poverty relocation.

An exsitu underground coal gasification experiment with a siderite interlayer:course of the process,production gas,temperatures and energy efficiency

A 72-h ex situ hard coal gasification test in one large block of coal was carried out.The gasifying agent was oxygen with a constant flow rate of 4.5 m^(3)/h.The surroundings of coal were simulated with wet sand with 11%moisture content.A 2-cm interlayer of siderite was placed in the horizontal cut of the coal block.As a result of this process,gas with an average flow rate of 12.46 m^(3)/h was produced.No direct influence of siderite on the gasification process was observed;however,measurements of CO_(2)content in the siderite interlayer before and after the process allow to determine the location of high-temperature zones in the reactor.The greatest influence on the efficiency of the gasification process was exerted by water contained in wet sand.At the high temperature that prevailed in the reactor,this water evaporated and reacted with the incandescent coal,producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide.This reaction contributes to the relatively high calorific value of the resulting process gas,averaging 9.41 MJ/kmol,and to the high energy efficiency of the whole gasification process,which amounts to approximately 70%.

Genotyping ex situ trees of Abies nebrodensis translocated from the original Sicilian population to enrich the gene pool

As a dynamic ex situ conservation strategy,a clonal seed orchard was started in a nursery in Pomaio(POM)in central Italy in 1993 for an assisted migration experiment of Abies nebrodensis(Lojac.)Mattei.Two artifi cial ex situ populations were planted with this gene pool:a seedling arboretum in Pieve Santo Stefano(PSS)and a small dendrological collection in Papiano(PAP),both originating from the Sicilian relict population.Here,using AFLP markers,we estimated the relatedness among the relocated genotypes of the three collections to check whether the three collections had suffi cient genetic variability to be considered as additional sources of variability to the original gene pool for the assisted migration strategy.High individual genetic variability was found in the collections;each plant had a diff erent genotype and was confi rmed to belong to its population of origin.PAP and PSS trees were shown to be only from the original population of A.nebrodensis species and were derived from a limited set of maternal fertile genotypes.Based on the Sicilian fi r population inventory,nursery production in Sicily,and structure clustering analysis,close genetic relationships among POM,PAP and several PSS trees(1–35)were evident.Similarly,the PSS group(36–78)was genetically close to tree 1 of POM and in a lesser proportion to plants 7 and 9 of POM.The sampling of seedlings used to form batches in the nursery might have infl uenced the structure of the resultant plantations.All genotypes will be useful for enriching the original gene pool.

Ex situ aging effect on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane:Hydration-dehydration cycling and hydrothermal treatment

Prolonged hydrothermal treatment for sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes induces mechanical degradation and developing hydrophilic-hydrophobic phase separation, simultaneously. The enhanced phase separation provides incremental proton conductivity to the membranes, whereas mechanical degradation drastically reduces device stability. On this basis, we describe here the effects of two different ex situ aging processes on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes: hydrationdehydration cycling and prolonged hydrothermal treatment. Both aged membranes exhibited enhanced phase separation under the hydrated conditions, as characterized by small angle X-ray scattering.However, when the aged membranes were dried again, the nanostructure of the membranes aged via the hydration-dehydration cycling was recoverable, whereas that of the membranes aged via prolonged hydrothermal treatment was irreversible. Furthermore, the two differently aged membranes showed clear differences in thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical properties. Finally, we implemented both aged membranes in fuel cell application. The sample aged via hydration-dehydration cycling maintained its improved cell performance, whereas the sample aged via hydrothermal treatment showed drastically reduced cell performance after durability test for 50 h.

Toughening of BMI Based Graphite Laminates by Ex-situ Concept

High-performance bismaleimdes (BMI) matrix composites reinforced by graphite fibers were prepared and toughened with a thermoplastic component (PAEK) by using the Ex-situ concept. Experimental matrix was designed for overall toughening of the base resin, periodically interleaving thermoplastic films into each plies (Ex-situ concept) and for varying the film compositions. The highest impact damage resistance characterized by compression after impact (CAI) was obtained for the laminates toughened on the Ex-situ concept, especially, when two-component cast films of a special ration of PAEK/BMI 60∶40 were interleaved though the thermoplastic concentration for the overall toughening, interleaving the pure thermoplastic films and the two-component films was comparable. There were two peaks found in the DSC trace of the laminates toughened implying a phase separation process occurred. The glass transition temperature of the laminates toughened was slightly reduced due to the low-temperature PAEK. Morphological study revealed a typical granular structure just in the interplay region as a result of spinodal decomposition and coarsening process. This was in agreement of the result of DSC investigation.

Ex-Situ Cultivation of Medicinal Plant Species in High Altitudes at Swat,Pakistan

An ex-situ experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of six medicinal species (Bergenia ciliata,Valeriana jatamansi,Dioscorea deltoidea,Paeonia emodi,Polygonum amplexicaule and Viola serpense) from upper Swat,Pakistan.Experiments were conducted at four different locations in the upper Swat valley at altitudes ranging from 1200 to 1900 m.a.s.l.The objectives were:1) to determine the suitability of ex-situ cultivation of different medicinal species,and;2) to assess the economic geasibility of growing medicinal plants in the area.A highest mean survival of 80.7% across all locations was observed for Viola serpense,followed by 58.7% for Valeriana jatamansi.The remaining four species exhibited very poor survival rates,although Polygonum amplexicaule,did show encouraging signs of growth and flowered,before experiencing high mortality rates late in the trial.Altitude generally seemed to enhance the degree of sprouting for all species except Viola serpense.However,the productive yield of V.serpense was certainly not reduced,but rather slightly enhanced in the higher altitude sites.Overall,cultivation of only two of the investigated species,Valeriana jatamansi and Viola serpense,appeared successful and potentially economically viable under farmland conditions at upper Swat.

Ex Situ和In Situ Characterization辨析

前缀词"in situ"和"ex situ"在耐火材料的科技文献中频现。二者都具泛义,在许多情况下可用,弄清其确切含义并贴切地译成汉语十分必要。本文对ln Situ和Ex Situ Characterization的含义及其在不同场合的应用作了分析。在表征状态时,in situ和ex situ表达了"原位"和"移位"的不同,互为反义词。用于仪器分析方面,前者表示对被测物在真实环境中的多项同步分析,也表示单项目的连续分析,其连续的意义不可忽视;而后者则指在非原始的、非综合的条件下分别进行的检测,包括用前检测、模拟试验和用后残衬分析。可把在实际正在发生中的、连续的、综合的观察和分析,统称为In Situ Characterization;而用前的检测、模拟试验和用后残衬分析,可统称为Ex Situ Characterization。如何译成中文,要弄清具体的背景和含义,无需硬译。

Study on T700/Cyanate/PS/Epoxy Composites with ex-situ Toughening Technique

Composites were prepared with polysulfone through ex-situ toughening technique. The dynamic parameters of cyanate/epoxy resin were studied by differential scanning calorimetric（DSC） analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis（DMA）. Microstructual toughening mechanism was studied through scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The particle microstructure in interlaminar region of composites toughened through ex-situ toughening technique revealed that a reaction induced phase decomposition and phase inversion happened in the interlaminar region. The thermosetting particles were surrounded by the PS phase, which could signifi cantly improve the delamination resistance of composites. The compression after impact（CAI） can be signifi cantly improved from 180 MPa to 260 MPa by using ex-situ toughening while the mechanical properties are not affected.

Ex situ Protection of Native Flora Initiated by the CAS

A program of ex situ conservation initiated by the CAS to protect the national indigenous flora was revealed recently by a group of CAS scientists in a letter to the prestigious journal 'Science'.……

Complementarities of two existing intermediate conservation approaches

The need for integration of ex situ and in situ approaches in conservation of plants has long been recognized. However, ex situ collections have numerous limitations that reduce their utility for conservation, necessitating the introduction of new, more appropriate, flexible and less costly approaches.Two new approaches that can be called "intermediate" between in situ and ex situ, and bridging them in some way have been proposed over the last two decades. In these approaches material collected in natural populations is planted and maintained outside the original location, but with a different purpose.While the purpose of the inter situs approach is reintroduction, the concern of the quasi in situ approach is long-term storage of species genetic diversity. I view these two approaches as complementary and necessary components of conservation-oriented restoration. In restoration of a degraded habitat using threatened species(i.e. inter situs), quasi in situ collections can serve an important role in providing longterm preservation of these species' genetic diversity and production of seeds needed for restoration.

Plant species with extremely small populations(PSESP) in China:A seed and spore biology perspective

Approximately one fifth of the world's plants are at risk of extinction.Of these,a significant number exist as populations of few individuals,with limited distribution ranges and under enormous pressure due to habitat destruction.In China,these most-at-risk species are described as 'plant species with extremely small populations'(PSESP).Implementing conservation action for such listed species is urgent.Storing seeds is one of the main means of ex situ conservation for flowering plants.Spore storage could provide a simple and economical method for fern ex situ conservation.Seed and spore germination in nature is a critical step in species regeneration and thus in situ conservation.But what is known about the seed and spore biology(storage and germination) of at-risk species? We have used China's PSESP(the first group listing) as a case study to understand the gaps in knowledge on propagule biology of threatened plant species.We found that whilst germination information is available for 28 species(23%of PSESP),storage characteristics are only known for 8%of PSESP(10 species).Moreover,we estimate that 60%of the listed species may require cryopreservation for long-term storage.We conclude that comparative biology studies are urgently needed on the world's most threatened taxa so that conservation action can progress beyond species listing.

IR-EcoSpectra: Exploring sustainable ex situ and in situ FTIR applications for green chemical and pharmaceutical analysis

In various industries,particularly in the chemical and pharmaceutical fields,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)spectroscopy provides a unique capacity to detect and characterise complex chemicals while minimising environmental damage by minimal waste generation and reducing the need for extensive sample preparation or use of harmful reagents.This review showcases the versatility of ex situ and in situ FTIR applications for substance identification,analysis,and dynamic monitoring.Ex situ FTIR spectroscopy’s accuracy in identifying impurities,monitoring crystallisation processes,and regulating medication release patterns improves product quality,safety,and efficacy.Furthermore,its quantification capabilities enable more effective drug development,dosage procedures,and quality control practices,all of which are consistent with green analytical principles.On the other hand,in situ FTIR spectroscopy appears to be a novel tool for the real-time investigation of molecular changes during reactions and processes,allowing for the monitoring of drug release kinetics,crystallisation dynamics,and surface contacts,as well as providing vital insights into material behaviour.The combination of ex situ FTIR precision and in situ FTIR dynamic capabilities gives a comprehensive analytical framework for developing green practices,quality control,and innovation in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.This review presents the wide range of applications of ex situ and in situ FTIR spectroscopy in chemical,pharmaceutical and medical fields as an analytical green chemistry tool.However,further study is required to fully realise FTIR’s potential and develop new applications that improve sustainability in these areas.

Impact of Population Structure, Growth Habit and Seedling Ecology on Regeneration of <i>Embelia ribes</i>Burm. f. —Approaches toward a Quasi <i>in Situ</i>Conservation Strategy

Embelia ribes Burm f., also known as Vidanga or Baibidanga, belonging to the family of Myrsinaceae, is an important but vulnerable medicinal woody climber. Recent survey and observations of E. ribes in different aspects like distribution, population structure, growth habit, climate, natural regeneration and seedling ecology in Karnataka have been thoroughly discussed. This is the first report on artificial regeneration through seeds of diverse origins in ex-situ and in situ conditions and field planting of them in its natural environment. Field planting of in vitro and nursery raised seedlings showed better field performance in terms of survival and growth in its natural growing areas only. Current studies and observations have shown that this species has low ecological gradient and is a “habitat specialist”. E. ribes being a threatened species with small populations coupled with low ecological gradient and virtually no natural regeneration, a modified approach of quasi in situ conservation where in in-situ raising of seedlings of diverse origin with an aim to enrich the diversity of existing population was attempted with considerable success.

国家公园和国家植物园的自然教育

国家公园和国家植物园分别是开展就地保护和迁地保护的重要机构,国家公园和国家植物园可以开展基于保护的科学研究、资源利用和自然教育,国家公园和国家植物园的自然保护也可以促进保护、科学研究和资源利用工作。国家公园和国家植物园基于整合保护的自然教育,是公益性的体现,也为保护等其他功能的实现提供基础条件。国家公园和国家植物园需要形成以生物多样性保护为主题的自然教育的知识传播、科学精神、科学文化和科学探究体系,将植物文化与科学文化、民族文化、时代精神深度融合,探索高端保护和科研资源科普化的自然教育新模式,在自然教育中有效渗透科学教育,促进受众的价值观从“人类中心主义”向“生态整体主义”转变,为履行昆明-蒙特利尔生物多样性框架以及建设人与自然和谐共生现代化的生物多样性保护、恢复和利用以及自然教育发挥重要作用。

青藏高原东北缘濒危马麝迁地保育种群繁殖成效与社会性和社会网络的关系

麝类驯养是濒危马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)迁地保育及保障药用麝香安全的重要方式,其前提和基础是深入了解制约迁地保育马麝繁殖成效的关键因素及与社会性和社会网络特征的关系。于2022年7月1日—8月31日期间,采用焦点取样和所有事件记录法对位于青藏高原东北缘的甘肃平凉马麝繁育中心的21头成年雌麝进行了社会性行为取样,辅以同期粪样类固醇代谢物水平检测,分析了马麝的繁殖成效与社会性、社会网络及粪样类固醇激素水平的关系。结果显示,马麝的社会性与繁殖成效间呈显著相关(r=0.551,P<0.05),与粪样皮质醇代谢物水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.437,P<0.05),与粪样雌二醇代谢物浓度相关不显著(r=0.066,P>0.05);强社会性马麝的皮质醇水平((10.75±0.99)ng/g)和雌二醇代谢物水平((6.61±0.79)ng/g)与弱社会性马麝((13.70±1.68,5.20±0.99)ng/g)无显著差异(P>0.05);繁殖成功雌麝的社会性(19.86±1.88)%)显著高于繁殖失败雌麝(12.38±1.46)%)(P<0.05);圈群社会网络密度与圈群个体的繁殖成效相关显著(r=0.762,P<0.05),与粪样皮质醇、雌二醇代谢物浓度相关不显著(r=-0.355,P>0.05;r=-0.347,P>0.05);繁殖成功雌麝的粪样皮质醇代谢物浓度((10.31±0.86)ng/g)略低于繁殖失败雌麝((13.98±1.60)ng/g)(r=-0.420,P=0.058),繁殖成功雌麝的粪样雌二醇代谢物浓度((6.63±0.90)ng/g)与繁殖失败雌麝((4.78±0.76)ng/g)无显著相关(r=0.299,P>0.05)。本研究结果表明,在群居性的迁地保育和驯养环境下,雌性马麝的社会性、社会网络属性可以预测个体的繁殖成效,即社会性和社会网络密度较高圈群中的雌麝的繁殖成效相对较高。濒危马麝保育和驯养实践中,可区分麝类驯养为“保育性驯养”和“商业性驯养”。在保育性驯养中,可采用先群居再独居驯养的模式,尽量保持野外放归马麝的自然行为结构;在商业性养殖中,可采用群居驯养模式,提升驯养麝的社会性,实现较高的繁殖成效和驯养生产力。