Women on Boards of Directors

This research aims to measure the current gender representation in membership of boards of directors,and to study the factors affecting the presence of women on boards.The results of the study will support the decision makers and policy makers at all levels by providing knowledge that contributes to bridging the current gap in participation of women boards.The methodology used in this research is the descriptive analytical approach,which relies on quantitative methods in the process of collecting and analyzing data.This study represents the boards of directors in the three sectors(public,private,and non-profit)in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,The study sample contained 350 targets,where a random sample of 150 people in the public sector,100 people in the private sector,and 100 people in the non-profit sector were selected.The research result found that the majority of the responses believe that the lack of experience and training,and social factors,are the most impact areas of explaining the reasons for the existence of a gap in women’s membership in boards of directors in the three sectors.And the most important reasons for the existence of a gender gap in board membership are:there is no statutory minimum percentage for women’s representation on boards of directors,and scarcity of female competencies in general,and the lack of women occupying leadership positions.

Annual Reports of Non-profit Organizations （NPOs）： An Analysis

Non-profit organizations （NPOs） in Malaysia are not subjected to statutory requirement to follow the accounting standards when preparing their annual reports. This study analyzed the annual reports of 100 NPOs registered with the Registry of Society （ROS） under the charity and religious categories. The objectives of this study are： （1） to determine the current state of reporting practices by NPOs; and （2） to describe the contents of a set of annual reports and the financial statement presentation of NPOs. This study found that there were variations in reporting practices among the charity and religious categories of NPOs. On average, the results show that NPOs do not focus on the disclosing information required by the ROS, the governing body of NPOs. This indicates that the regulators need to strongly practice enforcement to strengthen the compliance of the annual reports submission. Overall, the findings of this study provide useful information to regulators as a basis for preparing and presenting NPOs＇ annual report framework in the future.

Innovations and Regional Development in Non-Profit Sector of the Czech Republic

The aim of this study is to present one of the possibilities of innovations focused on regional development in the non-profit sector. The primary basis shows the way to eliminate or remove the problem fields, the so-called non-profit organizations failures such as philanthropic insufficiency, philanthropic paternalism, philanthropic amateurism and philanthropic particularism. These present the final values and provide conclusions of the Analysis of Non-profit Non-governmental Organisations of Zlin Region. The current situation reveals the longstanding problem of non-profit non-governmental organizations, which is the absence of professional marketing staff, and suggests new possibilities for university graduates＂ application on the labour market, thus creating the essential platform for new approaches in designing educational programs. Non-profit organizations should therefore pay increasing attention to addressing both general public and particularly the youth since young people may be their future volunteers, employees, donors and sympathizers.

Study of Problems in the Development of Non-profit Organizations in Urban Communities

With the continuous advancement of construction of urban communities and the continuous development of the needs of community residents in China,non-profit organizations in various urban communities have developed rapidly and have increasingly played an important role in social and economic life. At present,the development of non-profit organizations in urban communities is still faced with many problems,such as difficulty in raising funds,lack of incentives that results in low enthusiasm for volunteering and low participation of community residents,etc. It is urgent and practical significance to study,analyze and solve the problems faced by non-profit organizations in urban communities. That article focuses on the analysis and discussion of the problems facing the development of non-profit organizations in urban communities,and proposes countermeasures to solve the problems.

Selected Cases of Trends and Tendencies in Governance Practices of South African Non-Profit Organisations A Work in Progress

Accountability, transparency, value addition, legitimacy and overall credibility of non-profit organisations （NPOs）, and good corporate governance have emerged not only as a tool to enhance professionalism but, more crucially, to ensure that NPO interventions are effective, sustainable, efficient and positively perceived by all parties. The credibility of an NPO can be improved by adherence to the principles and practices of good corporate governance. A number of South African NPOs are unable to meet the minimum requirements of accountability and good governance practices. The study evaluated the governance structures of selected NPOs in the Western Cape, South Africa. The study tested how the following governance categories, including： NPO＇s legal status; NPO＇s standards of accountability and transparency; NPO＇s leadership, roles, and responsibilities of the executive management; the NPO＇s board, and the extent to which principles of good governance are practiced within the organisation, are applied within the selected cases by way of a questionnaire. Recommendations, around how governance practices within these NPOs can be improved, are forwarded.

团体沙盘游戏、假装游戏对幼儿心理理论与执行功能的干预效果比较

目的:比较团体沙盘游戏、假装游戏对幼儿心理理论与执行功能的干预效果。方法:从海口某幼儿园选取39名幼儿,分为团体沙盘游戏组(男生5名,女生7名)、假装游戏组(男生6名,女生6名)和对照组(男生9名,女生6名),利用心理理论和执行功能任务测量干预前后心理理论与执行功能的变化。结果:干预后,心理理论中的知与不知、错误信念、信念情绪、伪装情绪,执行功能中的抑制控制的交互效应均有统计学意义(F=3.43,8.51,18.16,5.11,4.05;P<0.05),简单效应分析和事后分析发现,两个实验组的知与不知、错误信念、信念情绪、抑制控制得分高于对照组。团体沙盘游戏组的伪装情绪得分高于其他组。结论:团体沙盘游戏与假装游戏均能改善3~4岁幼儿的心理理论和执行功能水平,团体沙盘游戏对心理理论中的伪装情绪有较好的促进作用。

假装游戏对幼儿执行功能发展的影响

本研究以55名4~4.5岁幼儿为研究对象,采用实验组/对照组前后测设计,考察假装游戏对幼儿执行功能发展的影响。结果发现:(1)前测中,实验组与对照组幼儿的执行功能发展无显著差异;(2)后测中,实验组幼儿的执行功能后测得分显著高于对照组。在抑制控制方面,实验组幼儿抑制控制后测得分显著高于对照组;实验组幼儿工作记忆和问题解决后测得分显著高于前测得分。研究表明,假装游戏训练促进幼儿执行功能的发展。

提高导爆索制索机装药精度的研究

从影响导爆索爆轰感度的因素、质量控制和设备优势等方面对导爆索制索各个环节进行了分析论证,并采用国内先进电子电气技术实现了导爆索的自动化制造,对提高导爆索传爆速度的稳定性,以及提高导爆索制索整体质量提供了技术指导。

学龄前儿童假装游戏中混合现实游戏材料设计探究

本文探究假装游戏理论引导下的学龄前儿童混合游戏材料数字特性,提升儿童假装游戏体验。笔者首先明确和分析混合现实技术赋权下的游戏材料的新特性,并对混合游戏材料进行概念界定。本研究阐述物理游戏材料与混合游戏材料的表征特征、假装题材和结构性优势。笔者将混合游戏材料的幻想性、挑战性、好奇性接入儿童假装游戏的设计策略,满足儿童假装游戏需求。混合游戏材料可能成为假装游戏的新载体,混合现实为假装游戏理论再应用提供新支持,为未来儿童混合游戏材料开发提供新方向。

游戏促进幼儿心理理论发展研究述评

游戏作为幼儿的主要活动形式,对幼儿心理理论的发展起着重要作用。在介绍幼儿心理理论的概念、理论模型、实验范式、脑机制及影响因素的基础上,分析了捉迷藏游戏、假装游戏及游戏环境对幼儿心理理论的促进作用,同时探讨了当前研究存在的一些不足,主要包括研究对象不够全面、缺少对中介变量的研究、研究工具不够生态化等,并对该领域研究进行展望。

王维晚年陷伪行实考

安史乱中的陷伪经历是理解王维晚年心灵世界和文学写作的一把钥匙,对于考察“后盛唐时代”的文学走向亦具有特殊意义。通过重新发覆《太平御览》所引“唐书”中的相关材料可知,王维乱中的“伪疾将遁”实是“佯中风”以制造瘖疾假象,同时辅以“服药取痢”的程序。王维在长安伪疾失败被捕后很快被缚送至洛阳,度过了一段遭遇非人囚禁以致“秽溺不离”但仍力图保全气节的晦暗岁月,终于在《韦斌神道碑铭并序》中所述与韦斌推诚交谈以前迫受了伪署。学者否定《太平御览》所引“唐书”中王维“佯中风失音”的记载以及认为王维不曾受伪署的新说都是缺乏说服力的。

Motivations for and barriers to innovation in non-profit organizations: The case of nursing homes in Northern Portugal

To contribute to the empirical literature on innovation in non-profit organizations,this study examines innovation in Private Social Solidarity Institutions with social responses for the elderly in Northern Portugal.It enriches the literature by clarifying the concept of innovation applied to non-profit organizations,which represents a perspective different from the business context.Moreover,it is important to support the innovation decisionmaking process in similar non-profit organizations.For this study,the population was surveyed through questionnaires based on the PUBLIN research project,which has already been applied in different countries,and the targets were employees of organizations with social responses for the elderly.Our sample is small,with 28 respondent institutions and 51 employees,but it is representative,as it includes institutions from all districts in Northern Portugal.The study employed a quantitative approach,particularly factor analysis,multiple linear regression,and correlation analyses,using scales already applied in other dimensions of the social sector,to understand the effect of each innovation dimension/determinant on creativity and innovation in nonprofit organizations.The results show that in these organizations with social responses for the elderly,learning orientation,risk-taking,and job satisfaction have a positive impact on innovation.

基于同形字符的一种信息伪装方法

本文给出了一种以文本为信息载体的信息隐藏和伪装的新方法。首先利用造字程序 ,新建若干个同形异码的字符。用同形异码的字符代表某一进制的数 ,使得用新字符表示数 ,表示要隐藏或伪装机密信息的代码 ,从而达到将机密信息隐藏或伪装的目的。文中给出了将机密信息伪装和从伪装信息中提取原信息的方法和步骤 ,并分别对文本信息和 2 4位彩色图像信息实施伪装实验。文中对伪装的算法和性能进行了分析和讨论。和其它信息隐藏方法相比 ,该方法具有算法简单、实施容易、透明性好和信息隐藏容量大等特点。

浅论幼儿假装游戏的“符号”价值

游戏是幼儿经常从事的一种相似性活动,是幼儿在使用符号中逐渐增长能力、提供给幼儿语言和思维活动的一扇窗户,根本特征是“替代性”或“假定性”。假装游戏的主客体、内容都具有“符号”性,所以它是一种“符号现象”;“符号象征”使幼儿在“义之所指”与“义之所借”之间找到联系,从而“假装”;它所具有的“符号价值”,使幼儿的想像和创造得到了发展,从而也训练了幼儿的象征思维和发散思维,提高了语言和对话能力。

幼儿心理状态术语的运用与心理理论的发展

本研究目的在于探讨幼儿在假装游戏中心理状态术语的应用,以及与错误信念的理解是否存在相关并具有一定的发展特征。57名3-5岁的幼儿参加了实验。研究程序包括两类标准错误信念任务及假装游戏的拍摄、麦卡锡幼儿言语智力测验。结果发现:(1)幼儿的一般言语能力与错误信念的理解存在显著相关;(2)幼儿心理状态术语的使用存在情境差异,且随年龄的增长具有"指向愿望一指向信念"的维度特征;(3)在控制相关因素之后,幼儿错误信念的理解与心理状态术语的应用及其特定范畴(习惯用语)之间仍然存在显著相关;与"真正涉及心理状态"之间的相关不再显著。

幼儿对假装游戏中意图和行为作用的理解

关于儿童如何理解假装存在两种观点:一种观点认为幼儿能够从心理角度理解假装。另一种观点认为,幼儿只能从假装行为角度理解假装。本研究通过自制录像,考查了3～5岁幼儿对假装游戏中意图和行为作用的理解。实验中,给幼儿呈现3种不同类型的录像情境:有意图-有行为、有意图-无行为和无意图-有行为,要求幼儿回答录像中的主人公是否在假装。实验结果表明,随着幼儿年龄的增长,在录像中主人公明确表达其假装意图的情境下,幼儿能够从心理层面理解假装,并且3～4岁幼儿存在一个快速发展期;同时,假装实体的熟悉度可能影响幼儿对假装的理解。

学前儿童心理理论发展的干预策略

本研究以72名3至4岁幼儿为被试,通过实验法考察了语言干预法、假装游戏法、言语假装游戏结合法这三种心理理论干预法的干预效果。结果表明,三种干预方法均能促进幼儿心理理论的发展,但言语假装游戏结合法的干预效果最好。教育者应该在让儿童进行假装游戏的基础上给予言语引导,帮助幼儿在假装游戏中更好地领会他人的心理状态,从而促进儿童心理理论的发展。

中度智力障碍儿童装扮游戏与心理理论发展水平的关系

目的分析中度智力障碍儿童的装扮游戏能力、心理理论发展水平的特点及其关系。方法采用实验法和行为观察法对30名10~15岁在校中度智障儿童进行调查。结果中度智障儿童装扮游戏与心理理论发展水平总体具有显著的年龄差异（P〈0.05）。控制年龄因素后,10~15岁中度智障儿童的心理理论与其装扮游戏中的＂角色分配＂、＂想象＂和＂角色扮演＂呈正相关（P〈0.05）。结论中度智障儿童装扮游戏能力的各个成分发展速度不均衡;中度智障儿童心理理论发展与装扮游戏中的某些特定成分相关。

基于“学会玩”项目的假装游戏对孤独症儿童的干预研究

目的考察基于"学会玩"项目的假装游戏训练对孤独症儿童假装游戏能力的干预效果。方法研究借鉴"学会玩"项目,设计适合被试发展水平的假装游戏疗法,对3名孤独症儿童进行干预,使用儿童自发假装游戏评估系统在干预前、干预后及维持期对治疗效果进行评估。结果经过该干预训练,3名被试假装游戏动作比例、物品替代次数和自发模仿动作次数均有不同程度的增加。结论该治疗方法对孤独症儿童假装游戏能力有提升作用。

情景游戏联合标记奖励法在眼科患儿滴眼药中的应用

目的探讨情景游戏联合标记奖励法在眼科患儿滴眼药护理中的应用。方法按入院先后将2011年1-12月在第三军医大学新桥医院眼科住院治疗的58例患儿分为观察组和对照组各29例,观察组采用情景游戏联合标记奖励法进行滴眼药宣教,对照组进行常规滴眼药宣教,比较两组患儿的滴眼药情况、患儿家长的焦虑与抑郁程度。结果观察组规则滴眼药患儿25例(86.2%),对照组规则滴眼药患儿18例(62.1%),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.406,P<0.05)。入院时,两组患儿家长的焦虑、抑郁程度经比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);出院前,观察组患儿家长的焦虑、抑郁程度均轻于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论情景游戏联合标记奖励法的应用可以提高患儿滴眼药的积极性,降低患儿家长的焦虑、抑郁程度,值得在临床推广应用。