Antenatal corticosteroids in COVID-19 perspective

The aim of this manuscript is to discuss the practice of antenatal corticosteroids administration for fetal maturation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 positive pregnant women.Recent high-quality evidence supports the use of dexamethasone in the treatment of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Randomized disease outcome data have identified an association between disease stage and treatment outcome.In contrast to patients with more severe forms who benefit from dexamethasone,patients with mild disease do not appear to improve and may even be harmed by this treatment.Therefore,indiscriminate usage of fluorinated corticosteroids for fetal maturation,regardless of disease trajectory,is unadvisable.Obstetrical care needs to be adjusted during the COVID-19 pandemic with careful attention paid to candidate selection and risk stratification.

Use of antenatal corticosteroids among infants with gestational age at 24 to 31 weeks in 57 neonatal intensive care units of China: a cross-sectional study

Background:Antenatal corticosteroids(ACS)can significantly improve the outcomes of preterm infants.This study aimed to describe the ACS use rates among preterm infants admitted to Chinese neonatal intensive care units(NICU)and to explore perinatal factors associated with ACS use,using the largest contemporary cohort of very preterm infants in China.Methods:This cross-sectional study enrolled all infants born at 24^(+0)to 31^(+6)weeks and admitted to 57 NICUs of the Chinese Neonatal Network from January 1st,2019 to December 30th,2019.The ACS administration was defined as at least one dose of dexamethasone and betamethasone given before delivery.Multiple logistic regressions were applied to determine the association between perinatal factors and ACS usage.Results:A total of 7828 infants were enrolled,among which 6103(78.0%)infants received ACS.ACS use rates increased with increasing gestational age(GA),from 177/259(68.3%)at 24 to 25 weeks’gestation to 3120/3960(78.8%)at 30 to 31 weeks’gestation.Among infants exposed to ACS,2999 of 6103(49.1%)infants received a single complete course,and 33.4%(2039/6103)infants received a partial course.ACS use rates varied from 30.2%to 100%among different hospitals.Multivariate regression showed that increasing GA,born in hospital(inborn),increasing maternal age,maternal hypertension and premature rupture of membranes were associated with higher likelihood to receive ACS.Conclusions:The use rate of ACS remained low for infants at 24 to 31 weeks’gestation admitted to Chinese NICUs,with fewer infants receiving a complete course.The use rates varied significantly among different hospitals.Efforts are urgently needed to propose improvement measures and thus improve the usage of ACS.

Early Intratracheal Administration of Corticosteroid and Pulmonary Surfactant for Preventing Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants with Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Meta-analysis

There is uncertain result with regard to the use of inhalation or instillation steroids to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. This meta-analysis was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of early airway administration (within 2 days after birth) of corticosteroids and pulmonary surfactant (PS) for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS). The related studies were retrieved in PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Clinical Trial, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP Database from inception to August 2018. Two reviewers independently screened the studies to ensure that all patients with diagnosis of NRDS were enrolled to studies within 1 day after birth, assessed the quality of included studies by GRADEpro system and extracted the data for review. The meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.2 software. A subgroup analysis about inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) delivery method was made between ICS inhalation subgroup [inhalation of ICS by nebulizer or metered dose inhaler (MDI)] and ICS intratracheal instillation subgroup (PS used as a vehicle). Eight randomized controlled trials were enrolled in the meta-analysis, 5 trials of which stated the randomized method, grouping and blinded method, and the follow-up procedures were reported. GRADEpro system showed high quality of 4 trials (5 articles), and the rest 4 trials had moderate quality. Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of BPD was decreased in ICS group, the relative risk (RR) was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.42-0.76), and similar trends were found in ICS inhalation subgroup and ICS intratracheal instillation subgroup, with the corresponding RR being 0.58 (95% CI: 0.41-0.82) and 0.47 (95% CI: 0.24-0.95) respectively. ICS could also significantly reduce the mortality risk as compared with placebo control group (RR: 0.67;95% CI: 0.45-0.99), with RR of ICS inhalation subgroup and ICS intratracheal instillation subgroup being 0.81 (95% CI: 0.34-1.94) and 0.64 (95% CI: 0.41-0.99) respectively. Moreover, the percentage of infants using PS more than one time was lower in ICS group than in the placebo control group, with the RR and 95% CI being 0.55 (95% CI: 0.45-0.67), and that in ICS intratracheal instillation subgroup lower than in ICS inhalation subgroup (RR: 0.56;95% CI: 0.45-0.69, and RR: 0.35;95% CI:0.08-1.52 respectively). There was no significant difference in the incidence of infection or retinopathy of prematurity and neuro-motor system impairment between ICS group and placebo control group, with the corresponding RR being 0.95 (95% CI:0.59-1.52), 0.92 (95% CI: 0.62-1.38) and 1.13 (95% CI: 0.92-1.39), respectively. It was concluded that early administration of ICS and PS is an effective and safe option for preterm infants with NRDS in preventing BPD and reducing mortality, decreasing the additional PS usage, especially for the ICS intratracheal instillation subgroup. Furthermore, the appropriate dose and duration of ICS, combined use of inhalation or instillation of ICS with PS and the long-term safety of airway administration of corticosteroids need to be assessed in large trials.

Antenatal Corticosteroid Use and Perinatal Mortality According to Gestational Age among Preterm Singletons Born at 27 to 34 Weeks of Gestation in Hospitals in Tanzania

Background: Antenatal corticosteroid (ACS) treatment has been proven to decrease rates of adverse perinatal outcomes when administered to pregnant women at risk for preterm delivery. Given the uncertainty about the benefit of ACS according to gestational age, we aimed to examine whether there was any benefit of ACS on perinatal mortality and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) according to different gestational ages at birth. Methods: Secondary analysis of data from an observational prospective chart review study was conducted in four hospitals located in the Mwanza region, Tanzania. The study population consisted of singleton infants delivered between 27 and 34 weeks of gestation between July 2019 and February 2020. Sociodemographic and medical data were recorded from participants’ medical records. Results: Over an eight-month period, 838 preterm singletons were delivered between 27 and 34 weeks of gestation. Three hundred and twelve (37.2%) pregnant women received at least one dose of ACS. Among infants exposed to ACS, perinatal mortality rates were significantly lower than those without exposure at the 27th week (27.8% vs 94.4%, P < 0.001), the 29th week (13.3% vs 51.4%, P = 0.012) and the 34th week (3.0% vs 18.2%, P < 0.001). Among infants exposed to ACS, the RDS rate was significantly lower than those without exposure only at the 32nd week (9.5% vs 25.0%, P = 0.039). Conclusion: Our findings add to the literature about the benefits of ACS for preterm infants of various gestational ages in low-resource settings. Compared to unexposed infants, those exposed to ACS and born at 27th and 34th weeks of gestation experienced lower rates of perinatal mortality. Future research, especially among infants born before the 27th week of pregnancy, is a priority.

振幅整合脑电图评估孕妇产前糖皮质激素治疗对早产儿脑发育的影响

目的通过振幅整合脑电图(amplitude-integrated electroencephalography,aEEG)探讨孕妇产前糖皮质激素(antenatal corticosteroid,ACS)治疗对早产儿脑发育的影响。方法回顾性纳入胎龄28^(+0)~34^(+6)周早产儿211例,根据产前是否使用地塞米松进行促胎肺成熟治疗分为ACS组(131例)和对照组(80例)。在生后24 h内进行首次aEEG监测(记为aEEG1),生后5~7 d进行第2次aEEG监测(记为aEEG2),对aEEG结果进行分析比较。结果胎龄28^(+0)~31^(+6)周早产儿中,ACS组相较于对照组,aEEG1周期性更成熟、振幅下边界更高(P<0.05);胎龄32^(+0)~33^(+6)周及胎龄34^(+0)~34^(+6)周早产儿中,ACS组相较于对照组,连续模式比例更高、周期性更成熟且Burdjalov评分更高(P<0.05)。胎龄32^(+0)~33^(+6)周及胎龄34^(+0)~34^(+6)周早产儿中,ACS组相较于对照组,aEEG2连续模式比例更高、周期性更成熟、振幅下边界更高、波谱带宽更窄且Burdjalov评分更高(P<0.05)。结论ACS治疗早产儿比未行ACS早产儿aEEG图形更成熟,ACS对早产儿脑发育有一定促进作用。

晚期早产产前糖皮质激素使用模式的单中心研究

目的调查本院有晚期早产风险的孕妇产前糖皮质激素的使用模式,评估最佳给药时机(距第1剂地塞米松给药后2~7 d分娩)的可能性及影响因素。方法回顾性研究155名2016年1月至2022年12月本院分娩的在妊娠34~36周使用产前糖皮质激素的孕妇,年龄23~54岁,其中119名孕妇在34~36周接受了产前糖皮质激素治疗,在37周前分娩;另有36名孕妇在妊娠34~36周接受了产前糖皮质激素治疗,但在足月分娩。根据产前糖皮质激素给药指征分为自发性早产风险组(98名)和医源性早产风险组(57名),自发性早产风险组孕妇年龄(31.8±4.3)岁,医源性早产风险组年龄(32.2±3.9)岁。比较两组产前糖皮质激素给药时机及孕妇特征的差异。进行多变量Logistic回归分析调整混杂因素,评估与最佳给药时机相关的影响因素。结果155名有早产风险的孕妇在34~36周期间接受了产前糖皮质激素治疗,产前糖皮质激素最优给药时机的发生率为29.7%。其中医源性早产风险组孕妇在最优给药时机接受产前糖皮质激素治疗的比例显著高于自发性早产风险组(P<0.05)。与医源性早产风险组相比,自发性早产风险组的孕妇在接受产前糖皮质激素给药后间隔>7 d分娩更常见(P<0.05),发生足月分娩的机率更高(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,医源性早产风险的孕妇在最优给药时机接受产前糖皮质激素治疗的机会是自发性早产风险孕妇的8.68倍(95%CI:2.69~28.02),胎膜早破的孕妇接受产前糖皮质激素最优给药时机的机会是无胎膜早破孕妇的4.09倍(95%CI:1.24~13.45)。结论不论给药指征如何,有晚期早产风险的孕妇在最佳给药时机接受产前糖皮质激素的可能性均很低。但产前糖皮质激素给药指征为医源性早产的孕妇更有可能在最佳给药时机接受产前糖皮质激素治疗。除此以外,胎膜早破也是产前糖皮质激素最优给药时机的影响因素。

鼠神经生长因子联合低剂量重组人促红细胞生成素对早产儿脑损伤后神经发育的影响

目的:探讨鼠神经生长因子(mNGF)联合低剂量重组人促红细胞生成素(rh Epo)对早产儿脑损伤后神经发育的影响。方法:选取2021年3月~2022年3月期间某院收治的200例脑损伤早产儿作为研究对象,依据随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组100例。两组患儿均给予营养支持、水电解质纠正、血糖、血压维持等常规治疗,对照组在常规治疗基础上给予注射用鼠神经生长因子,观察组在对照组治疗基础上静脉注射低剂量重组人促红素注射液(CHO细胞)。比较两组患儿脑损伤相关因子[神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、S100钙结合蛋白β(S100β)、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)、8-异前列腺素F2α(8-iso-PGF2α)]、炎症因子[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-18(IL-18)、Toll样受体4(TLR4)]水平、神经发育异常情况、智能等级及不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,两组患儿NSE、S100β、8-OHdG、8-iso-PGF2α水平均降低(P<0.05),且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);两组患儿TNF-α、IL-18、TLR4水平均降低(P<0.05),且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患儿神经发育异常项目≥3项及异常项目≥1项的发生率均低于对照组(P<0.05);两组患儿智能等级均呈升高趋势(P<0.05),且观察组升高趋势更明显(P<0.05);两组患儿不良反应总发生率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:在常规治疗基础上联用m NGF、低剂量rhEpo可有效降低患儿脑损伤相关因子水平及神经发育异常率,提高智能等级,且未增加不良反应的发生风险。

产前使用皮质激素对早产鼠脉络丛毛细血管成熟度的影响

目的探讨产前使用皮质激素能否促进早产鼠脉络丛毛细血管的成熟度。方法将受孕SD大鼠随机分为实验和对照组。实验组分别在受孕第13、14、15、16天开始予地塞米松腹腔注射,4mg/(kg.次),1次/d,连用2d;对照组腹腔注射9g/L盐水。二组孕鼠分别在最后一次注射地塞米松或9g/L盐水24h后行剖宫产出仔鼠,称体质量处死后取脑,并称脑质量,而后用30g/L戊二醛固定,透射电镜观察其脉络丛毛细血管内皮基膜状态及毛细血管内皮细胞间的紧密连接情况。二组体质量、脑质量比较采用t检验。结果电镜下,实验和对照组比较,毛细血管间的连接变得更为紧密;毛细血管基膜的厚度增加;膜蛋白颗粒排列趋于紧密。二组早产鼠各时间点的出生体质量和脑质量均无显著性差异(Pa>0.05)。结论产前使用皮质激素可在一定程度上促进早产鼠脉络丛毛细血管成熟。

286例胎膜早破性早产新生儿结局的临床分析

目的：了解产前糖皮质激素干预对胎膜早破性早产新生儿结局的影响。方法：对我院286例胎膜早破性早产病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：34～35^＋6周孕龄组新生儿1分钟Apgar评分〈7分的发生率、窒息率及新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）发生率在干预组明显低于对照组，两组间比较差异有显著性（P〈0、05）。36～36^＋6周孕龄组新生儿窒息率、缺血缺氧性脑痛（HIE）发生率、NRDS发生率及其他并发症发生率在干预组明显低于对照组，两组间比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。28～31^＋6周及32～33^＋6周孕龄组新生儿结局的各项指标在干预组与对照组间比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：34～36^＋6孕周胎膜早破性早产孕妇产前使用糖皮质激素干预能显著改善新生儿结局。因样本量关系，〈34孕周的胎膜早破性早产孕妇产前使用糖皮质激素干预对新生儿结局有无明显改善还有待于进一步探讨。

未足月胎膜早破411例妊娠结局临床分析

目的分析不同孕周胎膜早破性早产（preterm premature rupture of membrane,PPROM）妊娠结局以及产前使用糖皮质激素干预对早产新生儿结局的影响。方法：对411例未足月PPROM病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较不同孕周PPROM及产前是否使用糖皮质激素干预治疗的各种早产儿结局。结果：〈34孕周PPROM的新生儿体重、呼吸窘迫综合症（RDS）、窒息发生率、死亡率均明显高于34^＋1-36^＋6孕周PPROM者（P〈0.001）。32-34孕周组PPROM的新生儿重度窒息发生率、RDS、死亡率在糖皮质激素干预组明显低于对照组,两组间比较差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。28-31^＋6孕周组及34^＋1-36^＋6孕周组PPROM新生儿结局的各项指标在干预组与对照组间无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论：对于〈34孕周的PPROM宜采取积极期待治疗,延长孕周,降低新生儿死亡率。32-34孕周的PPROM产前使用糖皮质激素干预能显著改善新生儿结局。

产前糖皮质激素疗程对早产儿并发症的影响

目的探讨产前糖皮质激素疗程是否完成对胎龄<32周早产儿并发症的影响。方法选取2015年1月1日至2020年10月31日绍兴市妇幼保健院产科出生的胎龄<32周、出生2 h内转入新生儿科的早产儿636例作为研究对象,按照产前糖皮质激素疗程是否完成分为疗程完成组(产前糖皮质激素使用4次)和疗程未完成组(产前糖皮质激素使用1~3次)。采用单因素分析和多因素logisitc回归分析比较产前糖皮质激素疗程是否完成对早产儿严重脑室周围-脑室内出血(IVH)(Ⅲ~Ⅳ级)、Ⅱ期及以上新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、支气管肺发育不良、脑室周围白质软化、早产儿视网膜病、死亡等主要并发症的影响情况。结果产前糖皮质激素疗程完成组354例(55.66%),未完成疗程组282例(44.34%)。单因素分析显示,疗程未完成组男孩比例、出生胎龄、出生体质量、母亲年龄≥35岁比例、剖宫产率、重度子痫前期发生率、距离分娩时胎膜早破时间≥18 h发生率、羊水过少发生率均低于疗程完成组(均P<0.05),而疗程未完成组胎盘早剥发生率、死亡率、严重IVH、NEC发生率均高于疗程完成组(均P<0.05)。矫正多种危险因素后,多因素logistic回归分析显示产前完成糖皮质激素疗程可明显降低死亡率和Ⅱ期及以上NEC发生率(均P<0.05)。结论产前完成糖皮质激素疗程可明显降低胎龄<32周早产儿死亡率和Ⅱ期及以上NEC发生率,减少严重并发症的发生。

母血皮质醇及皮质醇结合蛋白水平在特发性早产发生及分娩中的变化

目的:本实验通过母体血清皮质醇,皮质醇结合蛋白(CBG)的变化,研究母体HPA轴在特发性早产发生中的作用.方法:随机收集30例特发性早产患者为研究对象,分为先兆组和难免组,以同孕期要求引产的正常妊娠孕妇12例作为对照,采用放射免疫方法,测量母体血清皮质醇、CBG水平.结果:先兆组母血皮质醇水平与对照组相比有升高的趋势,但两组间无统计学差异;难免组与对照组、先兆组皮质醇水平相比明显升高,有统计学差异(P<0.01);三组间母血CBG浓度无明显变化;皮质醇/CBG比值变化与母血皮质醇水平变化类似.结论:母血皮质醇水平与早产结局有关,可作为难免早产的标志和保胎疗效的判断指标.

产前糖皮质激素治疗对早产儿预后的影响

目的了解不同孕龄及产前糖皮质激素干预对早产儿结局的影响。方法对我院825例早产病例的临床资料和随访结果进行回顾分析。结果早产因素中胎膜早破占首位,多胎妊娠合并早产有增多趋势。不同孕龄组早产儿的近、远期预后有显著差异,产前使用糖皮质激素干预能显著改善早产儿的近、远期预后。结论完善健全围生保健,积极生前干预,尽量延长孕周,提高新生儿存活率,改善早产儿的近、远期预后。

中国13家医院住院分娩早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征前瞻性调查分析

目的了解国内住院分娩早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征（respiratory distress syndrome,RDS）的发生率、病死率、并发症特点、发生高危因素、产前激素应用对早产儿RDS的发生率及预后的影响。方法收集国内13家医院2014年1月1日至12月31日住院分娩的24周≤胎龄〈37周的全部早产儿共7684例。前瞻性分析RDS发生率、病死率、并发症、发生高危因素及产前应用地塞米松的效果。结果活产出生新生儿共75 360例,其中早产儿7 684例（其中入院早产儿6604例,非入院1080例）,早产儿发生率为10.2%。其中极早产儿957例,占12.5%;超早产儿92例,占1.2%。发生RDS 1 177例,发生率为15.3%。24周≤胎龄〈25周、25周≤胎龄〈26周、26周≤胎龄〈27周、27周≤胎龄〈28周、28周≤胎龄〈29周、29周≤胎龄〈30周、30周≤胎龄〈31周、31周≤胎龄〈32周、32周≤胎龄〈33周、33周≤胎龄〈34周、34周≤胎龄〈35周、35周≤胎龄〈36周、36周≤胎龄〈37周早产儿RDS发生率分别为100.0%、90.0%、85.0%、85.1%、81.0%、74.3%、55.4%、47.1%、33.1%、17.9%、9.6%、5.0%、1.9%。出生体重〈500 g、500~749 g、750~999 g、1 000~1 499 g、1 500~2 499 g、2 500~4 000 g、〉4 000 g早产儿RDS的发生率分别为100.0%、100.0%、79.2%、55.8%、15.0%、3.6%、9.5%。RDS早产儿病死率为10.5%,其中胎龄24周≤胎龄〈25周、25周≤胎龄〈26周、26周≤胎龄〈27周、27周≤胎龄〈28周、28周≤胎龄〈29周、29周≤胎龄〈30周、30周≤胎龄〈31周、31周≤胎龄〈32周、32周≤胎龄〈33周、33周≤胎龄〈34周、34周≤胎龄〈35周、35周≤胎龄〈36周、36周≤胎龄〈37周早产儿RDS病死率,分别为100%、70.0%、23.5%、20.0%、16.2%、10.3%、8.1%、9.6%、8.9%、6.0%、5.5%、8.8%、4.5%。RDS患儿颅内出血（ICH）、早产儿视网膜病（ROP）、支气管肺发育不良（BPD）、坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）、动脉导管未闭（PDA）、肺出血及败血症的发生率较非RDS早产儿高,差异有非常显著性（P〈0.001）。logistic回归分析显示：男性、胎龄〈33周、出生体重〈2 500 g、身长〈40 cm、新生儿窒息、产次≥2次、前置胎盘是早产儿RDS发病的危险因素;多胎妊娠是RDS的保护因素。胎龄〈33周早产儿RDS发病高危因素包括：男性、胎龄〈28周、出生体重〈2 500 g、身长〈40 cm、新生儿窒息、前置胎盘;产前应用地塞米松是RDS的保护因素。胎龄≥33周早产儿RDS发病高危因素包括：男性、胎龄〈35周、出生体重〈2 500 g、新生儿窒息、产次≥2次、剖宫产、前置胎盘;多胎妊娠是RDS的保护因素。产前应用地塞米松2 879例,占37.5%。胎龄〈33周地塞米松组RDS发生率较非地塞米松组低。地塞米松组胎龄〈33周RDS发生率、重度RDS发生率、病死率均较非地塞米松组低,差异有显著性;地塞米松组需要使用2剂以上肺表面活性物质的比例、机械通气比例、机械通气时间均较非地塞米松组低,差异无显著性;地塞米松组总吸氧时间较非地塞米松组高,差异无显著性;地塞米松组总住院时间较非地塞米松组长,差异有显著性。地塞米松组胎龄≥33周早产儿,除RDS发生率、重度RDS发生率、机械通气比例、总吸氧时间、总住院时间较非地塞米松组高且差异有显著性外,余差异均无显著性。结论国内早产儿发生率较前上升,早产儿及极早产儿、超早产儿救治存活率均较前明显提高。RDS患儿病死率及并发症发生率较高。胎龄〈33周的早产儿RDS的发病高危因素多为自身因素,产前应用地塞米松能有效减少RDS的发生率并改善预后;胎龄≥33周的早产儿RDS发病高危因素则多为围产期病理因素,产前地塞米松预防RDS的作用不明显。

晚期早产和足月产产前应用糖皮质激素研究进展

对于有早产风险的孕妇,目前推荐在24~33+6周产前应用糖皮质激素,而在34周或34周之后是否应用仍有争议。本文对34周或34周之后有早产风险的孕妇产前应用糖皮质激素的利弊作一综述。

环状RNA在炎症所致早产小鼠脑损伤中的作用及机制初步研究

目的探讨环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)及circRNA-微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)网络调控与炎症诱导早产小鼠脑损伤的关系,为早产儿脑损伤的防治提供依据。方法以孕鼠腹腔注射脂多糖建立炎症诱导早产小鼠脑损伤模型(炎症早产组,n=3),正常孕鼠剖宫产早产小鼠作为对照(非炎症早产组,n=3)。采用微阵列基因芯片技术筛选早产儿脑损伤相关的circRNA,通过miRNA靶预测软件预测circRNA和miRNA相互作用的结合位点,研究其调控机制。结果与非炎症早产组比较,炎症早产组显著差异表达的circRNA有365条(差异倍数>1.5,P<0.05),包括差异表达上调206条,差异表达下调159条。对差异表达倍数4倍以上的circRNA行进一步分析,发现这些circRNA可与miRNA结合并调节其活性,从而调控与神经系统相关基因的表达。结论炎症诱导早产小鼠脑组织circRNA表达谱发生明显变化;circRNA的表达变化可通过调控miRNA的活性在炎症诱导早产小鼠脑损伤及之后的脑发育中发挥作用。

产前糖皮质激素对晚期早产儿呼吸系统疾病的影响

目的探讨产前激素应用对晚期早产儿呼吸系统疾病的影响。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2020年6月娩出的晚期早产儿及其母亲的临床资料。根据母亲产前地塞米松应用情况分为激素组和对照组,比较不同胎龄晚期早产儿呼吸系统疾病发生情况。采用logistic回归分析模型分析晚期早产儿生后呼吸系统疾病发生的危险因素。结果在胎龄36~36^(+6)周组,激素组剖宫产率高于对照组;在胎龄35~35^(+6)周和36~36^(+6)周组,激素组母亲分娩前胎膜早破率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元logistic回归分析显示,剖宫产、窒息是晚期早产儿呼吸系统疾病发生的危险因素;胎龄越大,呼吸系统疾病的发生风险越低(P<0.05)。结论为减少晚期早产儿呼吸系统疾病的发生,应尽量延长孕周,降低剖宫产率,减少窒息的发生。

Should dopamine be the first line inotrope in the treatment of neonatal hypotension? Review of the evidence

AIM: To determine if dopamine is effective in treating neonatal hypotension and safe to use comparing to other inotropes. METHODS: This is a review of evidence on inotropic treatment of neonatal hypotension. Databases searched were MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library, a total of 134 studies were identified. Only studies with high quality evidence(level 1a and b and 2a) were included. After review, only eight studies were included in the final analysis. Pooled risk ratios derived for each outcome [Mantel-Haenzel(M-H) fixed effect] with CI, as reported in the Cochrane reviews were plotted in forest plot form. RESULTS: Eight articles met inclusion criteria, which all included treatment in preterm infants. Dopamine increased mean arterial blood pressure(BP)(n = 163; r = 0.88, 95%CI: 0.76 to 0.94) and systolic BP(n = 142; r = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.42 to 0.94) comparing to placebo. Dopamine has been shown overall to be statistically more effective in increasing BP than dobutamine(n = 251, r = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.20-0.32). However there were no differences in short term outcomes(periventricular leucomalacia, periventricular haemorrhage) and mortality between both drugs. There is no statistical evidence of dopamine being more effective than adrenaline or corticosteroids. There was no difference in morbidity and mortality outcomes when dopamine was compared to hydrocortisone(RR 1.81, 95%CI: 0.18 to 18.39) or adrenaline. CONCLUSION: In preterms, dopamine is the most studied drug, and we suggest it could be used as first line treatment in hypotension.

耳后筛区骨膜下注射地塞米松联合鼠神经生长因子对突聋的疗效观察

目的探讨耳后筛区骨膜下注射地塞米松及鼠神经生长因子对突发性耳聋的临床疗效。方法 80例突发性耳聋患者分为观察组(耳后筛区给药40例)和对照组(常规给药40例)。观察组采用鼠神经生长因子20μg+地塞米松5 mg耳后筛区注射,隔日一次。对照组采用鼠神经生长因20μg肌肉注射,隔日一次;同时给予地塞米松5 mg静脉滴注,每日一次。两组患者均10 d为1疗程。结果经过2个疗程治疗,观察组总有效率82.5%,高于对照组的62.5%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论突发性耳聋患者耳后筛区骨膜下注射地塞米松+鼠神经生长因子操作简单,疗效较好,值得临床应用。

早产治疗的临床证据

截止至2002年5月,现有早产治疗的临床证据如下: (1) 高危早产:在一些国家实施的RCT发现,在降低早产危险方面,加强产前保健与普通产前保健没有明显差异.包括5个RCT的1个系统评价发现,对有宫颈改变的妇女行宫颈环扎术有不同的结果,没有明确的结论.1个大样本的RCT发现,孕9～29周宫颈功能可能不全的妇女进行预防性宫颈环扎手术与不环扎相比,能明显降低早产(＜33孕周),但也会明显增加产褥感染的危险.另外4篇较小样本的RCT发现,孕10～30周、具各种早产高危因素的妇女,进行预防性宫颈环扎手术与不环扎相比,并不能降低早产(＜34孕周).1篇系统评价的2个RCT报告,对有宫颈改变的妇女进行环扎术有不同的结果,其中1个RCT发现其并不能明显降低早产(＜34孕周),而另外1个较小样本的RCT却发现宫颈环扎手术加卧床休息与单纯卧床休息比较,能明显降低34周前的早产.没有1个RCT证实行环扎术加卧床休息与单纯卧床休息相比,能降低围生儿死亡率. (2) 胎膜早破:1个系统评价发现,对胎膜早破的妇女,抗生素较安慰剂能明显延长孕周、降低新生儿发病率的危险,如新生儿感染、出生后氧疗、脑部超声异常等.阿莫西林加克拉维酸治疗与新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的发生率明显增加有关.一个基于1个RCT的系统评价发现,没有充足的证据证实羊膜腔灌注与不灌注比较能改善胎膜早破后的新生儿结局. (3) 先兆早产的治疗:①β-肾上腺素兴奋剂:1个系统评价发现,β-肾上腺素兴奋剂与安慰剂或不治疗相比,并不能明显降低围生儿死亡率、呼吸窘迫综合征及低体重儿(＜2 500 g)发生率,且与与安慰剂或不治疗相比,β-肾上腺素兴奋剂增加孕母副反应,如胸痛、心悸、呼吸困难、震颤、恶心、呕吐、头痛、高血糖、低钾血症.②钙离子通道拮抗剂: 没有关于钙离子通道拮抗剂与安慰剂比较的系统评价或RCT.1个系统评价发现,钙离子通道抑制剂与其它保胎药(主要是β-肾上腺受体兴奋剂)比较,能显著降低48 h内的早产分娩,减少因孕母副反应退出治疗和新生儿发病率.③硫酸镁:1个系统评价发现,硫酸镁与安慰剂比较,并不能明显降低孕36周前的早产率、围生儿死亡率、呼吸窘迫综合征的发生率.另一个系统评价发现,硫酸镁和其他宫缩抑制剂(β-肾上腺素兴奋剂、钙离子通道拮抗剂、前列腺素合成抑制剂、硝化甘油、酒精和葡萄糖注射剂)比较,并不能明显降低48 h内早产率(尽管结果没有差异).④垂体受体拮抗剂(阿托西班):1个系统评价纳入 2个RCT,对阿托西班和安慰剂治疗早产进行比较有不同的结果.较大样本的RCT发现,阿托西班较安慰剂能延长孕周,但阿托西班增加了孕28周以下的胎儿死亡率.另一个RCT发现,阿托西班增加了48 h内的早产.⑤前列腺素抑制剂(消炎痛):1个系统评价发现,消炎痛与安慰剂比较,能明显降低孕37周前的48 h和7天的早产率的证据有限.然而,同时发现消炎痛与安慰剂或不治疗相比,并不能明显降低围生儿死亡率、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、肺支气管发育不良、坏死性小肠结肠炎、新生儿败血症或低体重儿.但这个系统评价样本太小,尚不能发现有临床意义的差异. (4) 择期或非择期剖宫产对早产妇女治疗效果:1个系统评价结果发现,择期剖宫产较非择期剖宫产会增加孕母的发病率,却不能降低新生儿的发病率和死亡率.但尚不能证明此效果是否对新生儿有临床意义. (5) 改善早产妊娠结局的干预措施:①对早产者采用皮质类固醇:1个系统评价认为,对可能发生早产的妇女使用皮质激素较安慰剂或不处理能明显降低早产儿出生后呼吸窘迫综合征、新生儿死亡率和颅内出血的发生.②促甲状腺激素释放激素在早产中的运用:1个系统评价发现,在早产的高危妇女中,促甲状腺激素释放激素和类固醇激素联合应用与单用皮质类固醇激素比较,对新生儿结局的影响无明显差异,但会明显增加孕母和胎儿的不良反应.③抗生素:1个系统评价发现,抗生素与安慰剂比较,不能延长孕周、降低新生儿死亡率,但可降低孕母感染率.