Effects of thermally pretreated temperature on bio-hydrogen production from sewage sludge

Hydrogen can be obtained by anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge. Therefore, in this paper the effects of thermally pretreated temperatures on hydrogen production from sewage sludge were investigated under different pre-treatment conditions. In the thermal pretreatment, some microbial matters of sludge were converted into soluble matters from insoluble ones. As a result, the suspended solid（SS） and volatile suspended solid（VSS） of sludge decreased and the concentration of soluble COD（SCOD） increased, including soluble carbohydrates and proteins. The experimental results showed that all of those pretreated sludge could produce hydrogen by anaerobic fermentation and the hydrogen yields under the temperatures of 121℃ and 50℃ were 12.23 ml/g VS（most） and 1.17 ml/g VS （least）, respectively. It illuminated that the hydrogen yield of sludge was affected by the thermally pretreated temperatures. Additionally, the endurance of high hydrogen yield depended on the translation of microbial matters and inhibition of methanogens in the sludge. The temperatures of 100℃ and 121℃ （treated time, 30 min） could kill or inhibit completely the methanogens while the others could not. To produce hydrogen and save energy, 100℃ was chosen as the optimal temperature for thermal pretrcatment. The composition changes in liquid phase in the fermentation process were also discussed. The SCOD of sludge increased, which was affected by the pretreatment temperature. The production of volatile fatty acids in the anaerobic fermentation increased with the pretreatment temperature.

Effect of Pretreatment Temperature on Properties of Silicon Powder

In order to reduce the hydrolysis rate of Si powder and inhibit the swelling and cracking of cast samples,Si powder was treated at different temperatures for 5 h,and then slurries and SiC-Si3N4 materials were prepared.The effect of the preheating temperature on the composition of the Si powder,the hydrolysis rate as well as the nitridation of the SiC-Si3N4 materials was studied.The results show that with the increase of the pretreatment temperature of Si powder,the oxidation degree of Si powders increases,the viscosity of the slurry with PAAS dispersant decreases gradually,and the hydrolysis reaction of Si powder decreases gradually;the Si powder pretreated at 700℃ or lower has little effect on the nitriding process,while the Si powder pretreated at 800 t has a great effect on the nitriding process,which is not conducive to the nitriding sintering of the samples.Therefore,the Si powder pretreated at 700 t for 5 h has the best properties,which not only has lower hydrolysis rate and good slurry fluidity,but also has mild effect on the nitriding reaction.

Response to temperature stress of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes in the cross-tolerance of barley seed germination

A number of studies have shown the existence of cross-tolerance in plants, but the physiological mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we used the germination of barley seeds as a system to investigate the cross-tolerance of low-temperature pretreatment to high-temperature stress and the possible involvement of reactive oxygen species （ROS） scavenging enzymes in the cross-tolerance. After pretreatment at 0 ℃ for different periods of time, barley seeds were germinated at 35 ℃, and the content of malondialdehyde （MDA） and the activities of ROS scavenging enzymes were measured by a spectrophotometer analysis. The results showed that barley seed germinated very poorly at 35 ℃, and this inhibitive effect could be overcome by pretreatment at 0 ℃. The MDA content varied, depending on the temperature at which seeds germinated, while barley seeds pretreated at 0 ℃ did not change the MDA content. Compared with seeds germinated directly at 35 ℃, the seeds pretreated first at 0 ℃ and then germinated at 35 ℃ had markedly increased activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, catalase （CAT）, and glutathione reductase （GR）. The SOD and APX activities of seeds germinated at 35 ℃ after 0 ℃-pretreatment were even substantially higher than those at 25 ℃, and GR activity was similar to that at 25 ℃, at which the highest germination performance of barley seeds was achieved. These results indicate that low-temperature pretreatment can markedly increase the tolerance of barley seed to high temperature during germination, this being related to the increase in ROS scavenging enzyme activity. This may provide a new method for increasing seed germination under stress environments, and may be an excellent model system for the study of cross-tolerance.

Effect of high temperature pretreatment on the thermal resistance properties of Pd/CeO2/Al2O3 close-coupled catalysts

Fresh Pd/CeO/AlOclose coupled catalyst was prepared by the stepwise impregnation method and calcined at 550 °C for 3 h, which was then pretreated at 700, 800, and 900 °C for 3 h, respectively. Finally, these pretreated catalysts were aged at 1000 °C for 3 h to study their anti-aging properties. The catalytic activities of the catalysts were investigated detailedly, and the results showed that the catalyst pretreated at 800 °C before aging treatment possessed the best anti-aging performance for CHoxidation. XRD and XPS results indicated that well-crystallized CeOparticles were formed during calcinations at 800 °C, which made CeOan effective promoter. HRTEM revealed that Pd particles found on the edge of CeOover the aged catalyst pretreated at 800 °C were relatively smaller than those over the catalysts without pretreatment. H-TPR and XPS results also implied that the interaction between well-crystallized CeOand Pd suppressed the deactivation of PdO sites and further enhanced the catalytic performance.